tire pressure CHEVROLET EXPRESS 2015 Owner's Guide

Black plate (74,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
10-74 Vehicle Care
Full-Size Spare Tire
If this vehicle came with a full-size
spare tire, it was fully inflated when
new, however, it can lose air over
time. Check the inflation pressure
regularly. SeeTire Pressure on
page 10-50 andVehicle Load Limits
on page 9-9. For instructions on
how to remove, install, or store a
spare tire, see Tire Changing on
page 10-66. After installing the spare tire on the
vehicle, stop as soon as possible
and check that the spare is correctly
inflated. The spare tire is made to
perform well at speeds up to
112 km/h (70 mph) at the
recommended inflation pressure, so
you can finish your trip.
Have the damaged or flat road tire
repaired or replaced back onto the
vehicle, as soon as possible, so the
spare tire will be available in case it
is needed again.
Do not mix tires and wheels of
different sizes, because they will not
fit. Keep the spare tire and its wheel
together.
Jump Starting
For more information about the
vehicle battery, see
Battery on
page 10-24.
If the vehicle battery has run down,
you may want to use another
vehicle and some jumper cables to
start your vehicle. Be sure to use
the following steps to do it safely.
{Warning
Batteries can hurt you. They can
be dangerous because:
.They contain acid that can
burn you.
.They contain gas that can
explode or ignite.
.They contain enough
electricity to burn you.
If you do not follow these steps
exactly, some or all of these
things can hurt you.

Black plate (3,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
Service and Maintenance 11-3
Maintenance
Schedule
Owner Checks and Services
At Each Fuel Stop
.Check the engine oil level. See
Engine Oil on page 10-6.
Once a Month
.Check the tire inflation
pressures. See Tire Pressure on
page 10-50.
.Inspect the tires for wear. See
Tire Inspection on page 10-56.
.Check the windshield washer
fluid level. See Washer Fluid on
page 10-21.
Engine Oil Change
When the CHANGE ENGINE OIL
SOON message displays, have the
engine oil and filter changed within
the next 1 000 km/600 mi. If driven
under the best conditions, the
engine oil life system may not
indicate the need for vehicle service
for up to a year. The engine oil and
filter must be changed at least once
a year and the oil life system must
be reset. Your trained dealer
technician can perform this work.
If the engine oil life system is reset
accidentally, service the vehicle
within 5 000 km/3,000 mi since the
last service. Reset the oil life
system when the oil is changed.
See Engine Oil Life System on
page 10-8.
Tire Rotation and Required
Services Every 12 000 km/
7,500 mi
Rotate the tires, if recommended for
the vehicle, and perform the
following services. See Tire
Rotation on page 10-56.
.Check engine oil level and oil
life percentage. If needed,
change engine oil and filter, and
reset oil life system. See Engine
Oil on page 10-6 andEngine Oil
Life System on page 10-8.
.Check engine coolant level. See
Engine Coolant on page 10-14.
.Check windshield washer fluid
level. See Washer Fluid on
page 10-21.

Black plate (4,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
11-4 Service and Maintenance
.Visually inspect windshield wiper
blades for wear, cracking,
or contamination. SeeExterior
Care on page 10-80. Replace
worn or damaged wiper blades.
See Wiper Blade Replacement
on page 10-28.
.Check tire inflation pressures.
See Tire Pressure on
page 10-50.
.Inspect tire wear. See Tire
Inspection on page 10-56.
.Visually check for fluid leaks.
.Inspect engine air cleaner filter.
See Engine Air Cleaner/Filter on
page 10-12.
.Inspect brake system.
.Visually inspect steering,
suspension, and chassis
components for damaged, loose,
or missing parts or signs of
wear. See Exterior Care on
page 10-80.
.Check restraint system
components. See Safety System
Check on page 3-16.
.Visually inspect fuel system for
damage or leaks.
.Visually inspect exhaust system
and nearby heat shields for
loose or damaged parts.
.Lubricate body components. See
Exterior Care on page 10-80.
.Check starter switch. See Starter
Switch Check on page 10-26.
.Check automatic transmission
shift lock control function. See
Automatic Transmission Shift
Lock Control Function Check on
page 10-27.
.Check ignition transmission lock.
See Ignition Transmission Lock
Check on page 10-27.
.Check parking brake and
automatic transmission park
mechanism. See Park Brake and
P (Park) Mechanism Check on
page 10-27.
.Check accelerator pedal for
damage, high effort, or binding.
Replace if needed.
.Visually inspect gas strut for
signs of wear, cracks, or other
damage. Check the hold open
ability of the strut. See your
dealer if service is required.
.Lubricate the steering linkage
(greasable joints) on 2500/3500
series vehicles. See Normal and
Severe Maintenance Schedules.

Black plate (6,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
11-6 Service and Maintenance
Maintenance Schedule
Additional Required
Services - Severe12 000 km/7,500 mi
24 000 km/15,000 mi
36 000 km/22,500 mi
48 000 km/30,000 mi
60 000 km/37,500 mi
72 000 km/45,000 mi
84 000 km/52,500 mi
96 000 km/60,000 mi
108 000 km/67,500 mi
120 000 km/75,000 mi
132 000 km/82,500 mi
144 000 km/90,000 mi
156 000 km/97,500 mi
168 000 km/105,000 mi 180 000 km/112,500 mi
192 000 km/120,000 mi
204 000 km/127,500 mi
216 000 km/135,000 mi
228 000 km/142,500 mi
240 000 km/150,000 mi
Rotate tires and perform Required Services.
Check engine oil level and oil life percentage.
Change engine oil and filter, if needed.
Lubricate the steering linkage (7).@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Inspect evaporative control system. (1)@ @@
Replace engine air cleaner filter. (2)@@@
Change automatic transmission fluid and filter.@@@
Change transfer case fluid, if equipped with
AWD. (3)@@@
Replace spark plugs. Inspect spark plug wires.@
Drain and fill engine cooling system. (4)@
Visually inspect accessory drive belts. (5)@
Replace brake fluid. (6)@
Footnotes—Maintenance
Schedule Additional Required
Services - Severe
(1) Check all fuel and vapor lines
and hoses for proper hook-up,
routing, and condition. (2)
Or every four years, whichever
comes first.
(3) Do not directly power wash the
transfer case output seals. High
pressure water can overcome the
seals and contaminate the transfer case fluid. Contaminated fluid will
decrease the life of the transfer
case and should be replaced.
(4)
Or every five years, whichever
comes first. See Cooling System on
page 10-14.

Black plate (12,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
13-12 Customer Information
Current and Past Models
Technical Service Bulletins and
Manuals are available for current
and past model GM vehicles.
ORDER TOLL FREE:
1-800-551-4123 Monday–Friday
8:00 AM –6:00 PM Eastern Time
For Credit Card Orders Only
(VISA-MasterCard-Discover), see
Helm, Inc. at: www.helminc.com.
Or write to:
Helm, Incorporated
Attention: Customer Service
47911 Halyard Drive
Plymouth, MI 48170
Prices are subject to change without
notice and without incurring
obligation. Allow ample time for
delivery.
All listed prices are quoted in U.S.
funds. Make checks payable in U.S.
funds.
Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID)
RFID technology is used in some
vehicles for functions such as tire
pressure monitoring and ignition
system security, as well as in
connection with conveniences such
as Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
transmitters for remote door locking/
unlocking and starting, and
in-vehicle transmitters for garage
door openers. RFID technology in
GM vehicles does not use or record
personal information or link with any
other GM system containing
personal information.
Radio Frequency
Statement
This vehicle has systems that
operate on a radio frequency that
complies with Part 15/Part 18 of the
Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) rules and with
Industry Canada Standards
RSS-GEN/210/220/310.
Operation is subject to the following
two conditions:
1. The device may not cause harmful interference.
2. The device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause
undesired operation of the
device.
Changes or modifications to any of
these systems by other than an
authorized service facility could void
authorization to use this equipment.

Black plate (4,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
14-4 OnStar
Destination Download:PressQ,
then request the Advisor to
download directions to the
navigation system in the vehicle (if
equipped). After the call ends, press
the “Go” button on the navigation
screen to begin driving directions.
If directions are downloaded to the
navigation system, the route can
only be canceled through the
navigation system.
Destinations can also be
downloaded on the go. For
information about eNav or
Destination Download, see
www.onstar.com (U.S.) or
www.onstar.ca (Canada).
Connections
The required specific Onstar
subscription plan includes the
services that follow to help
customers stay connected.
For coverage maps, see
www.onstar.com (U.S.) or
www.onstar.ca (Canada). WiFi Connectivity (If Equipped)
The vehicle has a WiFi hotspot that
provides a high-speed, wireless
Internet connection to connect
multiple mobile devices (data plan
required).
1. To retrieve WiFi hotspot
information, press
=and select
or say “WiFi settings.”
2. The WiFi settings will display the WiFi network name/SSID,
passphrase, and level of
encryption.
3. To change the SSID or passphrase, press
Qor call
1-888-4-ONSTAR to connect
with an Advisor.
OnStar RemoteLink
®Mobile App
(If Equipped)
Download the OnStar RemoteLink
mobile app to select Apple
®,
Android™, and BlackBerry®or
Windows 7 or 8 mobile devices.
From the mobile device, check the
vehicle’s fuel level, oil life, or tire pressure (if the vehicle is equipped
with the tire pressure monitoring
system); or activate remote horn
and lights. Also remote start the
vehicle (if factory equipped) or
unlock the doors from anywhere
with a wireless connection (if
equipped with automatic locks).
With a required specific OnStar
subscription plan, a destination can
be sent to the vehicle. For OnStar
RemoteLink information and
compatibility, see www.onstar.com
(U.S.) or www.onstar.ca (Canada).
OnStar RemoteLink
®Key Fob
Services
This feature is included for five
years and allows for remote door
lock/unlock (if equipped with
automatic locks), remote start (if
factory equipped), or activation of
horn and lights from anywhere with
a wireless signal. Download the app
and start using it any time during the
trial period to get started.

Black plate (6,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
14-6 OnStar
Vehicle Diagnostics
OnStar Vehicle Diagnostics can
perform a vehicle check every
month. It will check the engine,
transmission, antilock brakes, and
other major vehicle systems. It also
checks the tire pressures, if the
vehicle is equipped with the Tire
Pressure Monitoring System. If an
On-Demand Diagnostics check is
needed, press
Q, and an Advisor
can run a check.
OnStar Additional
Information
Transferring Service
PressQto request account transfer
eligibility information. The Advisor
can assist in canceling or removing
account information.
Selling/Transferring the
Vehicle
Call 1-888-4-ONSTAR immediately
to terminate your OnStar services if
the vehicle is disposed of, sold,
transferred, or if the lease ends.
Reactivation for Subsequent
Owners
PressQand follow the prompts to
speak to an Advisor as soon as
possible. The Advisor will update
vehicle records and explain the
OnStar service options available.
How OnStar Service Works
Automatic Crash Response,
Emergency Services, Crisis Assist,
Stolen Vehicle Assistance, Vehicle
Diagnostics, Remote Door Unlock,
Roadside Assistance, Turn-by-Turn
Navigation, and Hands-Free Calling
are available on most vehicles. Not
all OnStar services are available
everywhere or on all vehicles. For
more information, a full description
of OnStar services, system
limitations, and OnStar terms and
conditions:
.Call 1-888-4-ONSTAR
(1-888-466-7827).
.See www.onstar.com (U.S.).
.See www.onstar.ca (Canada).
.Call TTY 1-877-248-2080.
.PressQto speak with an
Advisor.
OnStar services cannot work unless
the vehicle is in a place where
OnStar has an agreement with a
wireless service provider for service

Black plate (4,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
i-4 INDEX
Electrical SystemEngine Compartment
Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35
Floor Console Fuse Block . . 10-39
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35
Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34
Emergency OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Check and Service Engine
Soon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . 10-5
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Coolant Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Cooling System Messages . . . 5-31
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21
Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Oil Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31
Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 Engine (cont'd)
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . 9-22
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16
Enhanced Technology Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Entry/Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Equipment, Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-51
Extender, Safety Belt . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Exterior Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . 6-2
F
Fan
Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Fast Idle System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-17
Filter, Engine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . 6-3
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-64 Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-66
FlexFuel
E85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-41 Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-88
Fluid
Automatic Transmission . . . . . . 10-9
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23
Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Frequency Statement
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-12
Front Seats Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Front Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Front Turn Signal
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 10-31
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39 Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-40
Economy Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
Filling a Portable FuelContainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-43
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-42
Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-40
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . 5-23
Requirements, California . . . . . 9-40
System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Full-Size Spare Tire . . . . . . . . . . 10-74

Black plate (6,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
i-6 INDEX
L
Labeling, Tire Sidewall . . . . . . . . 10-43
LampsDome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Exterior Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Exterior Lamps OffReminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-33
Malfunction Indicator . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Taillamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-31
Lamps, Bulb Replacement . . . . 10-31
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
LATCH System Replacing Parts after a
Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
Lighter, Cigarette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Lighting
Entry/Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 Lights
Airbag On-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Antilock Brake System
(ABS) Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . 5-19
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . 6-2
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Safety Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . 5-14
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
StabiliTrak
®OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Tow/Haul Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Traction Control System (TCS)/StabiliTrak
®. . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Locking Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-31
Locks
Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Cargo Door Relocking . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 Locks (cont'd)
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . 5-23
Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH
System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
M
Maintenance
Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-14
Maintenance and Care Additional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
Maintenance Schedule . . . . . . . . 11-3 Recommended Fluidsand Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11
Malfunction Indicator Lamp . . . . 5-17
Manual Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-26
Manual Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Black plate (7,1)Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
7707481) - 2015 - CRC - 4/30/14
INDEX i-7
MessagesAirbag System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Battery Voltage and
Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30
Engine Cooling System . . . . . . . 5-31
Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31
Engine Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Key and Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
Object Detection System . . . . . 5-33
Ride Control System . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Service Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Vehicle Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
Mirrors Convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Heated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Mirrors (cont'd)
Manual Rearview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Trailer Tow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Mirrors, Interior Rearview . . . . . . 2-13
Monitor System, Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51
N
NavigationOnStar®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
Vehicle Data Recording and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-15
New Vehicle Break-In . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Noise Control System . . . . . . . . 10-25
O
Object Detection System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 Trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Off-Road
Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 Oil
Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Engine Oil Life System . . . . . . . 10-8
Engine Oil Pressure
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31
Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Older Children, Restraints . . . . . 3-28
Online Owner Center . . . . . . . . . . 13-4
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-15
OnStar
®
System, In Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
OnStar®Additional
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-6
OnStar
®Connections . . . . . . . . . . 14-4
OnStar®Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
OnStar®Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
OnStar®Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
OnStar®Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
OnStar®Vehicle
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-6
Operation, Infotainment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Ordering Service Publications . . . . . . . . .13-11