ESP AUDI A7 2013 Owner's Manual

Audi adapt ive crui se c ontrol an d bra kin g guard 8 7
vehicles or obstacles that are not moving
can trigger a collision warning and if con­
firmed by the video camera, an acute col­ lis ion warn ing.
- For safety reasons, do not use adaptive
cruise control when driving on roads with
many curves, when the road surface is in
poor condit ion and/or in bad weather
(such as ice, fog, gravel, heavy rain and
hydroplan ing). Using the system under
these cond itions cou ld result in a co lli ­
sion .
- Switch adaptive c ruise control off tempo­
rar ily when driv ing in turning lanes, on
expressway exits or in construction
zones . This prevents the vehicle from ac­
celerating to the set speed when in these
situations .
- The adapt ive cru ise control system w ill
not brake by itse lf if you put your foot on
the accelerator pedal. Doing so can over­ ride the speed and distance regulation .
- When approaching stationary objects such as stopped traffic, adaptive cruise
control will not respond and braking
guard w ill have limited function.
- The adapt ive cruise control system and
braking guard do not react to people , an­
ima ls, objects crossing the road o r on­
coming objects .
- The function of the radar sensors can be
affected by reflective objects such as
guard ra ils, the entra nce to a tunnel,
he avy rain or i ce.
- Never follow a veh icle so closely that you
cannot stop your vehicle safe ly. The
adaptive cruise cont ro l c anno t slow or
brake the veh icle safely when you follow
another vehicle too closely. Always re­
member that the automatic braking
funct ion cannot bring the veh icle to a
sudden or emergency stop under these
condit ions .
- To prevent unintended operation, always
switch ACC off when it is not be ing used. (D Note
The sensors can be displaced by impacts or
damage to the bumper, wheel housing and
underbody. That cou ld affect the adaptive
cruise control system and brak ing guard .
Have your authorized Aud i dea le r or a u­
thorized Audi Serv ice Facility check their
funct ion.
In curves
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
I
F ig. 8 7 Exampl e: dri vin g in to a curve
When dr iving into a curve c:> fig. 87 and out of
a cu rve, the ad aptive cruise con trol m ay react
to a vehicle in the next lane and apply the
brakes . You can override or prevent the brak­
i ng by pressing the accelerator pedal b riefly.
Stationary objects
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
Fig. 88 Ex ampl e: object chang ing l anes and s ta tio nar y
objec t
The adaptive cru ise con tro l system only reacts
to objects that a re mov ing o r th at the system
has a lready detected as moving . For examp le,
if a veh icle @, which has a lready been detect-
ed by the adaptive c ruise contro l, tu rns o r
changes lane s and another stationary vehicle .,._

92 Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
Audi braking guard
Descript ion
App lies to vehicles: with Audi adap tive cruise control
Fig. 96 Instrument cluster: approach warn ing
Braking guard uses radar sensors and a video
camera . It also functions within the limits of
the system when adapt ive cruise control is
switched off .
What can braking guard do?
When detected in time, the system can assess
situations when a vehicle ahead brakes sud­
denly or if your own vehicle is traveling at a
high speed and approaching a vehicle up
ahead that is moving more slowly . Brak ing
guard does not react if it cannot detect the
situation .
The system advises you of various situations:
- The
distance warning is given if you are too
close to the vehicle ahead for a long time. If
the vehicle ahead brakes sharply, you will not be able to avoid a collision . The indicator
light
I in the display comes on .
- The
approach warning is given when a de­
tected veh icle up ahead in your lane is mov ­
i ng much more slowly than you are or if it
brakes sharply . When this warning is given,
it may only be possible to avoid a collision
by swerving or braking sharply. Th e indicator
light
I and indicato r in the display will warn
you about the danger¢
fig. 96. You will a lso
hear an acoustic signal.
If you do not react fast enough or do not react
at all to the situation, braking guard will inter-
ll This is not ava ilable in some co un tri es .
vene by braking and the message braking
guard intervention
wi ll appear.
- If a coll is ion is imm inent, the system wi ll
fi rst prov ide an
acute warning by briefly and
sharply applying the brakes.
- If you do not react to the acute warning,
braking guard can brake with increas ing
force within the limits of the system . This
reduces the vehicle speed in the event of a
collision.
- The system can initiate maximum braking
short ly before a co llision
1l . Full deceleration
at high speeds occurs only in vehicles with
adaptive cruise control and side assist (pre
sense plus) .
- If the braking guard senses that you are not
braking hard enough when a collision is im­
m inent, it can increase the braking force .
- The pre sense functions also engage when a
collision is imminent¢
page 194.
Which function s can be controlled?
You can switch braking guard and the dis­
tance/approach warning on or off in the MMI
i=> page 93, Settings in the MMI.
A WARNING
-
Lack of attention can cause collisions, oth-
er accidents and serious personal injuries.
The braking guard is an assist system and
cannot prevent a collision by itself . The
driver must always intervene. The dr iver is
a lways respons ible for braking at the cor­
rect time.
- Always pay close attention to traffic,
even when the braking guard is switched
on. Be ready to intervene and be ready to
take complete control whenever necessa­
ry. Always keep the safe and legal dis­
tance between your veh icle and vehicles
up ahead.
- Braking guard works within limits and
will not respond outside the system lim­
its, for example when approaching a
stopped vehicle or stationary obstacle ..,.

Audi active Lane assist
Active Lane assist
Description
Applies to vehicles: with active lane assist
Active lane assist helps you keep your vehicle
in your lane.
Active lane assist detects lane marker lines
within the limits of the system using a camera in the windshield . If you are approaching a de­
tected lane marker line and it appears likely
that you w ill leave the lane, the system will
warn you by means of corrective steer ing . T he
driver can over ride the cor re ct ive steer ing at
any time. If the veh icle crosses a line, the d riv­
er is also warned by a light
vibration in the
steering whee l. The vibration warning must
be switched on in the MMI for this to happen.
Active lane ass ist is operable when the line
marking the lane is detected on at least one
side of the vehicle .
If the system is in active standby mode and
the turn signa l is activated before driving over
the lane marker line, the warning does not oc­
cur since the system allows for intentional lane changes .
The system is designed for driv ing on free­
ways and expanded highways and thus works
only at speeds of 40 mph (65 km/h) or more .
If the vehicle is also equipped with Audi adap­
tive cruise control*, the corrective steering
will be more specif ic in regard to the driving
situation . In addition to the lane marker lines,
the system can a lso take into acco unt other
objects such as guard rails. If they are detect­
ed i n close proximity to the veh icle, Audi a c­
tive lane ass ist helps prevent the vehi cle from
driving too close to them . The re is also pass­
ing assistance. The system does not provide
any corrective steering if it detects that you
are passing another vehicle.
A WARNING
- The system warns the driver that the ve­
hicle is leaving the lane us ing corrective
Audi acti ve lane a ssis t 95
steer ing. The driver is always responsible
for keeping the vehicle within the lane.
- The system can assist the driver in keep­
ing the vehicle in the lane, but it does
not steer by itself. A lways keep your
hands on the steering wheel.
- Corrective steering may not occur in cer­ tain sit uat ions, such as dur ing heavy
brak ing.
- The camera does not recognize all lane
marker lines. Corrective steer ing can only
take p lace on the side of the vehicle
where lane marker lines are detected .
- Other road structures or objects cou ld
possibly be identified un intent ionally as
lane ma rker lines. As a result, cor rect ive
steer ing may be unexpected or may not
oc cur .
- The camera view can be restricted, for
examp le by vehicles driving ahead o r by
r ai n, snow, heavy spray or light s hining
into the camera. This can result in a ctive
lane assist not detecting the lane marke r
lines or detect ing them inco rrectly .
- Unde r ce rtain condi tions such as ruts in
the road, a banked roadway or cross­
winds, the corrective stee ring alone may
not be enough to keep the vehicle in the
lane.
- For safety reasons, active lane ass ist
must not be used when there are poor
road and/or weather condit ions such as
slippery roads, fog, gravel, heavy rai n,
snow and the potent ial for hydroplaning .
Using act ive lane assist under thes e con­
ditions may increase the risk of a crash.

White line(s)
Red line
(left or
right)
Gray
line(s) Act
ive lane assist is switched on
and ready to p rov ide warnings
on the side that is ind icated
Q fig. 99.
Act ive lane assist is warning you
that you are about to leave your lane
Q fig. 99. In addition, the
steering wheel vibrates slightly.
Act ive l ane assist is switched on
but is not ready to provide warn­
ings
Q fig . 100 .
Mes sages in the instrument clu ster
display
When the active lane ass ist turns off automat ­
i cally, the i nstrument cluster ind icator goes
out and o ne of the fo llow ing messages ap­
pears on the display :
Audi active lane a ssist : Currently un availa­
ble . No camera view
This message appears if the camera is no lon­
ger funct ional after the system has cont inous­
ly failed to detec t the lane markings . This
could happe n if:
- The camera field of view
Q fig. 98 is dirty or
covered in ice. Clean the area o n the wind­
shield .
- The camera field of view is fogged over. Wait
until the fog has cleared before switching
active lane assis t on .
- The system has been unable to detect the
lanes for an extended period of time due to
road cond it ions . Switch active lane ass ist
back on when the lines are more visible .
Audi active lane assist: Currently un available
A temporary ma lf u nction is preventing lane
assist from operating. Try sw itching active
lane assist on again later.
Audi active lane a ssist : Sy stem fault!
D rive to you r a utho rized Aud i dea le r soon to
h ave the ma lfunction co rrec ted .
Audi active lane a ssist : Pl ea se take over
s te ering
Audi acti ve lane a ssis t 97
This message appears if yo u do not s teer the
vehicle yourself . If this is the case, active lane
ass ist does not switch off, b ut it does sw itch
to the "not ready" stat us. The system can help
you keep the ve hicle in the lane. However it is
your own responsibility to steer and control
t h e ve hicle .
Setting the steering wheel vibration
Applies to vehicles: with active lane assist
11> Select: !CAR !function button> (Car) * sys­
tem s
control button > Driver assi st > Audi
active lan e assi st.
You can switch the vibrat ing war ning in t he
stee ring wheel
on o r off .
(D Tips
Your setting is a utomat ically stored and
assigned to the remo te control key being
used.

98 Audi side assist
Audi side assist
Lane Change Assistant
Description
App lies to vehicles: wit h side ass ist
Fig . 101 Sensor detectio n ran ge
Fig. 102 Display on the exterio r mirro r
Side assist helps you monitor your blind spot
and traffic behind your vehicle. Within the
limits of the system, it warns you about
vehicles that are coming closer or that are
traveling with you within sensor range
(D
c:> fig . 101: if a lane change is class ified as crit­
ical, the display @ in the exterior mirror
¢fig. 102 turns on.
The display in the left exterior mirror provides
assistance when mak ing a lane change to the
left, while the display in the right exterior mir·
ror provides assistance when making a lane
change to the right.
Information stage
As long as you do not activate the turn signal,
side assist
informs you about vehicles that are
detected and class ified as critical. The display
in the respective mirror turns on, but is dim. The
display remains dim intentionally in the
information stage so that your view toward
the front is not disturbed.
Warning stage
If you activate the turn signal, side assist
warns you about vehicles that are detected
and class ified as critical. The display in the re­
spective mirror blinks brightly. If this hap­
pens, check traffic by glancing in the rearview
mirror and over your shoulder c:>
.&. in General
information on page 99.
(D Tips
- You can adjust the brightness of the dis­
play @c:>
page 100.
-Please refer to the instructions for tow·
ing a trailer located in
¢ page 99.

General information
Applies to vehicles: with side ass ist
®
©
Fig . 103 Dr iving situations
Fig. 104 Rear of t he ve hicle: positio n of t he se nsors
"' a, 0 0 <!,
" a,
Side assist functions at speeds above approx i­
mately 19 mph (30 km/h).
@ Vehicl es th at ar e approaching
In certain cases, a vehicle will be classified as
cr itical for a lane change even if it is still
somewhat far away. The faster a vehicle ap­
p roaches, the sooner the display in the exteri­
or m irror will t urn on.
@ Vehicles traveling with you
Vehicles traveling w ith you are indicated in the
exterior m irror if they are classified as cr itical
for a lane change. All vehicles detec ted by
side assist are indicated by the time they en­
ter your "blind spot", at the latest.
Audi side assist 99
@ Veh icle s left behind
If you s low ly pass a vehi cle that s ide assist has
detected (the difference in speed between the
vehicle and you r vehicle is less than 9 mph or
15 km/h), the display in the exterior mirror
turns on as soon as the vehicle enters your blind spot.
The disp lay will not t urn on if you quickly pass
a vehicle that side assist has detected (the dif­
ference in speed between the vehicle and your
vehicle is greater than 9 mph or 15 km/h).
Functi onal limitation s
The radar sensors are designed to detect the
left and right adjacent lanes when the road
lanes are the normal width. In certain situa­
tions, the d isp lay in the exterior mirror may
turn on even though there is no veh icle locat­
ed in the area that is cr itical for a lane change.
For example:
- if the lanes are narrow or if your are dr iving
on the edge of your lane.
If this is the case,
the system may have detected the vehicle in
another lane that is
not adjacent to your
current lane .
- if you a re driving through a curve. Side assist
may react to a vehicle that is one lane ove r
from the adjacent lane.
- if side assist reacts to other objects (such as
high or d isp laced guard rails) .
- In poor weather conditions. The side assist
functions are l imited .
Do not cover the radar sensors
c> fig. 104 with
stickers, depos its, bicycle wheels or other ob­
jects, because this will affect the funct ion. Do
not use s ide ass ist when towing a trailer. For
i nformation on cleaning, refer to
c> page 216 .
_&. WARNING
-Always pay attention to traffic and to t he
area around your ve hicl e. S ide assist can­
not replace a driver's attention. The driv­
er a lone is always responsible for lane
changes and similar driving mane uvers.

102 Audi drive select
Audi drive select
Driving settings
Introduction
Aud i d rive select mak es it possible to expe ri­
ence diffe ren t types of vehi cle se ttin gs i n o ne
ve hicl e. The dr ive r can se lect th ree
Comfort ,
Auto and Dynamic modes in the M MI to
switch between a sporty and a comforta ble
driving mo de.
You c an a lso a djust the setti ng according to
your p re ferences in the
Individual mode . F o r
examp le, you ca n combine settings such as a
sporty en gine t uning with comfortab le steer­
ing.
A WARNING
Improper use of the A udi drive select can
cause collisions, ot her acc idents and se ri­
ous pe rsonal injury.
Description
The vehicle setup in each mode depends on
the veh icl e's featu res. The engine, t ransm is­
sion, stee ring, reve rsible sa fe ty belt tension­
e rs a nd adap tive air su spension are alw ays in­
volved.
Engine and transmission
Depending on the mode, the e ng ine and the
tra nsmission respond quic ker or i n a more bal­
an ced manne r to acce le rator pedal move­
men ts. In the sporty dyn ami c mode, the
tra nsmission sh ifts at highe r RP Ms.
Air suspension*
The adaptive air suspens ion/adaptive air sus­
pension spor t*
(Air suspen sion in the MM I) is
a n e lec tronic ally con trolled air suspension and
da mpi ng sys tem. They are adjus ted depend­
ing on the se lected driving mode, the drive r's
steeri ng, braking an d acceleration input and
the road s urface, ve hicle speed and load. A
sporty setting is generally used in ve hicles
with adaptive air suspension sport*. T
he veh icle clearance varies depending on the
se lected mo de an d the speed .
T he highway setti ng is a ct ivated automatic ally
whe n you dr ive above 7 5 mph (120 km/ h) fo r
more than
3 0 seconds in the Auto or Dynamic
mode. The gro und clea rance is increased a uto ­
matically if the speed drops below
44 mph
(70 km/h) for more than 120 seconds.
Steering
T he s teer ing adap ts in terms of s teer ing effor t
and steering ratios . Indirect stee ring that
moves easily, like the steer ing in comfo rt
mode, is best suited to long drives on a high­
way. In contrast, dynamic mode provides sporty, direct steer ing .
Sport differential*
As a component of the all whee l drive system
(quattro ®)
r=:> page 201, th e Sport differen­
t ia l* distributes the driving powe r to the rear
axle depending on the situation. The distr ibu­
t ion of power va ries depe nding on the select­
ed mode, from balanced (comfort) to agile
(dyna mic) . Th e goa l is a high leve l of agility
and ability to acce le rate on cu rves . Th e vehicle
is ve ry re sponsive to st eer ing.
Curve light*
The curve light adapts to driving on curves .
T he pivo ting act io n and the lighting are also
adapt ed to the mode .
Adaptive cruise control*
The behav ior when accelerating can be adjust­
ed from comfortab le to sporty, depending on
the drive select mode. Adaptive cru ise cont ro l
also responds to th e dr iv ing behavior o f th e
vehicle a head in a mo re co nse rvative o r sporty
man ne r.
Engine sound*
The sound of the eng ine is adapted to the se­
lected mode and ranges from sub tle to sporty . .,.

106 Night visi on assis tant
Pedestrian warning
Applies to vehicles: with night vision assistant
Fig. 110 Display : pedestrian warning
Fig . 111 D is p lay: pedestrian warning w ith a nother dis­
p lay
I f a pedestrian is detected in an area in front
of the vehicle that the system considers criti­
cal, the pedestrian is high lighted in red
¢ fig . 110 and a warning tone sounds. This
area is based on the vehicle speed and steer ­
ing angle. The pedestrian warning prompts
you to pay even closer attention to the area in
front of the vehicle and to watch out for pe­
destrians.
If another display s uch as the tr ip computer
replaces the image from the night vision as­
sistant, the indicator light turns red when
there is a pedestrian warning.¢
fig. 111 .
The pedestrian warning . appears in the
Head-up Display *.
(D Tips
The pedestrian marking and warn ing tone
can be adjusted in the MMI
!:!) page 107.
General information
Applies to vehicles: with night vision assistant
Fig. 112 Fro nt of th e ve hicle: night v ision assistant
camera
T he following situat ions may affect the func­
t ion of the n ight vision assistant system:
- poor visibility such as snow, rain, fog or
heavy road spray
- dirty lens on the n ight vis ion assistant cam -
era
Make sure the night vision assistant camera
¢
fig . 112 is not covered by stickers, deposits
or any other obstructions because that can
prevent the camera from working properly.
For information on cleaning the lens, refer to
¢ page 216.
Pedestrian detection depends on the d iffer ­
ence in temperature between the person and
the background. Pedestr ians may not be de­
tected if the temperature diffe rence is too
small . Th e pedestrian highl ighting feature is
deactivated at tempe ratures above 77 ° F (25
°C) and when it is light outs ide.
A WARNING
Night vision assistant has limits and can­
not always detect pedestr ians. Always pay
close attention to traffic and the area
around your vehicle even when night vision
assistant is sw itched on .
- Night vision assistant can only warn
about people located within the visual
range of the infrared camera. The visual
range corresponds to the image in the in­
strument cluster display .
- Night vision assistant may not detect
-
peop le and highlight them if .,.

114 Automatic Transmission
Launch Control Program
Applies to vehicles: with S tro nic
The Launch Control Program provides the
best acceleration possible when starting from
a stop .
Requirement: The engine must be at operat­
ing temperature and the steering wheel must
not be turned .
.. Press the
I~ O FFI button <=> page 198 while
the engine is running. The
II indicator light
illuminates in the instrument cluster and
Stabilization control (ESC): Off Warning!
Reduced stability
appears in the driver in­
formation system display.
.. Move the selector lever to position D/S to
select sport mode (5) or select
Dynamic
mode in Audi drive select<=> page 103.
.. Press the brake pedal strongly with your left
foot and hold it down for at least
1 second.
.. At the same time, press the accelerator
pedal down completely with your right foot
until the engine reaches and maintains a
high RPM.
.. Remove your foot from the brake pedal
within S seconds ¢
Li)..
.&_ WARNING
-Always adapt your driving to the traffic
flow .
- Only use the Launch Control Program
when road and traffic conditions allow it
and other drivers will not be endangered
or annoyed by yo ur driving and the vehi­
cle's acce lerat ion.
- Please note that the driving wheels can
spin and the vehicle can break away
when ESC is sw itched off, espec ially
when the road is slippery.
- Once the vehicle has started moving,
press the
I~ OF F! button br iefly to turn
the ESC on.
- The transmission temperat ure may in­
crease significantly after using the
launch control program. If that happens, the program
may not be available for a
few minutes . It wi ll be available again af­
ter a cool-down period.
- When accelerating using the la unch con­
tro l program, all vehicle parts are subject
to heavy loads. This can resu lt in in­
creased wear .
Transmission malfunction
Applies to vehicles: wit h S tronic/tiptro nic
[O] Transmission: Press brake pedal and se­
lect gear again
Press the brake pedal and select the desired
selector lever position again. You can then continue driving .
[O] Transmission overheating: Please drive
conservatively
The transmission temperature has increased
s ignificantly due to the sporty driving manner .
Drive in a less sporty manner until the tem­
perature returns to the normal range and the
indicator light switches of.
[O] Transmission malfunction: You can con­
tinue driving
T he re is a system mal function in the transmis­
sion . You may continue driving. Drive to your
authorized Audi dea ler or qualified repair fa­
cility soon to have the malfunction corrected.
[O] [O] Transmission malfunction: You can
continue driving with limited functionality
There is a system malfunction in the transmis­
s ion. The transmission is switching to emer­
gency mode. This mode on ly shifts into cer­
tain gears or will no longer shift at all. The en­
gine may sta ll. Drive to your authorized Audi
dealer or qualified repair facility immediately
to have the malfunction corrected.
[O] Iii Transmission malfunction: No reverse
gear. You can continue driving
S tronic® transmission: There is a system mal­
f unct ion in the transmission. The transmis­
sion is switching to emergency mode . This
mode only shifts into certain gears or will no
l onger shift at a ll. The engine may stall. You .,..

116 Parking system s
Parking systems
General information
A ppl ies to vehicles: with pa rk in g system plus/ rear view
camera/peripheral cameras/par king ass istant
Depending on your vehicle's equ ipment, vari­
ous parking aids will help yo u when pa rk ing
and maneuvering.
The
pa rking sy stem plu s assists you when
pa rking by audib ly and visually indicat ing ob­
jects detected
in front of and behind t he vehi ­
cle
~ page 117.
The rear vi ew cam era shows the area behind
the vehicle in the Infotainment d isp lay. This
d isplay assis ts you when you are c ross o r par­
allel parking
q page 118. In addit ion, you are
assisted by the functions from the parking
system plus
~ page 117 .
The peripheral cam era s ass ist you with park­
ing and maneuvering. You are aided by var ious
cameras depending on the vehicle equipment l eve l¢
page 121. In addition, you are assist­
ed by the function s from the parking sy stem
p lus ¢ page 117.
A WARNING
- Always look for traff ic and check the area
around your vehicle by looking at it di­
rectly as well . The parking system cannot
replace the d rive r's attent io n. The dr iver
is a lways respo nsible for safety during
p arki ng and fo r all other maneuvers.
- Please note that some surfac es, such as
cl othing, are not detected by the system.
- Senso rs and cameras have blind spots in
w hich peop le and objects can not be de­
tected. Be especially cau tious of children
a nd animals.
- T he sensors can be displaced by impacts
or d amage to t he rad ia to r grille, b umpe r,
wheel housing and the unde rbody. The
par king systems may become impaired
as a result . Have your a uthorized Audi
dealer or qua lified wor kshop check their
function. -
Make s ure the sensors are not covered by
stickers, deposits or any other obstruc­
tions as it may impai r the sensor func­
tion . For information on cleaning, refer
to
~ page 216 .
(D Note
- Some objects are not detected by the
system under certain c ircumstances :
- Obje cts su ch as ba rrie r ch ains, trailer
draw bars, vertic al po les or fences
- Objects above t he senso rs such as wall
ex tensions
- Objects w ith specific surfaces or st ruc­
tures su ch as chain link fences or pow­
der snow.
- If you conti nue d riving closer to a low- ly­
ing object, it may disappea r from the
sensor range. Note th at yo u w ill no lon­
ger be warned abo ut this obstacle.
(j) Tips
- T he sys tem may provide a wa rni ng even
t ho ugh the re are no obs ta cl es in the cov­
erage a rea in some situa tions, such as:
- certain road surfaces or for long grass.
- externa l ult rasonic sources e.g. from
clean ing vehicles.
- heavy rain, snow or thick vehicle ex ­
ha ust.
- We recommend that you practice park­
ing in a traff ic- free location or park ing
lot to become familiar w it h the system.
When doing this, there should be good light and weather cond itions .
- Yo u can change the volume and pitch of
the s ignals as we ll as the disp lay
¢ page 126 .
-Please refer t o the instructions for tow­
ing a t railer
¢ page 127 .
-What appears in the infotainment dis­
play is somewhat time-delayed .