key PORSCHE CAYNNE 2013 2.G Information Manual
Page 8 of 79
The Cayenne | Cayenne · 16
15 · The Cayenne | Cayenne
Everything has changed.
Apart from the concept.
Cayenne.
At Porsche, we are continually changing.
Looking for a new and different approach.
Without ever losing sight of where we’ve
come from. That ’s how we remain true to
ourselves.
The basic Cayenne concept is therefore
the same. We’ve just continued to
improve it: the Cayenne is now lighter –
up to 165 kg
1) depending on the specifi -
cation – and also more dynamic, more
comfortable, and closer to the road than
ever before. Without detracting from the
qualities required for off-road driving or
towing heav y loads.
Its naturally aspirated 3.6-litre V6 engine
features direct fuel injection (DFI, p. 40),
variable valve timing on both inlet and
exhaust, and a variable resonance intake manifold – for a generous output and
excellent fuel economy. In other words:
we have enhanced the performance,
while significantly lowering the weight,
fuel consumption and CO
2 emissions. The
figures speak for themselves: maximum
torque of 400 Nm, 220 kW (300 hp),
a top speed of 230 km/ h and the abilit y
to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/ h in
7.5 seconds. With both fuel consumption
and CO
2 emissions reduced by 20 %.1)
Delivering this power to the road effi -
ciently, Porsche Traction Management
(PTM, p. 47) combines active all-wheel
drive with an electronically variable multi-
plate clutch, automatic brake differential
(ABD, p. 47) and anti-slip regulation (ASR,
p. 47). Together they enable the perfect
distri bution of drive torque to all four wheels, whether on long straights,
through tight corners or on surfaces with
different
friction coefficients – for dynamic
handling
and increased traction. Drive is
trans mitted through a high-performance
six-speed manual gearbox (p. 44), which
ensures optimum progression through
the gears.
In addition to the standard 18-inch
Cayenne wheels and larger brakes, the
Cayenne can be fit ted with the optional
Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake
(PCCB, p. 66) – for even more outstand -
ing brake performance.
Another key advantage: a total weight
saving of approximately 50 % compared
with equivalent cast-iron discs. The generous standard equipment
includes partial-leather seats, climate
control, the CDR audio system with
touchscreen, cruise control and auto
-
matic headlight activation. For added
comfort, there’s also a ‘Welcome Home’
lighting function. When you arrive at a
destination after dark, the headlights
remain illuminated for a user-defined
period, lighting your path from the car.
So, a unique blend of the great sports
performance and unrestricted everyday
practicalit y that is t ypical of Porsche.
Let ’s be honest, would you have expected
anything else?
For fuel consumption, CO
2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages 150/151.1) Compared to previous model.
Page 11 of 79
The Cayenne | Cayenne S Hybrid · 22
21 · The Cayenne | Cayenne S Hybrid
A hybrid is like a good marriage.
Only with two better halves.
Cayenne S Hybrid.
We have always gone our own way. This
is the hallmark of our independent spirit.
Only thus can we continue to meet our
high performance standards. And yours.
For the Cayenne S Hybrid we chose a
highly sophisticated technical concept
that perfectly embodies the key principle
of an alternative drive: efficiency.
The parallel full hybrid drive (p. 28) on
the Cayenne S Hybrid features a 3.0 -litre
V6 supercharged engine and an electric
machine (motor/generator) that provides
additional power on demand. It offers
levels of acceleration that are compar -
able with a V8 unit, but with a reduction
of up to 22 % in both fuel consumption
and CO
2 emissions compared to the
Cayenne S. The engine delivers 245 kW (333 hp),
while the electric machine generates
34 kW (47 hp). Working in tandem,
they produce a total output of 279 kW
(380 hp).
With a top speed of 242 km/ h, acceler -
ation from 0 to 100 km/ h takes 6.5 sec -
onds. Maximum torque is 580 Nm.
On the parallel full hybrid system, the
electric machine and a decoupler are
integrated directly into the drivetrain
between the combustion engine and the
eight-speed Tiptronic S. The decoupler
ensures positive engagement with the
combustion engine, thereby offering
several benefits – both for the driver
and the environment. Under moderate acceleration, the
electric machine can power the vehicle
independently. In order to drive quietly
through residential areas, for example.
The generator can also be used to
recuperate energy during braking, i.e.
for charging the bat tery.
In addition, the electric machine can be
used to boost performance – for faster
acceleration.
Other energy-saving features include the
car’s abilit y to glide along, even when the
engine is turned off. The hybrid system
therefore also brings significant advan -
tages when not driving in urban traffic,
as the vehicle can simply ‘coast ’ along
many stretches of road without any power at all. Together with the auto
start/stop function, the parallel full
hybrid system offers exceptional levels
of performance and efficiency.
The ‘hybrid’ designation on each front
wing alludes to the
innovative drive con -
cept within.
Inside the car, the TFT colour display
in the instrument cluster provides
information on the current energy flow.
Further driving data is displayed via
the optional Porsche Communication
Management (PCM).
But the greatest benefit of all:
the Cayenne S Hybrid is a Porsche.
And it drives like one too.
For fuel consumption, CO
2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages 150/151.
Page 13 of 79
25 · The Cayenne | Cayenne Turbo The Cayenne | Cayenne Turbo · 26
Reduced weight, lower fuel consumption, fewer emissions.
At Porsche, we believe less is more.
Cayenne Tu r b o.
Understatement coupled with clear state -
ments: lower fuel consumption, faster
acceleration.
1) Supreme engineering that
speaks for itself. In short, every thing
you’d expect from a Turbo.
Another clear statement is the distinctive
sound from the twin dual-tube tailpipes.
Produced by the 4.8-litre t win-turbo V8
engine that delivers 368 kW (500 hp) and
features direct fuel injection (DFI, p. 40).
The car has a top speed of 278 km/ h
and the benchmark sprint from 0 to
100 km/ h is completed in 4.7 seconds.
Maximum torque is 700 Nm. Here too,
fuel consumption has been reduced by
23 % and CO
2 emissions by 25 %.1)
Not least thanks to a weight saving of
185 k g.
1)
Optimum traction and safet y are pro -
vided by Porsche Traction Management
(PTM, p. 47) active all-wheel drive. Also
connecting the car to the road are the
19-inch Cayenne Turbo wheels – wheels
up to 21 inches in diameter are available
as an option. The chassis on the Cayenne
Turbo is equipped as standard with air
suspension featuring self-levelling and
ride-height control, as well as Porsche
Active Suspension Management (PASM,
p. 57). This electronic damping control
system offers continuous adjustment
of the damping forces on each wheel –
depending on current road conditions
and driving st yle. This enables greater
car control, improving safety and
comfor t. Comfort is also key in the Cayenne Turbo
interior. Standard equipment comprises
an interior package in smooth-finish
leather, a rooflining in Alcantara and an
electrically adjustable steering column.
Also fit ted as standard: the BOSE®
Surround Sound System, Porsche
Communication Management (PCM, p. 90)
with navigation module, adaptive sports
seats with comfort memory package
(18-way), Tyre Pressure Monitoring (TPM,
p. 58), automatic headlight activation
and automatically dimming exterior and
interior mirrors.
Exterior features exclusive to the
Cayenne Turbo include Bi-Xenon main
headlights with Porsche Dynamic Light System (PDLS, p. 63), larger air intakes
and a distinctive ‘power dome’ on
the bonnet – a clear reference to the
enormous potential within.
Following our long established principles,
the Cayenne Turbo blends phenomenal
performance with outstanding comfort
and efficiency. It does so in st yle, but
without ever compromising on any one
in particular. Because we believe that
less can also mean more.
For fuel consumption, CO
2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages 150/151.1) Compared to previous model.
Page 20 of 79
Drive systems and chassis | Drive systems · 40
39 · Drive systems and chassis | Drive systems
The heart of every Porsche.
Applying power with intelligence.
Engine technology.
Auto start/stop function.
The Cayenne models that are equipped
with eight-speed Tiptronic S also feature
an auto start /stop function. If, for ex -
ample, you stop at traffic lights and keep
your foot on the brake pedal, the auto
start/stop function will automatically
cut the engine. Although the engine is
not running, all audio and communication
systems remain switched on and the
standard climate control continues to
maintain the selected temperature. The
only changes you’ll perceive: peace
and quiet and – thanks to greater fuel
economy – also peace of mind.
The system is deactivated in certain
situations, e.g. if the outside temperature
is very high or the bat tery charge is low.
The starter motor has been revised to cope with the additional demands of the
system, and the bat tery charge and life
are continuously monitored. The battery
and starter motor are replacement parts
that are subject to greater wear and tear
with frequent use of the auto start /stop
function.
Standard on the Cayenne Diesel,
Cayenne S, Cayenne S Hybrid,
Cayenne GTS and Cayenne Turbo.
Available as an option for the Cayenne in
conjunction with the optional Tiptronic S.
VarioCam Plus.
VarioCam Plus creates t wo engines out
of one by steplessly adjusting the inlet
valve timing and lift.
The system differentiates bet ween nor
-
mal road usage and performance driving,
adapting seamlessly as driver inputs
change. All functions are automatically
controlled by the engine management
system. All you experience is responsive
acceleration and ultra-smooth running
characteristics. Inlet valve timing is
steplessly adjusted. To improve response
when starting from cold, for example,
VarioCam Plus selects the higher lift
setting and retards valve timing.
At medium revs and minimal load, the
valve lift is lowered and timing advanced
to minimise fuel consumption and emis -
sions. At low engine speeds in particular, VarioCam Plus significantly improves fuel
economy. To achieve maximum power
and torque, the valve lift is raised.
Overall, the system provides greater
performance with relatively modest fuel
consumption.
Standard on the Cayenne S,
Cayenne GTS and Cayenne Turbo.
Variable valve timing.
The V6 engine in the Cayenne features
variable valve timing on both inlet and
exhaust. The camshaft phase angles
are continuously varied by the engine
management system via rotary-vane
adjusters.
On the Cayenne S Hybrid, the inlet valve
timing is continuously adjusted.
VarioCam Plus
The key benefits include better fuel
economy and lower emissions. It also
helps to generate greater power and
torque – even at low engine speeds.
Standard on the Cayenne and
Cayenne S Hybrid.
For fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages
15 0/ 151.
Page 22 of 79
Drive systems and chassis | Engine technology · 44
43 · Drive systems and chassis | Engine technology
Air intake system.
The Cayenne models are all equipped
with a resonance air intake system.
This technology uses the pressure waves
generated by the inlet valves to ‘ force’ air
into the engine.
The effect is further enhanced on the V6
engine in the Cayenne and the V8 engine
in the Cayenne S and the Cayenne GTS
by a t wo -stage intake manifold. This vari -
able geometry combines all the benefits
of a long intake tube (higher torque at
low rpm) with those of a shorter length
(more power at higher rpm).
The result: highly impressive torque
ratings across the entire engine speed
range.
Turbocharging system in the
Cayenne Turbo.
In the Cayenne Turbo, the engine is
assisted by t win turbocharger units
arranged in parallel – one for each bank
of cylinders. Incoming air is passed
through a filter and compressed by the
turbine units. Its temperature is then
reduced in the twin intercooler system,
which improves cylinder charging and
limits thermal loads on the engine.
Supercharging system in the
Cayenne S Hybrid.
The engine in the Cayenne S Hybrid is
equipped with a supercharger. For a
more direct response, even at low revs
and road speeds. The supercharger has
a low-temperature water cooling system
for cooling the charge air.
Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG) in
the Cayenne Diesel.
The turbocharger in the Cayenne Diesel
features Variable Turbine Geometry
(V TG). The gas-flow from the engine
is channelled onto the turbines via elec -
tronically adjustable guide vanes. By
changing the vane angle, the system can
replicate the geometry in all t ypes of
turbo, large or small, and thus achieve
the optimum gas-flow characteristics.
As a result, even at low engine rpm,
the turbine speed is maximised. For a
significant increase in boost pressure,
excellent cylinder charging plus greater
power and torque.
Electronic engine management.
Cultured performance in all driving
scenarios requires comprehensive
engine control. The electronic engine
management system does this by
continually monitoring the relevant input
data from a variet y of sophisticated
sensors. This data is then compared with
a corresponding set of reference values.
Based on this information, a range of
key engine functions, e.g. ignition and
injection timings as well as injection
quantities, are seamlessly and auto -
matically adjusted. Other major functions
include on-board recuperation. It ensures
that the on-board power supply is only
replenished while the vehicle is on the
overrun. This boosts fuel economy as
well as performance, and ensures max -
imum engine output during acceleration.
All this goes unnoticed by the driver,
apart from the obvious benefits: lower
fuel consumption and CO
2 emissions plus
greater power and torque at all times.
Exhaust system.
The light weight exhaust systems in the
Cayenne models are made from special,
long-life stainless steel. The key features
of the catalysts are high efficiency,
faster warm-up and a long service life.
Sports exhaust system.
Available as an option on the Cayenne
and Cayenne S and included as standard
on the Cayenne GTS, the sports exhaust
system
1) provides an even more distinct -
ive sound. For the looks to match, it
comes with a specially designed set of
t win dual-tube tailpipes with a high-gloss
finish. On the Cayenne GTS, these are
finished in mat t black.
All exhaust systems, standard and
sports, comply with the EU 5 emissions
legislation.
1) For Cayenne only in conjunction with Tiptronic S. Single-tube tailpipes on the Cayenne, Cayenne Diesel,
Cayenne S and Cayenne S Hybrid
Dual-tube tailpipes on the Cayenne Turbo
Sports exhaust system (optional)
But ton for spor ts exhaust system
Spor ts exhaust system, with t win dual -tube tailpipes in mat t black on the Cayenne GTS For fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages 150/151.
Page 34 of 79
Safety and environment | Safet y · 68
67 · Safety and environment | Safet y
Recuperation.
The electronic engine management sys -
tem on the Cayenne S Hybrid controls
the braking process so that, when
the brake pedal is actuated, as much
expended energy as possible can be
harnessed by the electric machine in gen-
erator mode and stored in the 288-volt
nickel metal hydride (NiMH) bat tery. This
is referred to as recuperation. To do this,
the engine management system adjusts
the generator current depending on the
brake pedal position, recovers part of
the kinetic energy and stores it in the
bat tery. When the pressure on the brake
pedal exceeds a certain threshold, the
brakes are applied.
Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake
(PCCB).
Available as an option on all Cayenne
models, the Porsche Ceramic Composite
Brake (PCCB) has already proven its
abilit y to cope with the harshest require -
ments of the racetrack. It is available in
conjunction with 20-inch wheels or larger
for the Cayenne Turbo and with 19-inch
wheels or larger for all other Cayenne
models.
The discs are made from a specially
treated carbon-fibre compound that is
silicated in a high-vacuum process at
approximately 1,700 °C. The resulting
material is not only much harder than
cast iron, it is also more resistant to
heat.
Even at high temperatures, the thermal
resistance of the PCCB disc ensures
outstanding dimensional stability. The
ceramic material is totally resistant to
corrosion and offers excellent acoustic
damping properties.
PCCB enables shorter braking distances
– no mat ter how tough the driving
conditions. The pedal response is fast
and precise with only moderate input
required. Excellent fade resistance
ensures greater balance when slowing
from high speed.
The key advantage of PCCB is a total
weight saving of approximately 50
%
compared with equivalent cast-iron discs.
As well as enhancing performance and fuel economy, the unsprung and rotating
masses are lightened. The results:
greater comfort and road-holding on
uneven road surfaces plus better
handling and agility.
Optional for all Cayenne models.
Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake (PCCB)For fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages 150/151.
Page 36 of 79
Safety and environment | Safet y · 72
71 · Safety and environment | Safet y
Placing great weight on safety.
While taking things lightly.
Passive safety.
Airbags.
All Cayenne models are equipped with
full-size front airbags for driver and
front passenger as standard. These
are augmented by Porsche Side Impact
Protection (POSIP).
This comprises a side airbag in each
front seat, curtain-t ype airbags on each
side of the roof offering optimum head
protection for both rows of seats and
side impact protection elements in each
door. Side airbags at the rear are also
available as an option.
Two impact sensors are located at the
front of the car to enable bet ter detec -
tion of a head- on collision. The driver and front passenger airbags use a gas
generant based on an organic propellant.
As a result, the airbags are lighter,
more compact and easier to recycle.
A roll-over detection system provides
additional protection in the event that
the car were to overturn. Using sensor-
acquired data, it enables early deploy-
ment of the curtain airbags and triggers
the seat-belt pre-tensioners.
Seat belt system.
The Cayenne models feature three-point
seat belts on all five seats, as well as
seat-belt pre-tensioners (front and outer
rear seats) and force limiters (front seats
only).
ISOFIX mounting points.
The outer rear seats are equipped with
ISOFIX mounting points for compatible
child seats (p. 87) as standard. These
are available as an option for the front
passenger seat.
Bodyshell construction.
Our ongoing development of the light -
weight steel body is a decisive factor
in the enhanced passive safet y and
unparalleled rigidit y of the Cayenne body.
In the event of an accident, a system of
side and cross-members at the front of
the car helps to channel impact energy in
a safe and predetermined manner. The
interior is protected by hot-formed super
high-strength steel reinforcements,
including side intrusion beams in each
of the doors.
Passive safety: bodyshell
Passive safet y: airbags
High strength and consistent deformation
properties: t wo key safet y requirements
fulfilled by the multiphase steel used
throughout the body. Thanks to a safet y
cage structure made from high-tech
steels, the highly resilient passenger cell
offers high levels of protection.
Multi-phase steels
Boron-alloyed steels
Plastic Aluminium
Deep-drawn steels
High-strength micro-alloyed steels
Page 37 of 79
Safety and environment | Environment · 74
73 · Safety and environment | Environment
The concept behind every car we build
is based around the pursuit of perform -
ance. This has been the case since
1948. Another of our traditional core
values is efficiency. At Porsche, we are
continually striving to find a successful
balance between the two.
This is achieved using advanced engine
concepts featuring technologies such
as DFI (p. 40), VarioCam Plus (p. 39),
the auto start /stop function (p. 38),
the parallel full hybrid drive (p. 28) and
consistent lightweight construction. Weight reduction is a key aspect of our
design philosophy derived from our rich
racing heritage. Part of our R&D Centre,
the Motorsport Department is located in
Weissach where it shares premises with
the Automotive Industry Exhaust Emission
Centre (ADA). Just a
coincidence? We call
it symbiosis.
In practice: the Cayenne is up to 185 kg
lighter, depending on the model.
1) We
have achieved this through the use of
new, innovative weight-saving materials,
the development of new production technologies and functionalities, and a
series of concept modifications. This
has enabled us to halve the weight of
the tailgate, for example. Innovative
materials are also a feature of the axle
construction, with steel being replaced
where possible by lightweight alterna -
tives such as aluminium and plastic.
The benefits for the driver: greater agilit y
and driving dynamics – with lower fuel
consumption. Efficiency at its best.
Great achievements are something to be proud of.
Even more so if they benefit the world around you.
Environment.
1) Compared to previous model.For fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and efficiency class data, please refer to pages 150/151.
Page 44 of 79
Comfort and transport | Comfor t · 88
87 · Comfort and transport | Comfor t
The best seats in the house.
For everyone.
Rear seats.
The rear bench offers generous space
for up to three adult passengers and
is st yled to match the front comfort or
sports seats. For added practicality,
the bench features fore/aft adjustment
of 160 mm and a 40/20/40 split-folding
facilit y. The flexible centre section folds
down to create a load-through facilit y
for longer items such as the optional ski
bag. It also features a folding armrest.
The process is quite simple: unlock and
fold down. The rear seat backrest can be
adjusted by up to 6 degrees: 3 degrees
forward of the starting position and
3 degrees back. When it comes to being
user-friendly, the Cayenne models get
right to the point – quick and easy.
Child seats.
With their unique design, Porsche child
seats comply with high safet y standards.
Available from Porsche Tequipment, they
have been specially tested and approved
for use in Porsche vehicles, offering
comfort and safet y for all passengers
up to 12 years of age (or 36 kg in weight,
respectively). All fabrics are breathable,
kind to the skin and easy to clean. The
covers can be removed and are washable.
All of the Cayenne models have standard
ISOFIX mounting points on the outer rear
seats. These are available as an option
for the front passenger seat. If a child
seat is mounted on the front passenger
seat, the corresponding airbag can be quickly deactivated using a key-operated
switch. All Porsche child seats can be
easily installed via the ISOFIX slot-in
connectors. Alternatively, they can be
secured using the three-point seat belts.
For added safet y, the Porsche Baby Seat
and Porsche Junior Seat ISOFIX come with
their own five-point harness with central
adjustment of the seat-belt length.
Rear bench in conjunction with comfort seats
Page 46 of 79
Comfort and transport | Comfor t · 92
91 · Comfort and transport | Comfor t
The key to success in management:
focused performance with slices of delight.
CDR audio system.
A Porsche engine provides an impressive
sound experience in its own right. The
Cayenne models offer the perfect accom -
paniment inside the cockpit.
The CDR audio system has a 7-inch
colour touchscreen display which
enables you to navigate and select
the main menus and functions with
ease and efficiency.
The integrated CD radio, featuring an FM
t win-tuner with RDS, 30 memory presets,
dynamic autostore and speed-sensitive
volume control, includes a sound system
with 10 loudspeakers and a total audio
output of 100 wat ts. The CDR can also be combined with the
optional Burmester® High-End Surround
Sound System (p. 96) or BOSE
® Surround
Sound System (p. 98) for the ultimate in
audio performance.
Other options available in conjunction
with the CDR include an integrated six-
disc CD autochanger. With an optional
mobile phone preparation (p. 93), you
can connect a Bluetooth
® Hands- Free
Profile (HFP)-compatible mobile phone.
Standard on the Cayenne, Cayenne
Diesel, Cayenne S, Cayenne S Hybrid
and Cayenne GTS.
CDR Plus audio system.
The optional CDR Plus audio system
features a total of 11 loudspeakers and
a total output of 235 wat ts. The system
is operated via a 7-inch high- definition WGVA TFT touchscreen display. CDR Plus
can also be combined with the optional
sound systems from Burmester
® (p. 96)
or BOSE
® (p. 98).
The analogue and digital twin-tuner offers
a broader range of radio reception. Other
elements include a CD/ DVD drive that
plays MP3 files and audio/video DVDs, a
USB port for various iPod
® and iPhone®
models, and USB memory sticks for MP3
music and MP3 players. The system also
allows you to display album covers (cover
art). Devices connected via USB can be
operated using CDR Plus or the optional
multifunction steering wheel. An addition -
al AUX-In port can be used to connect
other external audio sources – the sys -
tem is then operated via the connected
device.
Optional for the Cayenne, Cayenne
Diesel, Cayenne S, Cayenne S Hybrid
and Cayenne GTS.
Porsche Communication Management
(PCM) with navigation module.
PCM is the central control system for
all information and communication
functions. It is powerful and versatile,
yet easy to use.
Key features include a 7-inch high-
resolution touchscreen display. As
before, you can also operate PCM using
the rotary push-button control. The
menu layout is extremely clear, with no
more than five entries per page enabling
fast and accurate operation. A help
function is displayed at the bottom
of the screen for further guidance in
specific situations. Radio functions comprise 42 presets,
an FM t win-tuner with RDS frequency
diversity, which continuously searches
the airwaves for the best possible
signal from the selected radio station,
and dynamic autostore.
The CD/ DVD drive plays CDs and audio
DVDs and is MP3- compatible. Audio play -
back of video DVDs is also supported.
An optional integrated six- disc CD/ DVD
autochanger is available for PCM. The
universal audio interface can be used to
store and play up to 5,000 MP3 music
files on the 40GB hard drive integral to
PCM.
A navigation module with high-speed
hard drive is included with PCM. The
map display offers a conventional 2D
layout as well as a perspective view.
In some regions, even topography with superimposed satellite map and buildings
can be displayed in 3D. In split-screen
mode, you can view the current map sec
-
tion together with a list of icons for the
next manoeuvre. The route is calculated
based on official traffic reports (TMC)
and data from further traffic flow sensors
(TMC Pro).1) The system also indicates
the respective speed limit for the roads
covered in the database via PCM or the
TFT display in the instrument cluster.
In conjunction with the optional online
services, online destinations can also
be easily imported into the navigation
system.
Standard on the Cayenne Turbo.
Optional for all other Cayenne models.
Porsche Communication Management (PCM) incl. navigation module with cover ar t functionalit y1) TMC Pro is suppor ted in Germany, Austria and
Switzerland.