turn signal AUDI A5 CABRIOLET 2014 Owners Manual

(!) Door handle
@
®
©
®
®
Power locking sw it ch
Memory buttons (dr iver's seat)
Button for side ass ist
A ir outlets
Control leve r for :
- Turn signal and high beam
0 Multifunction steering wheel
with:
- Horn
- Driver's airbag ...... ... .. .
- Audio/video , telephone and
navigation buttons
- Rocker switches for tiptron ic
operation .... .... ... .... .
@ ISETI button .... ....... .... .
® Instrument cluster ......... .
@ Reset button for trip odometer
@ Switches for:
- Windsh ield wiper/washer
- Trip computer ............ .
@ Ignition lock .. ....... ... .. .
@ Adjustable steer ing column
~ Control leve r fo r:
- Cruise contro l .. ... ... .... .
- adaptive cruise contro l ... .. .
@ Instrument lighting .. ... ... .
@ Release lever for the engine
hood .. .. .. ............. .. .
@ Data Link Conne ctor for On
Board Diagnos tic s (OBD II) . .. .
@ Light switch ........... .. .. .
@ Adjuster control for outside mir-
35
64
102
52
144
89 11
1 0
1 2
56
25
74
74
83
93
54
206
29
5 1
rors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
@ Power window switches . . . . . . 39
@ Radio-Disp layll or MM I-Display
@ Depending on options:
- Radio system
- CD changer
l) The imag e in t he d ispl ay will app ea r e ither in mu lt ipl e
col ors or in a singl e co lor , de pen din g o n th e vehicl e
e q ui pment. Th e m ulti co lo r im age w ill be use d i n this
O w ner's M anual becau se bo th mu lt i co lo r and sin gle
col or vers io ns are almost iden tic al.
In strument s and control s 9
@) Emergency flasher ....... .. .
@ Glove compartment (lockable)
@ Front passenger's airbag .....
@ Depending on options, switches
for :
- drive select .............. .
- Electron ic Stabilization Con -
trol ....... ... ..... ..... .
@ Del uxe a utomatic climate con-
tro l .. .. .. .... .. . .. .. ..... .
@ Selector lever for automatic
transmission ......... ..... .
@ Ashtray with cigarette lighter
@ Depend ing on options:
- MMI cont ro l conso le or
- drive select ......... ..... .
- Electron ic Stabili zation Con-
trol button .............. .
@ Central power w indow switch
@ Powe r top switch ... ........ .
@ I START ENG IN E STOPI button
@ Electromechanical parking
brake . ... .... ... .. .. ..... .
(D Tips
53
66
144
106
179
69
87
65 ,65
106
17 9
44
77
79
- Some of the equipment o r fea tures
shown in the genera l ill ustration may be
standard equipment on your vehicle or
may be optional eq uipment depending
on your model. A lways ask your author­
ized Aud i dea ler if you have a quest ion
about your vehicle.
- Operat ion of the Multi Med ia Interface
(MMI) is described in a separate manual.

Instrument s and warnin g/indic ator ligh ts 13
misfiring and fuel could enter into the ex ­
haust system . The catalytic converter
could then overheat and be damaged .
Warning/indicator
lights
Description
The indicator lights in the instrument cluster
blink or turn on. They indicate functions or
m alfunctions
c::> .&. .
Messages may appear with some indicator
lights. A warning signal will sound at the
same time . The messages disappear again af­
ter a short t ime. To display a message again,
press the
I S ET I bu tton c::> page 11 . If several
malfunction s occur, each of the indicator/
warn ing lamps will be d isplayed in succession
for about two seconds at a time.
Some ind icators ligh ts in the display can turn
on in several colors.
A WARNING
- Failure to heed warning lights and other
important vehicle info rmation may result
in serious personal injury o r vehicle dam­
age.
- Whenever sta lled or stopped for repa ir,
move the vehicle a safe dis tance off the
road, stop the engine, and turn on the
emergency flasher
c::> page 53.
- T he engine compartment of any motor
vehicle is a poten tially hazardous a rea.
Before you check anything in the engine
compartment, stop the engine and let it
cool down. Always exercise extreme ca u­
t ion when working under the hood
c::> page 206.
@ Tips
Ma lf u nctions or faults w ill be identified e i­
ther with a red symbo l (pr iority 1 -Dan­
ger!) or with a yellow symbol (pr iority 2 -
Warn ing).
Overview
Some indicator lights turn on b riefly to check
the function of that system whe n you swi tch
the ignition on. These systems are marked
with a../ in the fo llowing tables. If one of
these indicator lights does not turn on, there is a ma lfunction in that system.
Red indicat or lights
Red symbo ls ind ic a te a prior ity ma lf u nct ion -
Danger!
- Pull off the road.
- Stop the vehicle .
- Turn o ff the engine.
- Check the malfunctioning system . Contact
your authori zed Audi dealer or qualified
workshop for assistance.
USA model s:
Brake system ../
c::> page 15
Canada models:
Brake system ../
c::> page 15
USA models:
Electromechanical parking brake
c::> page 16
Canada model s:
Electromechanical parking b rake
c::> page 16
Safety belts
c::> page 16
Electromechanical steering ,/
c::> page 184
Battery
c::> page 17
E ngine oil pressure
c::> page 17
Engine oil leve l
c::> page 17
Engine coo ling system
c::> page 17
Steering column loc k
c::> page 18

Instruments and warning/indicator lights 15
Adaptive dampers*
¢page 22
Sport d ifferential*
¢ page 22
Ignit ion lock
¢ page 22
Steering co lumn lock
¢page 18
Electromechanical steering,
dynamic steering*./¢
page 184
Transmission
- mu ltitronic, tiptronic
¢ page 91
-S tronic ¢ page 91
Transmission
- S tronic
¢p age 91
Other indicator lights
Turn signals
¢page 23
USA models: Cruise control
¢page 83
Canada models: Cruise control
¢page 83
Adaptive cruise control*
¢page 95
Adaptive cruise control*
¢pag e 95
High beam
¢page 52
BRAKE /((J)) Brake system
The light illuminates when the ignition is
switched on.
It goes out after the engine has
been started. Th is ind icates that the brake
warn ing light is functioning properly.
If the brake warning light does not light up
when the engine is cranking, there may be a
malfunction in the electrical system. In this
case, contact your authorized Audi dealer.
If the brake system warning/indicator light
turns on, there is a brake system malfunction.
• (USA models)/ . (Canada models) Stop
vehicle and check brake fluid level
If the indicator light turns on and the mes­
sage appea rs, proceed as fo llows:
"' Pull off the road.
"' Stop the vehicle.
"' Turn off the engine .
"' Check the brake fluid level
¢page 216.
"' Contact your nearest authorized repair fa-
cility if necessary.
Warning! Fault in brake system. Contact
dealer
If the ABS indicator light m) (USA models)/
IIJ (Canada models), the ESC indicator light
GJ and the brake system ind icator light
• (USA models)/ . (Canada models) turn
on and the message appears, the ABS, ESC
and braking distribution are not working ¢& .
Carefu lly drive to your author ized Audi dealer
immediately to have the malfunction correct­
ed
¢ ,6 .
• (USA models)/ . (Canada models) Park­
ing brake system fault! See owner's manual
-If the ind icator light and the message ap-
pear
when stationary or after switching the
ignition on ,
check if you can release the
park ing brake . After releasing the parking
bra ke, carefully drive to your authorized
Audi dealer immediately to have the mal­
function corrected. If yo u cannot release the
parking brake, seek professiona l assistance .
- If the indicator light and the message ap­
pea r
while driving , the emergency brak ing
function may not be available. It may not be
possible to set the parking brake or release
it once it has been set. Seek professiona l as­
sistance.
(USA mode ls) : If the warning light. and the
warning light
Ei] appear together, immedi­
ate ly contact your authorized Audi dea ler or
qualified workshop to have a ll brake pads in-
spected
¢ page 20. .,.

16 Instrum ent s and w arn ing /indic ato r light s
When the light comes on, an audib le warning
signal is also given .
A WARNING
-Always observe the warnings in
9 page 206, before opening the hood
and checking the brake fluid.
- Driving with low brake fluid is a safety
hazard. Stop the car and get professional
assista nee.
- If the. (USA models)/ . (Canada
models) brake system indicator light
turns on together with the ABS and ESC indicator lights, the ABS/ESC regulating
function may have failed. F unctions that
stabilize the vehicle are no longer availa­
ble. Th is could cause the vehicle to
swerve and increase the risk of sliding .
Drive carefu lly to the nearest a uthorized
Audi dealer or other qualified workshop and have the malfunction corrected.
- If the brake warning/indicator light does
not go o ut afte r a few seconds and the
park ing brake is released, or lights up
wh ile you are driving, the fluid level in
the brake fluid reservoir is too low. If you believe that it is safe to do so, proceed
immediately at low speed to th e nearest
authorized Aud i dealer o r qualified wo rk­
shop and have the bra ke system inspect­
ed.
- Always keep in m ind that afte r several
brake applicat ions, yo u w ill need g reater
pressure on the brake peda l to s top your
vehicle. Do not re ly on strained brakes to
respond with maxim um stopp ing power
in critical situations. You must a llow for
increased brak ing distances. The extra
distance used up by fad ing brakes could
lead to an acc ident .
1:11.I(®) Electromechanical parking brake
The warning/indicator light monitors the
electromechanical parking brake.
If the indicator light. (USA models)/ .
(Canada models) turns on, the park ing brake
was set . If the parking brake is set when the ignition
is off, the indicator light turns off a f­
ter abo ut 20 seconds .
T he wa rn in g/i ndic ator light wi ll go ou t when
the parking bra ke is re leased.
• (USA models ) /. (Canada mod els) Cau­
tion: Vehi cle parked too ste ep
If the indicator light b links and the message
appears, there is not enough braking power to
k eep the vehicle from roll ing . Th e b rakes have
overheated. The veh icle cou ld roll away eve n
o n a sm all incline .
Pre ss brake pedal to release parking brake
To re lease the park ing brake, press the brake
pedal and press the button(®) or start driving
with starting assist at the same time 9 page 80.
Please release park ing brake
T o re lease the park ing brake manually , p ress
the brake peda l and press the button<®> at
the same time. The pa rking brake o nly re leas­
es automatically if the driver's safety be lt is
fastened.
Ill Pa rking brake!
If the Ill ind ic a tor light tu rns on a nd this
message appears, the re is a par king b rake
malfu nction . D rive to your au thorized A udi
dealer or qualified workshop immediately to
have the malfunct ion corrected .
~ Safety belts
This warning/indicator light reminds you to
put on your safety belt.
T he . war ning/ indica to r li gh t illum inates
when the ignition is switched on to remind
t h e driver and (on USA models on ly) any front
passenger to put on the safety be lt . Addit ion­
ally, an acoustic warning (gong) will also
sound.
Fo r more I nformat ion ¢ page 132 , Safety
belt warning light .

Instruments and warning/indicator lights 23
There is a malfunction in the electronic igni­
tion lock. Please go to an authorized Audi
dea ler or other qualified workshop to have the
malfunction repaired.
¢¢ Turn signals
Whenever you use the left B or the right B
turn signal, the ind icator light blinks . When
you use the emergency flashers, both indica­
tor lights flas h.
If one of the turn s ignal light bulbs burn out,
the turn signal w ill blink tw ice as fast as nor ­
mal. Carefully drive to your authorized Audi
dealer immediately to have the malfunct io n
corrected.

Opening and closing
Power locking system
General description
The power locking system locks or unlocks all
doors and the rear lid simultaneously.
You can lock and unlock the vehicle centrally.
You have the following choices:
- Remote master key~
page 34,
-Door handles with convenience key*
O? page 35 ,
-Lock cylinder at the dr iver's door
r=> page 36 , or
- Power loc king switc h inside
<:!> page 35.
Automatic locking
The automat ic locking feature locks all the ve ­
hi cle doors and the rear lid when you drive
faster than 9 mph (15 km/h).
The car is unlocked again once the ignition key
is removed . In addition, the vehicle can be un ­
locked if the opening fu nction in the power
locking system sw itch or at one of the door
l eve rs is actuated. The Au to Lo ck function can
be turned o n and off in the rad io or
MMI*
r=> page 36 .
Additionally, in the event of a c rash with air­
bag deployment the doors are automatically
u nl ocked to a llow access to the veh icle.
Selective unlocking
When you lock the vehicle, the power locking
system w ill lock the doors and the rear lid.
W hen unlocking, you ca n set in the rad io or
M MI* whethe r
only the dr iver's door or the
enti re ve hicle should be unlocked
r=> page 3 6.
Anti -theft alarm warning system
If the a nti-theft alarm warning system de­
tects a brea k-in into t he vehicle, acoust ic and
visua l wa rning sig na ls are triggered .
The an ti- theft warn ing system is act ivated au ­
tomatically when you lock the vehicle .
It is de­
activated when u nlocking using the remote
Opening and clo sin g 31
key, w ith the mechan ica l key, and when you
switch on the ignition.
T he al arm a lso t urns off w hen t he a la rm cy cl e
has expired.
Turn signals
When you u nlock the ve hicle, the turn signals
flash twice, when yo u lock it once . If they do
not flash, one of the doo rs, the luggage com ­
partment lid or the hood is not lo cked or the
ignition is s till sw itched on.
Unint entionally locking yourself out
In the follow ing cases there safeg uards to
prevent you lock ing you r remote master key in
t h e ve hicl e:
- The vehicle does not loc k w ith the power
lock ing switc h
r=> page 35 if the drive r's
door is open .
- On veh icles with convenience key*, if the
most recently used master key is in the lug­
gage compartment, the rear lid is a utomat i­
cally u nlocked again after it is closed.
Do not lock your veh icle w ith the remote mas­
te r key o r convenience key* unt il all doors a nd
the rear lid a re closed . In this way you avoid
l ocking yo urse lf o ut accidentally .
_&. WARNING
-
-When you leave the veh icle, alw ays re ­
move the ignition key an d take it with
you. This wi ll prevent passengers (chil­
dren, for example) from acc identally be ­
ing locked in the vehicle should they acci­
dentally press the power locking switch in the front doors .
- Do not leave ch ildren inside the vehicle
unsuperv ised. In an emergency it would
be imposs ible to open the doors from
the o utside w itho ut the key .
(D Tips
- In the event of a crash with airbag de­
ployment all locked doors will be auto­
matically unlocked to give access to the
v ehicle occupants from the outside.

Clear vision Lights
Switching the lights on and off
F ig . 54 Instrument pane l: headlight control switch
Light switch ·'t/,·
Turn the switch c> fig . 54 to the correspond ing
position . When the lights are switched on, the
:oo: symbol turns on.
0 • The lights are off or the dayt ime running
lights are on:
- USA mod els : The daytime running lights are
activated when the light sw itch
c> fig . 54 is
in the
O position or the AUTO position (only
in daylight conditions) . The daytime running
lights function can be turned on and off in
the radio or MMI* menu
E xterior li ghtin g
¢page 52, c> &_ .
-Ca nada mod els: The daytime runn ing lights
are activated when the light sw itch
¢ fig . 54
is i n the O position, :oo : position or the AUTO
posit ion (on ly in daylight cond itions). The
daytime running lights function cannot be
turned off¢&. .
AUTO* -Automatic headlights switch on and
off depending on b rightness, for example in
tw ilight, during rain or in tunnels¢,& .
:oo: -Side marker lights
~D -Low beam headlights
Fog light s/rear fog ligh t(s)*
Press the appropriate button c> fig. 54:
1D -Fog lights
0$ -Rear fog light(s)
Clear vi sion 51
adaptive light*
When switched on, adaptive ligh t adap ts to
curves in the road depend ing on the vehicle
speed and the steering ang le. This provides
better lighting through the curve. The system
operates at speeds between approximately 6 mph (10 km/h) and 68 mph (110 km/h).
Sta tic corner ing light * (vehicles with adaptive
light) -the cornering light switches on at
speeds up to approximately 25 mph (40 km/ h) when a certain steering wheel angle is
reached or when a turn signal is activated. The
area to the s ide of the vehicle is illuminated
better whe n turn ing .
The adaptive light and the cornering light only
function when the switch is in the AUTO posi­
tion (automatic headlights*) .
A WARNING
-Daytime running lights and automatic
headlights* are only intended to ass ist
the driver . T hey do no t re lieve the driver
of his responsibility to chec k the head ­
lights and to t urn them on manua lly ac­
cording to the current light and visibility
conditions. For examp le, fog cannot be
detected by the light sensors*. So a lways
switch on the headlights
~D under these
weather conditions and when driving in
the dark .
- Cras hes can happen when you cannot see
the road ahead and when you cannot be
seen by other motorists. Always turn on
the head lights so that you can see ahead
and so that others can see your car from
the back.
- Please obey all laws when using the
lig hting sys tems described here.
(D Note
The rear fog lights* should on ly be turned
on in accordance with t raff ic regulation, as
the lights are bright for following traffic. ..,.

52 Clear vis ion
@ Tips
- The light sensor* for headlight control is
located in the rear view m irror mount.
You should therefore not apply any st ick­
ers to the windsh ield in this area in order
to prevent malfunctions or failures.
- Some exterior lighting functions can be
adjusted
¢page 52.
- When you remove your key from the igni­
tion while the vehicle's lights are turned
on, a buzzer sounds as long as the driv­
er's door is open .
- In cool or damp weather, the ins ide of
the headlights, turn signals and tail lights can fog over due to the tempera­
ture difference between the inside and
outside. They will clea r shor tly after
switching them on. This does not affect
the service life of the lighting.
- In the even t of a light sensor malfunc­
tion, the driver is no tified in the instru­
ment cluster disp lay¢
page 22.
Turn signals and high beam lever
The lever operates the turn signals, the high
beams and the headlight flasher .
Fig. 55 Tu rn s ig na l and hig h beam lever
Turn sign als ¢i ¢
The turn signals activate when you move the
l ever into a turn s ignal pos ition when the ign i­
tion is switched on.
(D -right turn signal
@-left tur n signa l
The turn s ignal blinks three times if you just
tap the lever .
High be ams and headlight flasher [D
Move the lever to the correspon ding posit io n:
@ -high beams on
@ -high beams off or headlight flasher
The indicator light
ii in the instrument cl us­
te r turns on .
Notes on thes e features
-The turn signals on ly wor k w ith the ignition
t ur ned on. The indicator ligh ts
Ct or a in
the instrument cluster also blink.
- After you have turned a co rner, the turn s ig ­
na l switches off au toma tically .
- The
high beam works on ly w hen the head­
lights a re on. The ind icator ligh t
II in the
instrument cluster illuminates when the
high beams are on .
- The
headlight flasher works o nly as long as
you ho ld the lever -even if there a re no
lights switched on . The indicator light
II in
the instrument cluster illuminates when you
use the headlight flasher.
A WARNING
--
Do not use the h igh beam or headlight
flasher if you know that these could blind
oncom ing traffic.
Adjusting exterior lighting
The functions ore selected in the radio or
MMI" .
.,. Select: !CARI function button> Exte rior
light ing .
Or
.,. Select: !CARI function button > Car systems *
control button > Vehicle s etting s> Exterior
lighting .
Coming home (light when leav ing car }*,
Leav ing home (light when unlocking car )*
The coming home function illuminates the
area around the vehicle when the ignition is
switched off and th e dr ive r's door is open ed.
Depend ing on veh icle equ ipment, the function
can be switched on and off or the length of
time the lig hts remain on* can be ad justed . ..,.

The leavin g home function i lluminates the
area around the vehicle when unlock ing it.
T his function can be switched on and off.
The
c o ming h om e and lea ving home func­
tions on ly operate when it is dark and the
light switch is in the AUTO posit ion
¢ page 51 , fig. 54 .
Auto headlight s*
When the light switch is in the A UTO
¢ page 51 position, the switch-on po int of the
lights can be changed in the automatic driving
light function.
Daytime running lights
USA m odel s:
You can switch the dayt ime run­
ni ng lights
on and o ff .
Canada mod els:
The function cannot be
turned off .
It is activated a utomat ica lly each
time the ignition is switched on.
Travel mode*
T he headlight beam is asymmetrical. This pro­
v ides stronger illum ination on the s ide of the
road on wh ich you are driving .
If you are driv­
i ng in a country that d rives on the opposite
side of the road from your own country, th is
will cause glare for on coming drivers. To pre­
vent glare:
- Trave l mode must be selected in vehicles
with Xenon headlights*.
- In veh icles with halogen headlights, ce rtain
areas of the head light lenses must be cov­
ered with wate rproof adhesive covers that
prevent light from passing thro ugh. For
more informat ion, please see your author ­
i z ed Audi dea ler or author ized repa ir faci lity .
(D Tips
When trave l mode is activated, a display in
the driver information system indicates
this each time you switch the ignit io n on.
Clear vi sion 5 3
Emergency flashers
Fig. 56 Center co n sole : em erge ncy flasher sw itc h
The emergency flashers makes other moto­
rists aware that you or your vehicle are in an
emergency situation .
.. Press the switch
Gil ¢ fig. 56 to turn the
emergency flashers on or off .
When the emergency f las hers are on, all four
turn s ignals b link at the same time. The turn
s ignal indicator lights .
1B in the instru ­
ment cluster, as well as the light in the emer­
gency flasher switch ~ blink likewise.
You can indicate a lane change or a tu rn w hen
the emergency flashers are switched on by us­
ing the turn signal lever. The emergency flash­
ers stop temporarily .
T he emergency flashers also work when the
ign it ion is turned off .
T he emergency flashers w ill turn on a utomat i­
ca lly if yo u are in an accident where the airbag
has deployed.
(D Tips
You sho uld turn on the emergency f lashers
when:
- yo u are the last veh icle standing in a t raf ­
fic jam so that any other vehi cles coming
can see you, or whe n
- your vehicle has bro ken down or you are
in an eme rgency s ituation, or when
- yo ur vehicle is be ing towed by a tow
truck or if you are tow ing another vehicle
beh ind you.

80 On the road
(0 Note
If the . symbol i n the display or the.
(USA models) . (Canada models) indica­
tor light in the instrument cluste r flashes
'
there is a malfunction in the brake system.
By pressing the
IS ET I button, you can br ing
up a driver message which explains the
malfunct ion in more detai l. If the driver
message
Parking brake! appears , the re is
an operating malfunct io n in t he par king
bra ke wh ich you sho uld have repa ired im­
mediately by an authorized Audi dealer or
qualif ied workshop ¢
page 15.
(D Tips
-You can apply the pa rking br ake at any
time -even with the ignition switched
off. The ignition must be t urne d on and
the brake peda l must be pressed in order
to release the parking bra ke .
- Occas iona l noises when the parking
brake is applied and re leased are norma l
and are not a ca use for concern.
- When the vehicle is parked, the par king
brake goes through a se lf -test cycle at
regular intervals. Any assoc iated no ises
are norma l.
Parking
• Press the brake p eda l to stop the vehicle .
• Pull the switch @¢
page 79, fig. 92 to set
t h e parking br ake.
• Move the se lec tor lever to P .
• Turn the eng ine off
c:!> .,&_ .
• When on incl in es or declines, turn the steer ­
i ng whee l so that th e vehicle will roll into
the curb if it begins to move.
A WARNING
- Whe n you leave your veh icle -even if on­
ly b rief ly -always remove the ig nition
key . This applies part icu larly when chil­
dre n remain in t he ve hicl e. Otherwise the
c hildren co ul d st art the engine, re lease
the parking br ake or oper ate e lectri ca l eq
uipment (e.g. power windows). The re
is the risk of an acc ident.
- When the ve hicle is locked, no one -par ­
ticularly not children should rema in in
the vehicle . Locked doors make it more
difficult for emergency wo rkers to get i n­
to the vehicle -putting lives at risk .
Starting from rest
The starting assist function ensures that the
parking brake is released au toma tically upon
starting .
Stopping and applying parking brake
• Pull the switch @¢ page 79, fig. 92 to ap-
p ly the parking bra ke .
Starting and automatically releasing the
parking brake
• W hen you sta rt to drive as us ual , the park ­
ing brake is a utomat ica lly released and yo ur
veh icle beg ins to move.
When stopping at a traffic signal or stopping in city traffic on vehicles with an a utomatic
transmission, the parking b rake can be ap­
plied. The vehicle does not have to be held
with the foo tbrake . The parking brake elimi­
nates the tendency to creep w ith a dr ive range
engaged. As soon as you d rive off as us ual ,
the pa rking bra ke is re leased automat ically
and t he vehicle s tarts to move.
Starting on slopes
When starting on inclines, the sta rting assist
prevents the vehicle from u ninten tionally roll ­
i ng back. The brak ing force of th e parki ng
brake is not re leased unti l su ffi cient d riving
f orce has been built up a t the w heels.
(D Tips
Fo r safety reasons, the pa rking brake is re­
l eased a utom atically o nly when t he d riv ­
e r's s afety bel t is eng aged in the buckle.