wheel AUDI A7 2014 Owner's Manual

80 On the road
-You can apply the parking bra ke at any
time -even w ith the ignition swi tched
off . The ignit ion must be on and the
brake pedal must be pressed in order to
release the parking brake .
- Occas iona l noises when the parking
brake is applied and released are norma l
and are not a cause for concern .
- When the vehicle is parked, the parking
brake goes through a se lf-test cycle at
regular intervals. Any assoc iated no ises
a re no rma l.
Parking
• Press the b ra ke peda l to stop the vehicle .
• Pull the swit ch(®) to set t he parking br ake.
• Move the se lecto r lever to P.
• Turn the eng ine off ~&, .
"' When on incl in es or declines, turn the steer­
ing wheel so that yo ur vehicle will roll into
the curb if it begins to move.
A WARNING
- When you leave your veh icle -even if on ­
ly b riefly -always take the ignition key
with you. This applies partic ularly when
c hildren remain in the ve hicle. Otherw ise
t h e c hild ren could start t he engine, re­
lease the pa rking brake or ope rate e lec ­
t rical equipment (e .g. power windows).
The re is the risk of an accident .
- When the vehicle is loc ked, no one -par ­
t icu larly not c hildren sho uld remain in
the vehicle . Loc ked doors make it more
difficult for emergency workers to get in­
to the vehicle -putt ing lives at risk.
Starting from rest
The starting assist function ensures that the
parking brake is released automatically upon
star ting.
Stopping and applying park ing brake
"' Pull the switch(®) to apply the pa rk ing
brake.
Starting and automatically releasing the parking brake
"' When you start to drive as usual , the park ­
ing brake is a utomat ically released and your
veh icle beg ins to move.
When stopping at a traffic signal or stopping in city t raffic, the par king b rake can be ap­
plied . The vehicle does not have to be he ld
with the footbra ke . The p arking brake elimi­
nates the tende ncy to creep w ith a dr ive range
engaged . As soo n as yo u drive off as us ual ,
the pa rking brake is re leased automatically
and the vehicle s tarts to move.
Sta rting on slopes
When starting on inclines , the star ting assist
prevents the vehicle from u nintent ionally roll ­
ing back . The brak ing force of the parki ng
brake is not re leased unti l suff ic ient d riving
fo rce has been built up at the w heels.
(D Tips
Fo r safe ty reaso ns, the pa rking brak e is re­
l eased automatically on ly when t he d riv­
er's safety bel t is engaged in the buckle.
Starting off with a trailer
To prevent rolling back unintentionally on an
incline, do the following:
"' Keep the sw itch(®) pulled and depress the
accelerator . The pa rking brake stays applied
and prevents the v ehicl e from roll ing bac k­
wa rd .
"' Yo u can rele a se the swit ch(®) once yo u are
sure t hat you are developing enoug h for ­
ward momentum at the whee ls as you de­
press the acce lerator .
Depend ing on the we igh t of the rig (vehi cle
and t railer) and the severity of the incline, yo u
may ro ll backwards as yo u start . You can p re ­
vent rolling backwa rds by holding the park ing
brake switch (®) pulled o ut and accelerating -
just as you would when starting on a hill with a conventiona l hand brake .

Emergency braking
In the event that the conventional brake sys­tem fails or locks .
11-In an emergency, pull the switch C®) and
conti nue to pull it to slow your vehicle down
with the parking brake .
11-As soon as you release the sw itch C®) or ac-
celerate, the braki ng p rocess stops.
If you pull the sw itch (®) and hold it above a
speed of about 5 mph (8 km/h), the emergen­
cy braking function is in itiated. The v ehicle is
b ra ked at a ll four wheels by activating the hy­
d raul ic br ake system. The b ra ke performance
i s sim ilar to making an emergency stop¢.&. .
I n o rder not to activate the emergency brak­
i ng by m ista ke, an audible warning tone (bu z­
z er) sounds when the switc h(®) is p ulled. As
soon as the switch(®) is released, or the accel ­
erator pedal is dep ressed, emergency braking
stops .
.&_ WARNING
Emergency braking shou ld only be used in
an eme rgency, when the normal foot brake
has failed or the brake pedal is obstructed.
Using t he parking brake to perform emer­
gency braking will slow you r vehicle down
as if you had made a fu ll brake applicat ion.
T he laws of phy sic s ca nnot be s uspended
eve n w ith ES C and its a ssoci ate d compo­
nents (ABS, ASR, EDL). In co rners and
when road or weather conditions are bad,
a full brake application can cause the vehi­
cle to skid or the rear end to b reak away -
r isking a n accident.
Start-Stop-System
Description
Appl ies to vehicles : wit h Start-Stop-System
The Start -Stop-System can he lp increase fue l
economy and red uce C O2 emissions.
I n the Start-Stop-mode , the eng ine shuts off
automatically whe n the vehicle is stopped,
such as at a traffic light. The ig nit ion remains
On th e ro ad 81
switched on during this stop phase. The en ­
gine wi ll be a utomatica lly restarted when
needed .
T he las t Start -Stop-Sys tem se tting (on/off us­
ing the b utton
10 «<1) will be restored when the
ignition is turned on . The LED in t he
!0 •·1 but­
ton t urns on when the Start-Stop-System is
switched off manually.
Basic requir ements for the Start -Stop
mode
- The d river 's door is closed.
- The driver' seat belt is latched.
- The hood is closed.
- The vehi cle must have bee n dr iven faster
t han
2.5 mph (4 km/h) since the las t stop.
- A t railer is not hitched to the ve hicle.
.&_ WARNING
- Never let the ve hicle roll wit h the eng ine
sw itched o ff. You co uld lose con trol over
the vehicle. This can lead to a collision
an d serio us in juries .
-The brake boo ster and the s teering sup­
port do not work while the engine is
sw itche d off . M ore force is requi red to
stop and to steer the veh icle.
- To reduce t he risk of injuries, make sure
that the Start-Stop -System is tu rned off
when working in the eng ine compart­
ment¢
page 83.
([) Note
Always switch off the Sta rt -Stop-System
when driving through water¢
page 83.

82 On the road
Starting/stopping the engine
Applies to vehicles: with Start-Stop-Syste m
Fig. 82 Instrument duster : engine sw itched off (stop
phase)
.. Slow the vehicle to a stop using the brake
and keep pressing the brake pedal. The en­
gine w ill switch off. The
[IJ indic ator light
appears in the information line in the instru­
ment cluster display.
.. When you take your foot off the brake ped­
al, the engine restarts. The indicator light
turns off.
Additional information
The engine wi ll switch off in the P, D, N and S
positions as well as in manua l mode . In the P
position, the engine wi ll also remain off if you
take your foot off the brake pedal. The engine
starts again when you select another se lector
lever position and take your foot off the brake
pedal.
If you select the R pos ition during a Stop
phase, the engine will start again.
Shift from D to P quickly to prevent the engine
from start ing unintentionally when shifting
through R.
You can determine for yourself if the engine
will stop or not by reducing or increasing the
amount of force you use to press the brake
pedal. For example, if you only lightly press
on the brake pedal in stop-and and-go traffic
or when turni ng, the engine will not switch off
when the vehicle is stationa ry . As soon as you
press the brake down harder, the engine will
switch off.
General information
Applies to vehicles: with Start -Stop-System
The standard Start-Stop-mode can be cancel­
led for different system-related reasons.
Fig. 83 Instrume nt cluster: engine -S top te mporarily
un ava ilab le
Engine will not switch off
Before each stop phase, the system checks if
certain conditions have been met. For exam­
ple, the eng ine will
not be switched off in the
following situations :
- The engine has not reached the minimum
requ ired temperature for Start-Stop-mode.
- The interior temperat ure se lected by the A/C
system has not been reached.
- The outside temperatu re is extremely high/
low .
- The windshield is being defrosted
i=:> page 71, i=:> page 7 3.
- The parking system* is switched on.
- The battery charge level is too low.
- The steering wheel is sharply turned or
t here is a steering movement.
- After engaging the reverse gear.
- On sharp incl ines.
The
r,J indicator light appears in the informa­
t ion line in the instrument cluster display
¢fig . 83.
Engine automatically restarts
T he stop phase is interrupted in the following
situations, for example . The engine restarts
without any action by the driver .
- The interior tempera ture varies from the
temperature selected in the A/C system .

Audi adapt ive crui se c ontrol an d bra kin g guard 8 7
vehicles or obstacles that are not moving
can trigger a collision warning and if con­
firmed by the video camera, an acute col­ lis ion warn ing.
- For safety reasons, do not use adaptive
cruise control when driving on roads with
many curves, when the road surface is in
poor condit ion and/or in bad weather
(such as ice, fog, gravel, heavy rain and
hydroplan ing). Using the system under
these cond itions cou ld result in a co lli ­
sion .
- Switch adaptive c ruise control off tempo­
rar ily when driv ing in turning lanes, on
expressway exits or in construction
zones . This prevents the vehicle from ac­
celerating to the set speed when in these
situations .
- The adapt ive cru ise control system w ill
not brake by itse lf if you put your foot on
the accelerator pedal. Doing so can over­ ride the speed and distance regulation .
- When approaching stationary objects such as stopped traffic, adaptive cruise
control will not respond and braking
guard w ill have limited function.
- The adapt ive cruise control system and
braking guard do not react to people , an­
ima ls, objects crossing the road o r on­
coming objects .
- The function of the radar sensors can be
affected by reflective objects such as
guard ra ils, the entra nce to a tunnel,
he avy rain or i ce.
- Never follow a veh icle so closely that you
cannot stop your vehicle safe ly. The
adaptive cruise cont ro l c anno t slow or
brake the veh icle safely when you follow
another vehicle too closely. Always re­
member that the automatic braking
funct ion cannot bring the veh icle to a
sudden or emergency stop under these
condit ions .
- To prevent unintended operation, always
switch ACC off when it is not be ing used. (D Note
The sensors can be displaced by impacts or
damage to the bumper, wheel housing and
underbody. That cou ld affect the adaptive
cruise control system and brak ing guard .
Have your authorized Aud i dea le r or a u­
thorized Audi Serv ice Facility check their
funct ion.
In curves
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
I
F ig. 88 Ex ampl e: dri vin g in to a curve
When dr iving into a curve c:> fig. 88 and out of
a cu rve, the ad aptive cruise con trol m ay react
to a vehicle in the next lane and apply the
brakes . You can override or prevent the brak­
i ng by pressing the accelerator pedal b riefly.
Stationary objects
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
Fig. 89 Ex ampl e: object chang ing l anes and s ta tio nar y
objec t
The adaptive cru ise con tro l system only reacts
to objects that a re mov ing o r th at the system
has a lready detected as moving . For examp le,
if a veh icle @, which has a lready been detect-
ed by the adaptive c ruise contro l, tu rns o r
changes lane s and another stationary vehicle .,._

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard 89
tachometer @and is also shown briefly in
the display @
c::> fig. 92.
.. You must also press the brake pedal when
the vehicle is stopped.
Switching adaptive cruise control off
.. Push the lever away from you into position
@ until it clicks into place. The message
ACC off appears.
@ Indicator lights
ra 1 -Adaptive cruise control is switched on. No
vehicles are detected up ahead . The stored
speed is ma intained.
I -A moving vehicle is detected up ahead .
The adaptive cruise control system regulates
the speed and distance to the moving vehicle
ahead and acce lerates/brakes automatical ly.
fa) -Adaptive cruise contro l is switched on. A
moving vehicle up ahead was detected. Your
ve hicl e remains stopped.
I -When automat ic braking is not able to
keep enough distance to a previously detected
moving vehicle up ahead, you must take con­
trol and brake
c::> page 91, Prompt for driver
intervention.
© Display
If adaptive cruise control is not shown in the
disp lay, you can call it up with the multifunc­
tion steering wheel buttons
c::> page 24.
Based on the symbols in the d isplay, you can
determine if the system is maintaining a dis­
tance to the vehicle ahead and what that d is­
tance is.
No vehicle -No veh icle ahead was detected .
White vehicle -A vehicle ahead was detected.
Red vehicle -Prompt for the driver to take ac­
tion
c::> page 91.
Both arrow s on the scale© indicate the dis­
tance to the vehicle ahead. No arrow appears
when the vehicle is on an open road and there
is no object ahead . If an object is detected
ahead , the arrow moves on the scale . The
green zone on the scale shows the stored
distance. For information on changing the
stored distance, refer to
c::> page 90 . If the
distance selected is too close or may soon be­
come too close, the arrows move into the red
zone on the sca le .
A WARNING
Improper use of the adaptive cruise con­
trol can cause collisions, other accidents
and serious personal injur ies .
- Pressing the
!SET ! button when driv ing at
speeds below
20 mph (30 km/h), will au­
tomatically accelerate the vehicle to
20
mph (30 km/h), which is the minimum
speed that can be set.
(D Tips
-If you switch the ignit ion or the adaptive
cruise control off, the set speed is erased
from the system memory.
- You cannot switch the Electronic Stabili­
zation Control (ESC) to the SPORT mode
when adaptive cruise control is switched
on.
Changing the speed
Applies to vehicles: with Aud i adapt ive crui se control
0
f
• 0
Fig. 93 Selector lever: changing the speed
.. To increase or reduce the speed in incre­
ments,
tap the lever up or down.
-0:, N 0 ± ... a)
.. To increase or reduce the speed quickly, hold
the lever up or down until the red LED @
reaches the desired speed
c::> page 88,
fig. 92. ~

Audi active Lane assist
Active Lane assist
Description
Applies to vehicles: with active lane assist
Active lane assist helps you keep your vehicle
in your lane.
Active lane assist detects lane marker lines
within the limits of the system using a camera in the windshield . If you are approaching a de­
tected lane marker line and it appears likely
that you w ill leave the lane, the system will
warn you by means of corrective steer ing . T he
driver can over ride the cor re ct ive steer ing at
any time. If the veh icle crosses a line, the d riv­
er is also warned by a light
vibration in the
steering whee l. The vibration warning must
be switched on in the MMI for this to happen.
Active lane ass ist is operable when the line
marking the lane is detected on at least one
side of the vehicle .
If the system is in active standby mode and
the turn signa l is activated before driving over
the lane marker line, the warning does not oc­
cur since the system allows for intentional lane changes .
The system is designed for driv ing on free­
ways and expanded highways and thus works
only at speeds of 40 mph (65 km/h) or more .
If the vehicle is also equipped with Audi adap­
tive cruise control*, the corrective steering
will be more specif ic in regard to the driving
situation . In addition to the lane marker lines,
the system can a lso take into acco unt other
objects such as guard rails. If they are detect­
ed i n close proximity to the veh icle, Audi a c­
tive lane ass ist helps prevent the vehi cle from
driving too close to them . The re is also pass­
ing assistance. The system does not provide
any corrective steering if it detects that you
are passing another vehicle.
A WARNING
- The system warns the driver that the ve­
hicle is leaving the lane us ing corrective
Audi acti ve lane a ssis t 95
steer ing. The driver is always responsible
for keeping the vehicle within the lane.
- The system can assist the driver in keep­
ing the vehicle in the lane, but it does
not steer by itself. A lways keep your
hands on the steering wheel.
- Corrective steering may not occur in cer­ tain sit uat ions, such as dur ing heavy
brak ing.
- The camera does not recognize all lane
marker lines. Corrective steer ing can only
take p lace on the side of the vehicle
where lane marker lines are detected .
- Other road structures or objects cou ld
possibly be identified un intent ionally as
lane ma rker lines. As a result, cor rect ive
steer ing may be unexpected or may not
oc cur .
- The camera view can be restricted, for
examp le by vehicles driving ahead o r by
r ai n, snow, heavy spray or light s hining
into the camera. This can result in a ctive
lane assist not detecting the lane marke r
lines or detect ing them inco rrectly .
- Unde r ce rtain condi tions such as ruts in
the road, a banked roadway or cross­
winds, the corrective stee ring alone may
not be enough to keep the vehicle in the
lane.
- For safety reasons, active lane ass ist
must not be used when there are poor
road and/or weather condit ions such as
slippery roads, fog, gravel, heavy rai n,
snow and the potent ial for hydroplaning .
Using act ive lane assist under thes e con­
ditions may increase the risk of a crash.

96 Audi active lane assist
Activating and deactivating
A pp lies to vehicles: with active lan e assis t
Fig. 98 Turn signal leve r: Active lane ass ist butto n
Fig. 99 Windshie ld: Active lane assist ca mera viewing
win dow
-
I
~ Press the ¢ fig. 98 button to activate or de­
activate the system. The indicator light.
or . in the instrument cluster will illumi­
nate or go out.
Instrument cluster indicator light
• Ready: The indicator light shows that the
system is ready to use . The system can now
warn you if you are about to cross a known
lane marker line .
• Not ready: The indicator light shows that
the system is turned on but unable to send a
warning . This can be due to the following :
- There is no lane marker line .
- The relevan t lane marker lines are not de-
tected (for example, markings in a construc­
tion zone or because they are obstructed by
snow, dirt, water or backlight ing) .
- The vehicle 's speed is below the speed need ­
ed to activate it, which is about 40 mph (65
km/h) .
- The lane is narrower than about 8 ft . (2 .5 m)
or wider than 4 .5 m .
- The curve is too sharp . - The driver's hands are not on th
e steering
wheel.
(D Tips
Make sure the camera's field of view
¢
fig. 99 is not obstructed by stickers, de­
posits or anything else. For information on
cleaning, refer to¢
page 213.
Active lane assist display in the
instrument cluster
App lies to vehicles: wit h active lane assist
Fig. 100 D isp lay : Act iv e lane ass ist is swi tc h ed on a nd
is wa rnin g
Fig. 101 Instrumen t cl uster: Active lane as sist is
s witch ed o n but not re ad y to provid e wa rnin gs
You can call up the active lane assist display
using the buttons in the multifunction steer­
ing wheel ¢
page 24.
An additional indicator appears in the Head­
up Display*.
When active lane assist is switched on, the
system indicates which lines are detected by
displaying solid lines on the left and/or right
side of your vehicle: .,..

White Active l ane assist is sw itched on
line(s) and ready to p rov ide warnings
on the side that is ind icated
¢ fig. 100 .
Red line Act ive lane assist is warning you
(left or that you are about to leave your
right) lane
¢ fig . 100 . In addition, the
steeri ng wheel vibrates s light ly.
Gray Act ive l ane assist is switched on
line(s) but is not ready to provide warn-
ings
¢ fig . 101.
Mes sages in the instrument clu ster
display
When the active lane ass ist turns off automat ­
i cally, the i nstrument cluster ind icator goes
out and one of the fo llow ing messages ap­
pears on the display :
Audi active lane a ssist : Currently un availa­
bl e. No camera view
This message appears if the camera is no lon­
ger funct ional after the system has cont inous­
ly failed to detect the lane markings . This
could happen if :
- The camera field of view¢
page 96, fig. 99
is d irty or covered in ice. Clean the area on
the windshie ld.
- The camera field of view is fogged over. Wait
until the fog has cleared before switching
active lane assist on .
- The system has been unable to detect the
lanes for an extended period of time due to
road cond it ions . Switch active lane ass ist
back on when the lines are more visible .
Audi active lane a ssist : Currently un available
A temporary ma lf u nction is preventing lane
assist from operating. Try sw itching active
lane assist on again later.
Audi acti ve lane a ssist : S ys tem fault!
Drive to you r autho rized Aud i dea le r soon to
h ave the ma lfunction co rrec ted.
Audi active lane a ssist : Pl ea se take over
s te ering
Audi acti ve lane a ssis t 97
This message appears if yo u do not s teer the
vehicle yourself . If this is the case, active lane
ass ist does not switch off, b ut it does sw itch
to the "not ready" stat us. The system can help
you keep the ve hicle in the lane. However it is
your own responsibility to steer and control
t h e ve hicle .
Setting the steering wheel vibration
Applies to veh icles: w ith active la n e assist
11> Select: !CAR ! function button> (Car )* sys­
tem s
control button > Driver a ssis t > Audi
a ctive lan e as sis t.
You can switch the vibrat ing warn ing in t he
stee ring wheel
o n or off .
(D Tips
Your setting is a utomat ically stored and
assigned to the remo te control key being
used.

General information
Applies to vehicles: with side ass ist
®
©
Fig . 104 Dr iving situations
Fig. 105 Rear of t he ve hicle: positio n of t he se nsors
"' a, 0 0 " a,
Side assist functions at speeds above approx i­
mately 19 mph (30 km/h).
@ Vehicl es th at ar e approaching
In certain cases, a vehicle will be classified as
cr itical for a lane change even if it is still
somewhat far away. The faster a vehicle ap­
p roaches, the sooner the display in the exteri­
or m irror will t urn on.
@ Vehicles traveling with you
Vehicles traveling w ith you are indicated in the
exterior m irror if they are classified as cr itical
for a lane change. All vehicles detec ted by
side assist are indicated by the time they en­
ter your "blind spot", at the latest.
Audi side assist 99
@ Veh icle s left behind
If you s low ly pass a vehi cle that s ide assist has
detected (the difference in speed between the
vehicle and you r vehicle is less than 9 mph or
15 km/h), the display in the exterior mirror
turns on as soon as the vehicle enters your blind spot.
The disp lay will not t urn on if you quickly pass
a vehicle that side assist has detected (the dif­
ference in speed between the vehicle and your
vehicle is greater than 9 mph or 15 km/h).
Functi onal limitation s
The radar sensors are designed to detect the
left and right adjacent lanes when the road
lanes are the normal width. In certain situa­
tions, the d isp lay in the exterior mirror may
turn on even though there is no veh icle locat­
ed in the area that is cr itical for a lane change.
For example:
- if the lanes are narrow or if your are dr iving
on the edge of your lane.
If this is the case,
the system may have detected the vehicle in
another lane that is
not adjacent to your
current lane .
- if you a re driving through a curve. Side assist
may react to a vehicle that is one lane ove r
from the adjacent lane.
- if side assist reacts to other objects (such as
high or d isp laced guard rails) .
- In poor weather conditions. The side assist
functions are l imited .
Do not cover the radar sensors
c> fig. 105 with
stickers, depos its, bicycle wheels or other ob­
jects, because this will affect the funct ion. Do
not use s ide ass ist when towing a trailer. For
i nformation on cleaning, refer to
c> page 213 .
_&. WARNING
-Always pay attention to traffic and to t he
area around your ve hicl e. S ide assist can­
not replace a driver's attention. The driv­
er a lone is always responsible for lane
changes and similar driving mane uvers.

100 Audi side assist
-Improper reliance on the side assist sys­
tem can cause collisions and serious
personal injury:
- Never rely only on side assist when
changing lanes.
- Always check rear view mirrors to make
sure that it is safe to change lanes.
- Side assist cannot detect all vehicles un­
der all conditions- danger of accident!
- Please note that side assist indicates
there are approaching vehicles, or
vehicles in your blind spot, only after
your vehicle has reached a driving speed of at least 19 mph (30 km/h).
- In certain situations, the system may not
function or its function may be limited.
For example:
- if veh icles are approaching or being left
behind very quickly . The display may
not turn on in time.
- in poor weather conditions such as
heavy rain, snow or heavy mist .
- on very wide lanes, in tight curves or if
there is a rise in the road surface.
Vehicles in the adjacent lane may not
be detected because they are outside
of the sensor range.
(D Note
The sensors can be displaced by impacts or
damage to the bumper, wheel housing and
underbody. This can affect the system.
Have your authorized Audi dealer or au­
thorized Audi Service Facility check their
function.
@ Tips
- If the window glass in the driver's door
or front passenger's door has been tint­ ed, the display in the exterior mirror may
be misinterpreted.
- For Declaration of Compliance to United
States FCC and Industry Canada regula­
tions¢
page 288.
Activating and deactivating
Applies to vehicles: rnit s ide ass ist
Fig. 106 Driver's door: Side ass ist butto n
.. Press the button c> A in General informa­
tion on page 99
to switch the system on/off.
The LED in the button turns on when side
assist is switched on.
Adjusting the display brightness
Applies to vehicles: wit h side assist
The brightness setting can be adjusted via the
MMI.
.. Select: !CAR I function button> (Car)* sys­
tems control button > Driver assist > Audi
side assist .
The display brightness adjusts automatically
to the brightness of the surroundings, both in
the information and in the warning stage. In
very dark or very bright surroundings, the dis­
play is already set to the minimum or maxi­
mum level by the automatic adjustment . In
such cases, you may notice no change when
adjusting the brightness, or the change may
only be noticeable once the surroundings
change.
Adjust the brightness to a level where the dis­
play in the informa tion stage will not disrupt
yo ur view forward. If you change the bright­
ness, the display in the exterior mirror will
briefly show the brightness leve l in the infor­
mation stage. The brightness of the warning
stage is linked to the brightness in the infor­
mation stage and is adjusted along with the
information stage adjustment .