flat tire AUDI R8 SPYDER 2014 Owner's Manual

Inflating tire
"' Move the switch @¢ fig. 157 on the elec ­
tric air pump
ll to posit ion I. After 5 mi ­
nutes, tire pressure must have reached at
l east 1.8 bar .
"' Switch the electric a ir pump off - switch in
position
0 . If the required tire pressure of at
least 1.8 bar has not been reached, follow
the instructions in the section
Re -inflating
tire .
Re-infl ating tire
"' Remove the hose from the valve and pu ll the
plug out of the socket.
"' Drive the vehicle slowly 10 meters backward
or forward. This helps to distribute the seal­
ant better.
"' Remove the empty inflat ion bottle and
sc rew the hose ®¢
fig. 156 from the elec­
tric pump directly onto the va lve.
"' Insert the plug @ into the socket for the
cigarette lighter .
"' Switch on the ignition.
"' Move the switch @¢
fig. 157 on the elec­
tric a ir pump
l) to posit ion I. After 5 mi­
nutes, t ire pressure must have reached at
least 1.8 bar.
"' Switch the electric a ir pump off - switch in
pos ition
0 . If the requ ired t ire pressu re of at
l east 1.8 ba r has not been reached, it is not
possible to make a repair with the tire seal­
ant . Seek professional assistance .
Disassembling Tire Mobility System
"'Remove the hose from the valve and pu ll the
plug out of the soc ket.
"' Screw the dust c ap onto the va lve.
"' Place the empty sealant bottle back in the
o riginal packaging and clip it in p lace under
the floor so that no tire sealant can run out into the vehicle.
"' Start driving right away so that the sealant
is d istributed in the tire.
l ) The e lectr ic a ir pu mp sho uld never r un for lo nge r th an
6 m in utes .
What do I do now? 213
A WARNING
-Follow the manufacturer's safety instruc­
tions on the decal for the air pump and
the sealant bottle.
- If a tire pressure of 1.8 bar cannot be
achieved after pumping for 5 minutes,
the t ire is too severe ly damaged . Do not
continue to dr ive.
- Seek professional ass istance if it is not
possible to repa ir the tire w ith the t ire
sealant.
(D Tips
- Do not operate the electric air pump for
more than 6 minu tes witho ut stopping,
otherwise it can overheat . When the a ir
pump has coo led down, you can continue
to use it.
- I f sea lant has escaped, allow it to dry,
t hen yo u can peel it off.
Final check
App lies to vehicl es: wi th Tire Mobility Sy stem
Aft er driv ing for a short distance, tire
pre ssure must be chec ked
"' After driving for about 10 min utes, stop and
check the tire pressure.
"' If tire pressure is st ill at least 1.3 bar, in­
flate the tire to specified pressure (see dr iv­
er's side B-pillar), drive to the next repa ir
shop and have the tire and the sealant bot ­
tle replaced .
"'I f ti re pressu re is less than 1.3 ba r, the t ire
is too severely damaged. Do not con tinue to
drive . See k professiona l assist ance.
A WARNING
=
If t ire press ure is less than 1.3 bar after
driving for 10 minutes, the tire is too se­
verely damaged. Do not cont in ue to drive.
Seek professional ass istance.
-
•
•

.. Find the lifting p oint in the sill on the side
with the affected wheel¢
fig. 159.
.. Extend the ja ck under the lifting point on
the doo r sill unti l its arm is positioned di­
rectly under the lifting point¢ &_ .
.. Align the jack so that its arm @¢
fig. 160
engages in the designated lifting point in
the door sill and the movable base @ lies
flat on the ground. The base @ must be
ver­
tical
under the lift ing po int @ .
.. Wind the jack up further until the flat tire
comes off the ground¢&_ .
Position the vehicle jack
onl y under the desig­
nated lift ing po ints on the sill¢
fig. 159.
There is exactly one location for each side of
the vehicle. The jack must not be pos itioned
at any other location ¢ fri. ¢0 .
An
un sta bl e s urfa ce u nder the jack can cause
the vehicle to s lip off the jack . Always provide
a firm base for the jack on the ground . If nec­
essary plac e a sturdy board or similar support
under the jack. On
ha rd, slippe ry surface s
(such as tiles) use a rubber mat or sim ilar to
prevent the jack from slipping¢&. .
A WARNING
-You or your passengers could be injured
wh ile chang ing a wheel if you do not fol­
low safety p re ca utions:
- Position the vehicle jack only at the
designated lifting points and align the
jack . Otherwise, the vehicle jack could
slip and cause an injury if it does not
have sufficient ho ld on the vehicle.
- A soft or unstable surface under the
jack may cause the vehicle to slip off the jack. Always provide a firm base for
the jack on the ground . If necessary,
use a sturdy boa rd under the jack.
- On ha rd, slippery surface (such as tiles)
use a rubber mat o r similar to prevent
the jack from slipping .
- To help prevent injury to yourself and
your passenge rs:
- Do not raise the vehicle unti l yo u are
sure the jack is securely engaged .
What do I do now ? 215
-Passengers must not remain in the ve­
hicle when it is jacked up .
- Make sure that passengers wait in a
safe place away from the veh icle and
well away from the road and traffic .
- Make sure jack position is correct, ad­
just as necessary and then cont inue to
raise the jack .
(D Note
A floor jack or the pads on the hoist arms
must
not be positioned at the points
shown
-arrow -.
Removing the wheel
Follow these instructions step -by-step for
changing the wheel .
Fig . 1 61 W hee l change: us ing the sc rewdr iver hand le
(w it h th e blade r emov ed) to t urn th e bolts
F ig . 1 62 Whee l change: alignmen t pin inside the top
h ol e
After you have loosened all wheel bo lts and
raised the vehicle off the grou nd, perform the
follow ing steps to remove and replace the
whee l: ..,.

-Che ck the tire p re ss ure on the spare imme­
diatel y afte r mounting.
- Hav e the wheel b olt tightening torque
checked with a torque wrench a s soon a s
possib le by you r auth orized Audi dealer or
a qu alified ser vice sta tio n.
- With steel and allo y w heel rim s, the wheel
bolts are correctl y tight ened at a to rq ue of
90 ft lb (1 20 Nm ).
- If yo u notice while changin g a ti re th at the
wheel bolts are co rrod ed and diff icult to
turn , then they should be repl aced before
y ou check the t ighten ing to rqu e.
- Replace the flat t ire with a new one and
ha ve it installed on your vehicle as soon as
possib le . R emount th e wh eel co ver .
Until then, driv e with extra care and at re ­
d uced speeds.
A WARNING
- If you are going to equip your vehicle
with t ires or rims wh ich differ from those
w hich were factory installed, then be
sure to read the informat ion
~page 199,
New tires and replacing tires and
wheels.
- Always store the tools securely in lug­
gage compa rtment. Otherw ise, in an ac­
c ident o r sudden mane uver they could fly
f orward, causing inju ry to passengers in
the vehicle .
(D Note
Do not use commerc ia lly available t ire
sealants. Othe rwise, the elec trical compo­
nents of the tire pressure monitoring sys­
tem* will no longer work properly and the
sensor for the tire pressure monitoring
system wi ll have to be replaced by a qua li­
fied workshop.
What do I do now? 217
Jump-starting
General
If necessary, the engine can be started by
connecting it to the battery of another vehi ­
cle.
If the engine should fail to start because of a
discharged or weak battery, the battery can be
connected to the battery of
another vehicle,
us ing a
pair of jump er cabl es to start the en­
gine.
Both batteries must be rated at 12 volts . The
capacity (Ah) of the booster battery must not
be substantia lly less than the capac ity of the
discharged battery .
Jumper cables
Use only jumper cables of suff ic ient ly large
cro ss se ction to safely car ry the starter cur ­
rent . Refer to the manufacturer's specifica­
tions .
Use only jumper cab les which have
insulated
term inal clamps and are properly marked for
dist inction:
plu s(+) cable : in most cases colored r ed
m inu s(-) cable :
in most cases colored black
A WARNING ~
Batteries contain e lectric ity, acid, and gas .
Any of these can cause very serious or fata l
injury. Follow the instructions below for
safe handling of your vehicle's battery.
-Always shield your eyes and avo id lean-
ing over the battery whenever poss ible.
- A discharged battery can a lready freeze
at temperatures just below 32 °F (0 °(). Before connect ing a jumper cable , the
frozen battery must be thawed com ­
pletely, othe rwise it could explode .
- Do not allow battery acid to contact eyes
or skin . Flush any contacted area with
wate r immediately .
- Improper use of a booster battery to
start a vehicle may cause an explosion. •
•

232 Index
B
Battery .......... ......... ... .... .
Charging ... .. .............. ..... .
Connecting ................. ..... .
Disconnecting ............... .... .
Important warnings ...... .... .... .
Location
. ...... .... ..... .... .. .. .
184
187
184
184
185
185
Low ..... .. ............ ... .. .. ... 150
Replacing the battery ...... ... .. .. . 185
State of charge ........... .. .. .. .. . 150
W inter operation ......... .. .. .... . 184
Working on the battery .. .. .. .. .. .. . 185
Battery voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Before driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Blended gasoline
Booster seats
Brake system 167
139
Anti-lock brake system ..... ... .... .. 16
Brake assist system ........ ... .... .
Brake fluid
.................. .....
144
183
Brake light defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
General information ...... .. .. .. .. . 146
How does the moisture or road salt affect
the brakes? ... .. ...... .... ... .. .. . 146
Malfunction ............. .... ...... 13
Warn ing/ indicator lights ....... .. .. . . 13
Worn brake pads symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Break -in period . .......... ... .. .. ... 153
Bulbs .. ... .................. ..... . 222
C
California Proposition 65 Warning . ... . 173
Battery specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Capac it ies . ................. .. .. .. . 225
Carbon-fiber parts Exterior · · ............... .. .. .. .. . 160
Inter ior .. .. ... .... ...... ... ... .. . 162
Car care ..... ................ ..... . 156
Inter ior ...... ........... .. .. .... . 161
Cargo area
refer to Luggage compartment . . . . . . . . 98
Catalytic converter ........ ... .. .. .. . 153
Certification ................. ..... . 230
Changing a flat tire ....... .. .. .. .. .. . 214
Chassis
refer to Audi magnetic ride ... .. .. .. . . 75 Checking
Engine coolant level
................
Tire pressure ... .. ................ .
Child restraint
Danger of using child restraints in the
front seat
. .... .. ................ .
Child restraints
Where can I get additional informat ion
about child restraints and the ir use? ..
Child safety . .... .. ... .......... ... .
Convertible locking retractor . .. .. .. . .
Important safety instructions for using
child safety seats . ... .......... .. . .
Important things to know when driving
with children
................. ....
Child safety seat . .. ... ......... ... . .
Convertible locking retractor .. ... .. . .
Installing . .. .. .. .... .... ..... .. . .
Child safety seats Booster seats
................. ....
Convertible child seats .......... ...
How do I properly install a child safety
seat in my veh icle? ...... ....... .. . .
Infant seats
......... ' . ' . ' ' . ' .....
182
195
112
143
132
140
135
132
137
140
140
139
138
135
137
Safety instructions ... .......... .. .. 135
Cigarette lighter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Cleaning Alcantara (synthetic suede) .......... 164
Engine compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Exhaust tail pipes .................. 161
Fabrics and fabric coverings .. ... .. .. 162
Interior ....... .. ..... ..... ... .. .. 161
Leather . .. ... ... ... ......... ... .. 164
Matte finish paint ............. .... 158
Nav igat ion d isplay ............... .. 161
Radio display .... ................ . 161
Safety belts ... .. ................ . 165
Cleaning and protect ion . ...... ... .. . .
Climate controls
.....................
156
63
Dust filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Pollen filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Clock
............................... 9
Closing
Engine compartment lid ......... ... 17 4
Cold tire inflation pressure ..... ... .. .. 193

234 Index
Emergency release
F ro nt lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Park ing lock . .. ... .... ... .. .. .... ..
82
Emergency sta rting ...... .. .. .. .. .. . 2 17
Emergency towing ............. .. .. . 219
Energy management .... ... .. .. .... . 150
Battery power . ....... ... .. .. .... . 151
Driver notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Eng ine
Coolant ..... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... .
181
Engine compartment lid ... .. .... .. . 17 2
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 69
Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Eng ine compar tmen t ................ 174
Safety ins truc tions ..... ... .. .. .... . 172
Eng ine compartment lid
C losing .. .. ................ ... ...
17 4
Release lever . ........... .... .... .
172
Eng ine coolant system ............... 181
Malfunct io n .......... .... .... ..... 15
Temperature ga uge .... .... .... ...... 9
Engine data . .... . ...... ... .. .. .... .
225
Eng ine oi l ..... ........... .. .. .... . 175
Adding .. ... ............ .. .. .. .. . 180
Addit ives .... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 180
Chec king the engine oil level . . . . 178, 179
Dry s ump l ubrication . ... .. .. .. .. ... 149
Indications and cond it ions requ iring ex-
tra checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
178, 179
O il consumption . ........... .. .. .. . 178
O il grades .. ................ ... ... 175
Specification and viscos ity . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5
T empe ratu re d isp lay ................. 8
Eng ine oil level ............ .. .. .... ..
17
E ng ine oi l pressure (malfunction) ... .. . . 14
E ng ine o il senso r defective ....... ..... 18
Eng ine speed limitat ion ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 7
E nvi ro nment
Cat alytic conve rter ........ .. .. .. .. .
153
D isposing of your vehicle battery . . . . . 185
Fu el . .... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 169
Unleaded fuel .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 167
What should I do with an old battery? 185
EPC
refer to E lectronic powe r control . . . . . . 17
ESC (Electronic Stabilization Cont ro l)
War ning/ indicato r lights ... .. .. .. .. . .
15
Event Data Recorde r (E DR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4
Exhaus t tai l pipes
Cleaning .. .... .. ............. ....
161
Expansion tank ..................... 182
Exterior mirrors
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Dimming . ..... .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. . 50
Heating ... .... .. ............. .... . 50
F
Fan ... ... .. .... .. .. ... .. ..... ... .. . 64
Fastening
Boos ter seats .................... .
C o nvertib le child sa fe ty seats ....... .
Infant seats ..... ... .. ..... .... . . .
Flat bed truck
Flat tire Chang ing . .... .. ... .......... ... .
139
138
137
2 20
214
Floor ma ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Fold ing master key with remote control . . 28
Folding top
Care and cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
Foot ped als . .. .. .. ... .......... .... . 98
For the sake of the environment Gasoli ne fumes and t he e nvir onme nt ..
169
Letting your eng ine warm up ....... .. 69
Ref ueling . ...... ............. .... 169
Front a irbags
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
How they work ........ ........... . 120
Frontal collis ions and the laws of phys ics 104
Fron t lid
E mergency re le a se .. ........... .. .. . 34
li ght . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
so
Power locking system ... .... ... .. .. . 33
Tr unk escape handle . .. ..... ... .. ..
210
Fron t passenger
refer to Se ating posi tion . . . . . . . . . 94 , 95
Front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Child rest raints in the front seat .. .. .. 112
Front towing loop ................... 220
Fuel
Additives . ... .. .. .. .... .... ... .. ..
167
B lended gaso line ... ... ..... ... .. .. 167
C ur rent fuel mileage . .. ..... ... .. .. . 21
Filler neck . ...... ............. .... 168

Tire pressure monitoring system .... .. . 206
Malfunctions .... ..... ... ... ... ... 208
Sensors . ... .... ........ ... .. .. .. . 201
Tires and whee ls ......... .. .. .. .. . 201
Valves ... .. ................. .. ... 201
Warn ing/ indicator light ....... .. .... . 19
Tire repair kit . ..... .... ... .. .. .. ... 210
T ires .. .. .. .. .... ............. .. .. . 189
P ressu re . .. .. ........... .. .. .. ... 206
Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 201
Service life ..... ...... ... .. .. .. ... 198
Speed rating letter code ... .. .. .. .. . 200
T ire manufacturing date ... .. .. .. .. . 200
Tire pressure monitoring system .. .. . 206
Tire specifications ........ .. .. .. .. . 200
T read depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Uniform t ire quality grading .. .. ... .. 203
W inte r tires ................ ... ... 203
T ires/Wheels
Low aspect ratio tires ...... .. .. .. .. . 205
T ire mobility system ...... .. .. .. .. . 210
Tire repa ir kit ......... ...... .... .. 210
Tires and vehicle load limits . ... .. .. .. . 196
Tires and whee ls
C heck in g tire p ressu re ..... .. .. .. .. . 19S
Cold ti re inflation pressu re ... .. .. ... 193
D imensions ... .... .... ... .. .. .. .. .
General notes ... .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .
Glossary of t ire and load ing termino lo-
gy .. .. ' . .. ................. .. .. .
New tires and wheels ...... .. .. .. .. .
Replacing .. ................ ... .. . 199
189
190
199
200
Snow chai ns ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. . 204
T ire pressure monitor ing system .. .. . 20 1
Tires and vehicle load limits .. .. .. .. . 196
Wheel bol ts ............. .... .. .. . 205
W inter t ires . .... ..... ... .. .. .. ... 203
Tire serv ice life .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. . 198
T ool kit ... .. .. .. ........... .. .. ... 210
Touch -up paint ............ .... .. .. . 160
T owing
Tow truck procedures ........... .... 219
Towing loop .. .... .. .... ... .. .. .. ... 220
T railer towing ............. .. .. .. .. . 155
Transm ission
Manual transmission .......... ... ... 77
Transm ission ma lf u nct ion (indicator light) 81
Inde x 239
Transpor t Canada ..... .. .. ..... ... .. 100
Tread Wea r Ind icator (TWI) ........... 198
Tr ip comp uter . .. .. ............... .. . 21
S ingle-trip memory ............ .... . 21
Tota l-trip memory .. . ... .... ... .. .. . 21
T rip odometer ..... .. . .. .. ..... ... .. . 10
Turn signals . .. .. .... ... ....... ...... 47
Warning/ind icator lights ........ .... . 19
u
Un fastening safety belts 108
Un idirectional tires . ............. .... 189
Un iform tire qua lity gradi ng ...... .. .. 203
U ni versal Radio- Frequency Remote Con-
trol (Homelink ®) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
U nl ocking
Power locking system .............. . 32
Remote contro l key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
V
Vanity mirro r .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... .. . 51
Vehicle-ca re p roducts ............ .... 156
Vehicle electrical system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Vehicle Identification Number (V IN) . ... 223
Vehicle jac k .... ... .. ............... 214
Vehicle literature .. ................. .. 4
Vehicle sh ut-down . ............. .. .. 154
Vehicle tool kit .. ... ............... . 210
Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Voltmete r display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
w
Warning/ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Airbag syst em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
An ti- lock b rake sys tem (ABS) .... .. .. . 16
Br ake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cruise cont ro l .... .. . .. .. ..... ... .. . 19
E lectronic power contro l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
E lectronic Stabilization Contro l (ESC) . .. 15
Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Malfunction Ind icator Lamp (MIL) .. .. . 17
Parking brake .. .. .. . ....... ..... .. . 13
Safety be lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Safety systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
•
•

24 0 Index
Tire pressur e monitoring system .... .. 19
Turn s igna ls . .. . ...... ... .. .. .... .. 19
War ning/Ind icator lights
Rear spoiler .... .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .. 19
War ning light s ............. ... .. .. .. 11
Red symbols in the center display .. .... 11
Yellow symbols in the center d isplay ... 12
Wa rra nty cove rages . ......... .. .. .. . 22 7
Washing .. ... ... ...... ... .. .. .. .. . 156
F olding top cleaning . ... .. .. .. .... . 159
G eneral informat ion . ... .. .. .... .. . 156
M atte finis h paint ..... ... .. .. .... . 158
Waxing . .. .. .... .. ... .... .. .. .. .. . 156
We ar indic at or ..... ......... .. .. .. . 198
Weights ..... ... .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 223
What happens if you wear your safety belt
too loose? . .. .. . .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. . 107
Wh at happens to unbelted occ upan ts? . . 104
What impairs driving sa fety? . . . . . . . . . . . 94
What should I do after chang ing a
wheel? .. .. .. ................ ... ... 196
Wheel bolts Torque . .. ...... ... ... ..... .. .. .. . 205
Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 189
Check ing tire pressure ... .. .. .. .. .. . 195
Cold t ir e inflat io n pr essu re ... ... ... . 193
Gener al note s ..... ......... .. .. .. . 189
Glos sary of t ire and load ing term ino lo-
gy .. .. .. .... ........ ...... ... .. . 190
New tires and wheels ............... 199
Tir es and vehicle load lim its ......... 196
When must the airb ag system be inspect-
ed? ... .. .. .... ..... ... ... .... .. .. . 121
When shou ld I ad just the tire p ressu res? 196
When sho uld I check the tire pressures? . 196
Where can I find the tire pressures fo r my
ca r? .. .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .. .. .. .. . 195
Why safety be lts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 104
W ind deflector ............. ... .. ... . 39
Cleaning ............. ........ ... . 159
W indows
C leaning . ...... .. ... .... .. .. .. .. . 160
Defro st .... ............ ..... .. .. .. 66
De icing .. .. ................ ... ... 160
Windshield washer fluid . ... .. .. .... . . 18 Windsh
ie ld wipers .... .. ..... .... . .. 188
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Installing new wiper b lades . . . . . . . . . . 54
Se rv ice position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Win ter operation
Battery ... .... .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. 184
Coolant system .. ... .. ..... .... . .. 181
D efrosting windows .. .. ..... ... .. .. . 66
Heated seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Windows . .. .. . .......... ........ 160
Windsh ie ld wipers .......... ...... . 188
Winter tires ..... .. .. .... .... ... .. .. 203
All-wheel drive ... ... .. ..... .... . .. 203
Wiper and washer sys tem ...... .. .. .. . 51
Intermitten t wiping ...... ...... .... . 51
One -tap wip ing ... .. ... ..... ... .. .. . 51
Wiper b lades
r e fer to W indshield wipers ...... .. .. . 54