ABS BMW 323i 1993 E36 User Guide
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: BMW, Model Year: 1993, Model line: 323i, Model: BMW 323i 1993 E36Pages: 759
Page 173 of 759
0013ZIM
Fig
.
42
.
Engine
control
module
(ECM)
located
in
compartment
in
right-rearof
engine
compartment
(arrow)
.
NOTE-
Replacement
ECMs
must
be
coded
with
application
in-
formation
(Le
.
engine
code,
transmission
type,
etc
.)
pri-
or
to
installation
.
Consult
an
authorized
BMW
dealer
before
replacing
the
ECM
.
ECM
pin
assignments
are
given
in
Tables
h
through
Table
I.
This
information
can
be
helpful
when
diagnosing
faultsto
or
from
the
ECM
.
If
al¡
inputs
and
wiring
are
OK
butoperational
problems
still
exist,
the
ECM
itself
may
be
faulty
.
Fig
.
43
.
ECM
pin
numbers
as
seen
from
back
of
ECM
connector
.
FUEL
INJECTION
130-
2
7
Generally,
absence
of
voltage
or
continuity
means
there
is
a
wiring
or
connector
problem
.
Test
results
with
incorrect
values
do
notnecessarily
mean
that
a
component
is
faulty
:
Check
for
loose,
broken
or
corroded
connections
and
wiring
before
re-
placing
components
.
If
the
results
are
still
incorrect,
test
the
component
itself
.
For
engine
management
system
electrical
schematics,
see
Electrical
Wiring
Diagrams
.
CAUTION-
Always
waitat
least
40
seconds
after
tuniing
off
the
ignition
before
removing
the
connector
from
the
engine
control
module
(ECM)
.
If
the
connec-
tor
is
removed
before
this
time,
residual
power
in
the
system
relay
may
damage
the
ECM
.
"
Always
connector
disconnect
the
control
module
connector
and
meter
probes
with
the
ignitionoff
.
When
making
checks
at
the
ECM
itself,
a
breakout
box
should
be
used
to
allow
tests
to
be
made
with
the
connector
attached
to
the
ECM
.
This
also
prevents
damage
tothe
small
termínals
in
the
connector
.
As
an
alternative,
theharness
con-
nector
housing
can
be
separated
so
that
electrical
checks
can
be
made
from
the
back
of
the
connector
.
ECM
pin
numbering
is
shown
in
Fig
.
43
.
NOTE
-
On
cars
with
tractioncontrol,
do
not
confuse
the
throttle
position
sensor
on
the
main
throttle
body
with
the
throt-
tle
position
switch
on
the
secondary
throttle
body
.
27
Lb
2L4
LJ
22
©©®®17
©©®©©~©©®©~~rui~~ru
®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®IZA®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
1
>I-
0013211
ECM
PIN
ASSIGNMENTS
Page 181 of 759
Table
k
.
ECM
Pin
Assignment-Bosch
DME
M5
.2
(continued)
Pin
I
Signal
1
Componentltunction
1
Signal
45
I
output
I
Mass
air
flow
meter
I
Intake
airSignal
46
output
Oxygen
sensor
(monitoring
sensor)
Oxygen
sensor
control
47
not
used
-
48
not
used
-
49
output
Ignition
coil
control,
cyl
.
1
Primary
signal,
ignition
coil
1
50
output
Ignition
coil
control,
cyl
.
2
Primary
signal,
ignition
coil
2
51
not
used
-
52
not
used
-
53
input
Throttleposition
sensor
Throttleposition
Signal
54
input
Power
supply
Batteryvoltage
from
main
relay
(terminal
87)
55
ground
Ground
Ground
for
ECM
56
input
Power
supply
(terminal
15)
Battery
voltage
with
key
on
or
engine
running
57
output
Activate
cooling
fan
(man
.
trans
.)
control
Normal
speed
relay
58
not
used
-
-
59
not
used
-
-
60
input
Programming
voltage
Programming
voltage
via
data
link
connector,
pin
18
61
output
Evaporative
emissionvalve
Evaporative
emission
valve
control
62
vacant
-
-
63
output
Fuel
pump
relay
Fuel
pump
relay
control
64
not
used
-
65
not
used
-
-
66
not
used
-
-
67
not
used
-
-
68
input
Signal
above
80°C(man
.
tran
.)
Double
temperature
switch
69
input
Automatic
climate
control
Automatíc
climate
control
70
input
Knock
sensor
#1
(cyl
.
1,2)
Knock
sensor
#1
Signal
71
ground
Ground
Ground
for
analog
signals
and
knock
sensors
72
not
used
-
-
73
not
used
-
-
74
input
Engine
coolant
temperature
sensor
Engine
coolant
temperatura
Signal
75
not
used
-
-
76
not
used
-
-
77
output
Oxygen
sensor
(regulating
sensor)
Oxygen
sensor
control
78
input
Crankshaft/rpm
sensor
Crankshaft
position/rpmSignal
79
input
ABS
or
traction
control
ABS
or
AST
control
80
input
Engine
speed
Engine
speed
Signal
81
not
used
-
-
82
not
used
-
-
FUEL
INJECTION
130-
3
5
83
input
On-board
computar
From
On-boardcomputer
(terminal
4)
84
not
used
-
-
85
not
used
-
-
86
not
used
-
-
87
input
Diagnostic
connector
(RxD)
Diagnostic
RxD
(receive)signal
to
pin
15
in
Data
link
connector
88
output
I
Diagnostic
connector
(TxD)
Diagnostic
TxD
(transmit)
signal
to
pin
17in
Data
link
connector
ECM
PIN
ASSIGNMENTS
Page 202 of 759
170-8
RADIATOR
AND
COOLING
SYSTEM
Electric
cooling
fan,
replacing
On
late
4-cylinder
models
(M44
engine)
with
manual
trans-
mission,
the
primary
cooling
fan
is
electrically
operated
and
is
mounted
on
the
engine
side
of
the
radiator
.
1
.
If
necessary,
remove
cover
from
top
of
radiator
.
See
Fig
.
10
.
0012505
Fig
.
10
.
Air
cover
in
back
of
radiator
.
Unclip
cover
from
fan
shroud
af-
ter
removing
mounting
screws
.
2
.
Disconnect
fan
harness
connector
at
bottom
left
of
ra-
diator
.
3
.
Remove
fan
shroud
mountingscrews
at
left
and
right
side
of
radiator
.
Lift
fan
assembly
straight
up
and
offra-
diator
.
4
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal
.
Be
sure
to
align
side
tabs
on
fan
housíng
with
retaining
tabs
on
radiator
when
reinstalling
fan
.
Auxiliary
cooling
fan,
replacing
The
auxiliary
electric
cooling
fan
is
mounted
behind
the
front
bumper,
in
front
of
the
A/C
condenser
.
There
aretwo
ver-
sions
of
auxiliary
fans
installed,
depending
on
model
and
en-
gine
installed
.
TType
1
(u
p
to
9192)
1
.
Remove
front
radiator
air
shroud
.
See
Fig
.
11
.
2
.
Remove
fan
mountingscrews
.
See
Fig
.
12
.
3
.
Tilt
fan
forward
.
Disconnect
electrical
harness
connec-
tor
before
lifting
fan
up
.
COOLING
SYSTEM
SERVICE
Fig
.
11
.
Front
radiator
air
shroud
fasteners
(arrows)
.
Fig
.
12
.
Version
1
auxiliary
fan
mountingscrews
(arrows)
.
NOTE
-
If
necessary,
remove
front
bumper
or
lowerengine
cov-
erto
access
electrical
harnessconnector
.
4
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal
.
l)
Type
2
(from
9192)
2
.
Remove
fan
mounting
screws
.
See
Fig
.
13
.
0013137
1.
Remove
front
bumper
and
radiator
grilles
.
See
510
Ex-
terior
Trim,
Bumpers
.
3
.
Angle
fan
up
and
forward,
disconnecting
electrical
har-
nessconnectorbehind
it
.
Remove
it
through
bumper
opening
.
Page 220 of 759
210-
6
CLUTCH
9
.
Clean
and
inspectrelease
bearing
guide
sleeve
on
transmission
.
Install
release
lever
and
release
bearing
.
See
Fig
.
11
.
A
0011582
Fig
.
11
.
Clutchrelease
bearing
correctly
installed
on
guide
sleeve
(A)
.
Bearing
tabs
(B)
align
with
contact
points
(C)
on
release
lever
.
10
.
Insta¡¡
transmission
.
See230
Manual
Transmission
.
Tightening
Torques
"
Flywheel
to
crankshaft
(use
new
bolts)
M42/M44
engines
....
.
..
...
....
120
Nm
(89
ft-Ib)
All
others
..........
..
.
..
......
105
Nm
(77
ft-Ib)
"
Pressure
píate
to
flywheel
M8
8
.8
grade
......
...
.
.
........
24
Nm
(18
ft-Ib)
M8
10
.9
grade
.....
..
..
..
.......
34
Nm
(25
ft-Ib)
CLUTCH
MECHANICAL
Transmission
pilot
bearing,
replacing
1
.
Remove
clutch
as
described
earlier
.
2
.
Remove
transmission
pilot
bearing
from
end
ofcrank-
shaft
using
BMW
special
tool
no
.
11
2
340,
or
equiva-
lent
.
3
.
Press
new
bearing
finto
placeusing
BMW
Specíal
Tool
no
.
11
2
350,or
equivalent
.
Page 224 of 759
230-
4
MANUAL
TRANSMISSION
Output
shaft
sea¡,
replacing
(transmission
installed)
1
.
Raise
and
safely
support
vehicle
.
Support
transmission
with
transmission
jack
.
WARNING
-
"
When
raising
thecar
using
a
floor
jack
or
a
hy-
draulic
lift,
carefully
position
the
jack
pad
to
pre-vent
damaging
the
car
body
.
A
suitable
liner
(wood,
rubber,
etc
.)
should
be
placed
between
the
jack
and
the
car
to
prevent
body
damage
.
"
Watch
the
jack
closely
.
Make
sure
it
stays
stable
and
does
not
shift
or
tilt
.
As
the
car
is
raised,
the
car
may
roll
slightly
and
the
jack
may
shift
.
2
.
Remove
driveshaft
.
See
260
Driveshaft
.
3
.
Remove
transmission
crossmember
and
lower
trans-
mission
at
rear
.
CAUTION-
Tilting
the
engine
to
lower
thetransmissíon
can
lead
to
damage
to
various
componente
due
to
lackof
clearance
.
-On
cars
with
AST
(traction
control)
remove
throt-
tle
body
before
tilting
engine
.
-Remove
brake
fluid
reservoir
if
necessary
.
4
.
Bend
back
and
remove
collar
nut
lockplate
.
5
.
Hold
flange
steady
andremove
collar
lock
nut
(use
30mm
thin-walled
deep
socket
.)
See
Fig
.
5
.
Fig
.
5
.
Use
holding
tool
when
loosening
output
shaft
collar
nut
.
6
.
Remove
flange
.
If
necessary,
use
a
puller
.
7
.
Use
a
sea¡
puller
to
remove
seal
from
transmission
housing
.
See
Fig
.
6
.
8
.
Coat
new
sea¡
wíth
transmission
fluid
and
drive
into
po-
sition
until
it
is
flush
with
housing
.
See
Fig
.
7
.
TRANSMISSIONSERVICE
Fig
.
6
.
Puller
used
to
remove
transmission
seal
.
Fig
.
7
.
Output
shaftseal
being
installed
using
seal
driver
(BMW
spe-
cial
tool
no
.
232
300)
.
9
.
Reinstall
output
flange
(and
shims,
if
applicable)
to
out-
put
shaft
.
NOTE-
On
Getrag
S5D200G
and
S5D
250G
transmissions
BMW
recommends
heating
theoutputflange
to
about
176°F
(80°C)
to
aid
in
installation
.
This
canbe
done
by
placing
the
flange
in
hot
water
.
10
.
Coat
bearingsurface
ofcollar
nut
withsealer
and
install
nut
.
Tighten
collar
nut
in
two
stages
.
Insta¡¡
new
lock-
plate
.
Bend
tabs
into
flange
grooves
.
NOTE-
BMW
recommends
the
use
of
a
sealer
such
as
Loctite
®
242
when
installing
the
flange
collar
nut
to
prevent
oil
from
leaking
past
the
threads
.
Page 234 of 759
240-
6
AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION
14
.
Remove
transmission
by
pulling
back
and
down
.
Lower
jack
to
allow
transmission
to
clear
vehicle
.
Tightening
Torques
"
ATF
drain
plug
to
ATF
sump
CA
UTION-
MS
270R/A4S
310R
....
..
....
.
..
25
Nm
(18
ft-Ib)
Do
not
allow
the
torque
converter
to
fati
off
the
ASS
310Z(M10
plug)
..
..
..
.
.
..
.
..
16
Nm
(12
ft-Ib)
transmission
inputshaft
.
"
ATF
fill
plug
to
ATF
sump
MS
270R/A4S
310R
..
..
....
..
..
.
33
Nm
(24
ft-Ib)
15
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal,
noting
the
following
:
MS
310Z(M30
plug)
......
.
.
..
.
.
100
Nm
(74
ft-Ib)
"Blowoutofcoolerlineswithlow-pressurecompressed
"
ATF
cooler
lines
(A4S
270R/A4S
310R)
air
and
flush
coolerwith
clean
ATF
twice
before
reat-
Coupling
nuts
............
.
.
..
..
.
20
Nm
(15
ft-Ib)
taching
lines
to
transmission
.
Hollow
bolts
.........
.
.....
..
..
.
37
Nm
(28
ft-Ib)
"
Reinforcing
cross
brace
CAUTION-
to
chassis
(M10)
.............
.
..
.
42
Nm
(31
ft-Ib)
"
Wear
safety
glasses
when
working
with
com-
"
Torque
converter
pressedair
.
to
driveplate
(M10)
.........
..
.
..
45
Nm
(33
ft-Ib)
"
Transmissionsupport
crossmember
to
chassis
"
Do
not
reuse
ATF
after
flushing
.
M8
......................
22-24
Nm
(16-17
ft-1b)
M10
................
.
....
..
.
..
42
Nm
(31
ft-Ib)
"
Install
new
sealing
washers
on
hollow
bolts
.
"
Transmissíon
to
engine
(Torx-head
with
washer)
"
Insta¡¡
new
O-rings
on
transmission
cooler
lines,
where
M8
......................
..
.
..
21
Nm
(15
ft-Ib)
applicable
.
M10
.....................
..
..
.
42
Nm
(31
ft-Ib)
"
Inspect
driveplate
for
cracks
or
elongatedholes
.
Re-
M12
................
.
....
..
.
..
72
Nm
(53ft-Ib)
place
if
necessary
.
"
Check
to
be
sure
torque
converter
is
seated
correctly
in
transmission
during
final
installation
.
"
When
mounting
transmission
to
engine,
the
three
mounting
tabs
on
torque
converter
must
be
aligned
with
indentations
on
driveplate
.
Use
an
alignment
dowel
to
line
up
bolt
holes,
if
necessary
.
"
Fill
transmission
with
clean
ATF
until
oil
leve¡
is
even
with
fill
hole
.
Then
check
fluid
leve¡
as
described
ear-
lier
.
"
Adjust
gearshift
mechanism
.
See
250
Gearshift
link-
age
.
NOTE-
Torx-head
mounting
bolts
shouldalwaysbe
used
with
washers
to
prevent
difficult
removal
.
TRANSMISSION
REMOVAL
AND
INSTALLATION
Page 236 of 759
250-2
GEARSHIFT
LINKAGE
5
.
Remove
driveshaft
.
See260
Driveshaft
.
9
.
Release
gearshift
lever
retaining
ring
from
below
by
turningspecial
tool
90°(
1
/4
turn)
counterclockwise
.
See
6
.
Support
transmission
with
transmission
jack
.
Remove
Fig
.
4
.
crossmember
from
rear
of
transmission
.
See
Fig
.
2
.
Fig
.
2
.
Rear
transmission
crossmember
(arrow)
.
7
.
Lower
rear
of
transmission
to
access
gearshift
linkage
.
CAUTION-
Tilting
the
engine
to
lower
thetransmission
can
lead
to
damage
to
various
componente
due
to
lackof
clearance
.
-On
cars
with
AST
remove
throttle
body
.
-Remove
brake
fluid
reservoir
if
necessary
.
0013135
8
.
Working
below
transmission,
disconnect
shift
rod
from
gearshift
lever
.
Note
washers
on
either
side
of
shift
rod
end
.
See
Fig
.
3
.
v
clip
Shift
rod
Fig
.
3
.
Pull
off
shift
rod
retaining
clip
in
direction
of
arrow
(t)
;
disen-
gage
shift
rod
from
gearshift
lever
(2)
.
MANUAL
TRANSMISSION
GEARSHIFT
BMW
Tool
No
.
25
1
110
orequivalent
Fig
.
4
.
Shift
lever
retaining
ring
being
removed
using
BMW
special
tool
25
1
110
.
10
.
Raise
transmission
and
temporarily
instan
transmission
crossmember
.
11
.
Lower
vehicle
.
Working
from
inside
passengercom-
partment,
pull
upon
gearshift
lever
to
remove
it
togeth-
erwith
retaining
ring
and
rubber
grommet
.
Gearshift
lever,
installing
(manual
transmission)
6532
1
.
Instan
shift
lever,
aligninglocking
tabs
with
openings
in
shift
console
.
Press
down
on
retaining
ring
until
it
clicks
into
place
.
See
Fig
.
5
.
\
Retaining
Fig
.
5
.
Shift
lever
retaining
ring
.
Fit
plastic
tabs
into
slots
of
shift
con-
sole(arrows)
.
Page 241 of 759
DRIVESHAFT
SERVICE
.
...
.
.
.
...
.
..
.
.
.260-3
Driveshaft,
aligning
...............
.
...
.
.
260-3
Driveshaft,
removing
..............
.
.
.
.
.
.
260-4
260
Driveshaft
DRIVESHAFT
260-1
GENERAL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.
.
........
.
...
.
260-1
Driveshaft,
installing
.
....
.
..
.
............
260-4
Flex-disc,
replacing
.....
.
.
.
.............
260-5
TROUBLESHOOTING
..
.
.
.
...
.
.........
260-1
Center
bearing
assembly,
replacing
.
......
.260-6
Frontcentering
guide,
replacing
..
.
.......
.
260-7
TABLE
a
.
Driveshaft
Troubleshooting
.
.
...
......
.
....
..
.
.
260-2
GENERAL
NOTE-
For
rear
drive
axlerepair
information,
see330
Rear
The
two-piece
driveshaft
is
joined
in
thecenter
by
a
sliding
Suspension
.
splined
coupling
.
This
coupling
compensates
for
fore
and
aft
movement
of
the
drive
line
.
The
driveshaft
ís
connected
to
the
Driveshaft
noise
or
vibration
may
be
caused
by
worn
or
transmission
bya
rubber
flex-disc
and
to
the
final
drive
by
a
damaged
components
.
Check
the
universal
joints
for
play
.
universal
joint
.
It
is
supported
in
the
micidle
by
a
center
support
With
the
driveshaft
installed,
pull
and
twist
the
driveshaft
while
bearing
.
The
bearing
is
mounted
in
rubber
to
isolate
vibration
.
watching
the
joint
.
The
BMW
specificationfor
play
is
very
See
Fig
.
1
.
small,
so
almost
any
noticeableplay
could
indicate
a
problem
.
TROU
BLESHOOTING
Check
thetorque
of
thefasteners
at
the
flange
connections
.
Check
therubber
of
the
flex-disc
and
center
bearing
for
dete
The
source
of
driveline
vibrations
and
noise
can
be
difficult
rioration
or
tearíng
and
check
for
preload
at
the
center
bearing
to
pinpoint
.
Engine,
transmission,
rear
axle,
or
wheel
vibra-
with
a
visual
inspection
.
Check
the
driveshaft
for
broken
or
tions
can
be
transmitted
through
the
driveshaft
to
the
car
missing
balance
weights
.
The
weights
are
welded
tabs
on
the
body
.
Noises
from
the
rear
of
thecar
may
be
caused
by
final
driveshaft
tubes
.
In
addition
to
inspecting
for
faulty
driveshaft
drive
problems,
orby
faulty
wheel
bearings,
drive
axies,
or
parts,
the
installed
angles
of
the
driveshaft
should
also
be
evenworn
or
improperly
inflatedtires
.
considered
.
Flex-disc
Center
universal
joint
Fig
.1
.
Driveshaft
and
final
drive
assembly
.
Rear
section
Splined
shaft
of
driveshaft
Center
support
`
Clamping
sleeve
bearíng
assembly
Differential
inputflange
0013110
TROUBLESHOOTING
Page 249 of 759
SUSPENSION,
STEERING
ANDBRAKES-GENERAL
300-1
300
Suspension,
Steering
and
Brakes-General
GENERAL
.....
.
....
.
.....
.
.
.
........
.300-1
M3
SUSPENSION
AND
BRAKES
.......
.
...
300-7
Front
Suspension
..........
.
.
.
...
.
.....
300-1
Steering
...
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
...
.
...
.
.
300-2
SUSPENSION
AND
STEERING
Rear
Suspension
....
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
...
.
.....
300-2
TROUBLESHOOTING
..
.
.
.
.............
300-7
Brakes
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
...........
.
.
.
.
.
.
300-2
Tires
and
wheeis
.
................
.
.
.
.
.
.
300-2
TABLE
a
.
AST
Indicator
Lamp
Function
..
..
.
..
.
.........
300-5
INTEGRATED
SYSTEMS
.........
.
.
.
.
.
.
300-2
b
.
Suspension
and
Steering
Troubleshooting
......
.300-8
Antilock
Brake
System
(ABS)
.......
.
.
.
.
.
.
300-2
Al¡
Season
Traction
(AST)
.........
.
.
.
.
.
.
300-4
GENERAL
Front
Suspension
This
section
covers
general
information
for
front
and
rear
The
lower
control
arms
connect
the
front
suspension
struts
suspension,
the
steering
system,
and
the
brakíng
and
traction
to
mounting
points
on
the
subframe
crossmember
and
the
control
systems
.
body
.
See
Fig
.
2
.
The
BMW
E36
suspension
and
steering
systems
are
engi-
neered
to
provide
a
compromise
between
taut,
responsive
handling
and
ride
comfort
.
Although
the
front
and
rear
suspen-
sion
assemblies
are
independent
subsystems,
they
work
to-
gether
to
achieve
BMW's
overall
combination
of
precise
handling
and
comfort
.
See
Fig
.
1
.
Fig
.
1
.
BMW
E36
front
and
rear
suspension
systems
.
Each
front
strut
assembly
includes
a
shock
absorber
car-
tridgeinside
the
tubular
strut
housing
and
a
large
coil
spring
.
The
upper
strut
mount
bearing
allows
the
strutto
turnwith
the
wheels
.
The
lower
end
of
the
strut,
which
includes
the
stub
axle
for
the
front
wheel,
connects
to
a
ball-joint
on
the
control
arm
.
0013098
GENERAL
Page 250 of 759
300-2
SUSPENSION,
STEERING
AND
BRAKES-GENERAL
Steering
INTEGRATED
SYSTEMS
The
steering
linkage
connects
the
rack-and-pinion
unit
through
tie
rodsto
the
steering
arms
.
The
tie
rod
ends
allow
the
wheels
to
pivot
and
react
to
suspension
travel
.
Rear
Suspension
The
rear
axle
carrier
is
the
main
mounting
point
for
the
final
drive
housing
and
the
rear
suspension
components
.
Trailing
arms
locatethe
rear
wheels
and
anchorthe
springs,
shocks
and
stabilizer
bar
.
Driveaxies
with
constant-velocity
(CV)
joints
at
both
ends
transfer
power
from
the
differential
to
the
road
wheels
.
The
differential
is
mounted
to
the
rearaxle
carrier
through
rubber
mountsand
bushings
to
hele
isolate
drivetrain
noise
and
vibration
.
Brakes
E36
cars
areequipped
with
power
disc
brakes
with
an
inte-
gral
antilock
brakes
(ABS)
.
The
parking
brake
is
a
dual-drum
system
integrated
with
the
rear
brake
rotors
.
See
Fig
.
3
.
Power
assist
is
provided
by
a
vacuum
booster
when
the
en-
gine
is
running
.
The
brakepedal
pushrod
is
connected
directly
to
the
master
cylinder,
so
failure
of
the
vacuum
booster
does
not
normally
result
in
total
brake
failure
.
0012124
Each
disc
brakeuses
a
caliper
with
a
single
hydraulic
cylin-
Fig
.
2
.
Front
suspension
control
arm
(arrow)
.
der
.
Brake
pads
in
the
left
front
and
right
rear
contain
wear
sensors
.
When
the
padsneed
replacement,the
sensors
illu-
The
front
suspension
is
designed
with
minimum
positive
minate
a
light
on
the
dashboard
.
steering
offset
.
This
geometry
contributes
to
stability
when
traction
is
unequalfrom
side
to
side
.
Suspension
travel
is
lim-
Tires
and
Wheels
ited
by
rubber
bump
stops
.
The
three
point
mounting
of
each
L-shaped
control
arm
ere-
Tiresize
is
critica¡
to
the
proper
operatíon
of
the
E36
ABS
or
cisely
controls
the
front-to-rear
and
side-to-side
position
of
the
ABS/AST
system
.
Severa¡
different
styles
of
wheels,
in
15,16
strut,
while
the
flexibility
of
the
joints
and
mounts
alsoallows
and
17
inch
diameters,
are
available
from
an
authorized
BMW
the
movement
necessary
for
suspension
travel
.
The
control
dealer
.
arm
mounting
points
are
designed
with
anti-dive
geometry
.
The
suspension
reduces
the
normaltendency
for
the
front
of
NOTE-
the
vehicle
to
dive
under
hard
braking
.
Aftermarket
wheelsshould
be
selected
wlth
care
.
Im-
properly
fitted
wheels
can
contact
anddamage
sus
Control
arm
position
is
fixed,
with
no
adjustment
provisions
pension,
brakeorbodycomponentsandmayadversely
on
the
control
arms
for
alter¡ng
front
wheel
al
ignment
.
A
stabi-
affect
vehicle
stability
.
lizer
bar
mounted
to
both
control
arms
heles
to
reduce
body
rol¡
whencomering
.
INTEGRATED
SYSTEMS
Antilock
Brake
System
(ABS)
is
standard
on
all
E36
cars
.
The
variable-assist
power
steering
system
consists
of
an
Standard
on
some
models
and
installed
as
optional
equipment
on
engine-driven
hydraulic
pump,
a
rack-and-pinion
type
steer-
others,
is
All
Season
Traction
(AST)
.
ing
gear,
and
connecting
linkage
to
the
road
wheels
.
TheE36
utilizes
an
engine-speed
dependent
variable
effort
steering
Antilock
Brake
System
(ABS)
system
.
At
low
speeds,
maximum
power
assist
is
provided
to
ease
parking
and
city
driving
.
Athigh
speeds,
assist
is
re-
The
electronically-controlled
ABS
maintains
vehícle
stabili
duced
to
ensure
stability
.
ty
and
control
during
emergency
braking
by
preventing
wheel
lock-up
.
ABS
provides
optimum
deceleration
and
stability
dur-