turn signal BUICK ENCLAVE 2020 Owner's Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: BUICK, Model Year: 2020, Model line: ENCLAVE, Model: BUICK ENCLAVE 2020Pages: 381, PDF Size: 7.08 MB
Page 244 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
Driving and Operating 243Trailer Wiring The trailer wiring harness (if
equipped), with a 7-pin connector is
located at the rear of the vehicle,
and it is tied to the vehicle's frame.
If the vehicle is not equipped with a
7-pin trailer connector, the body
harness has provisions to connect a
trailer harness and a 7-pin trailer
connector which is available through
your dealer.
Use only a round, seven-wire
connector with flat blade terminals
meeting SAE J2863 specifications
for proper electrical connectivity. The seven-wire harness contains
the following trailer circuits:
1 Stop/Turn
Signal Left Yellow/Blue
2 Tail/Parking
Lamps Gray/Brown
3 Reverse Lamps White/
Green
4 Battery Feed Red/Green
5 Stop/Turn Signal
Right Green/
Brown
6 Electric Trailer
Brake* Blue
7 Ground Black
* Circuit powered by electric trailer
brake control wiring provisions.
Electric Trailer Brake Control
Wiring Provisions
Wiring provisions for an aftermarket
electric trailer brake controller are
included with the vehicle as part of
the trailer wiring package. The
harness contains the following
circuits: Electric Trailer
Brakes Blue
Battery Feed Red/Green or
Red/Blue
Brake Apply
Signal White/Blue
Ground Black
Refer to the aftermarket electric
trailer brake controller owner's
manual to determine wire color
coding of the electric trailer brake
controller. The wire colors on the
brake controller may be different
from the vehicle. The electric trailer
brake controller should be installed
by your dealer or a qualified service
center.
If equipped, there are four blunt cut
wires inside the front driver side
instrument panel. It will be
necessary to have a technician
connect the 12-volt power to the
engine compartment fuse block.
Page 245 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
244 Driving and Operating Trailer Lamps Always check all trailer lamps are
working at the beginning of each
trip, and periodically on longer trips.
Turn Signals When Towing a
Trailer When properly connected, the trailer
turn signals will illuminate to indicate
the vehicle is turning, changing
lanes, or stopping. When towing a
trailer, the arrows on the instrument
cluster will illuminate even if the
trailer is not properly connected or
the bulbs are burned out.
Tow/Haul Mode For instructions on how to enter
Tow/Haul mode, see Driver Mode
Control 0 202 .
Tow/Haul assists when pulling a
heavy trailer or a large or heavy
load. See Tow/Haul Mode 0 196 .
Tow/Haul Mode is designed to be
most effective when the vehicle and
trailer combined weight is at least
75% of the vehicle's Gross Combined Weight Rating (GCWR).
See “ Weight of the Trailer ” under
Trailer Towing 0 238 .
Tow/Haul Mode is most useful when
pulling a heavy trailer or a large or
heavy load:
.
through rolling terrain
.
in stop-and-go traffic
.
in busy parking lots
Operating the vehicle in Tow/Haul
Mode when lightly loaded or not
towing will not cause damage;
however, it is not recommended and
may result in unpleasant engine and
transmission driving characteristics
and reduced fuel economy.
Trailer Sway
Control (TSC) Vehicles with StabiliTrak/Electronic
Stability Control (ESC) have a
Trailer Sway Control (TSC) feature.
Trailer sway is unintended
side-to-side motion of a trailer while
towing. If the vehicle is towing a
trailer and the TSC detects that
sway is increasing, the vehicle brakes are selectively applied at
each wheel, to help reduce
excessive trailer sway. If equipped
with the Integrated Trailer Brake
Control (ITBC) system, and the
trailer has an electric brake system,
StabiliTrak/ESC may also apply the
trailer brakes.
If TSC is enabled, the Traction
Control System (TCS)/StabiliTrak/
ESC warning light will flash on the
instrument cluster. Reduce vehicle
speed by gradually removing your
foot from the accelerator. If trailer
sway continues, StabiliTrak/ESC
can reduce engine torque to help
slow the vehicle. TSC will not
function if StabiliTrak/ESC is turned
off. See Traction Control/Electronic
Stability Control 0 200 .
Page 291 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
290 Vehicle Care Vehicles with 255/65R18 or
255/55R20 size tires require
inflation pressure adjustment when
driving the vehicle at speeds of
160 km/h (100 mph) or higher. Set
the cold inflation pressure to the
maximum inflation pressure shown
on the tire sidewall, or 280 kPa
(41 psi), whichever is lower. Return
the tires to the recommended cold
tire inflation pressure when
high-speed driving has ended. See
Vehicle Load Limits 0 177 and
Tire Pressure 0 288 .
The maximum load and inflation
pressure is molded on the tire
sidewall, in small letters, near the
rim flange. It will read something like
this: Maximum load
690 kg (1,521 lbs) 300 kPa (44 psi)
Max. Press.
Tire Pressure Monitor
System The Tire Pressure Monitor System
(TPMS) uses radio and sensor
technology to check tire pressure
levels. The TPMS sensors monitor the air pressure in your tires and
transmit tire pressure readings to a
receiver located in the vehicle.
Each tire, including the spare (if
provided), should be checked
monthly when cold and inflated to
the inflation pressure recommended
by the vehicle manufacturer on the
vehicle placard or tire inflation
pressure label. (If your vehicle has
tires of a different size than the size
indicated on the vehicle placard or
tire inflation pressure label, you
should determine the proper tire
inflation pressure for those tires.)
As an added safety feature, your
vehicle has been equipped with a
tire pressure monitoring system
(TPMS) that illuminates a low tire
pressure telltale when one or more
of your tires is significantly
under-inflated.
Accordingly, when the low tire
pressure telltale illuminates, you
should stop and check your tires as
soon as possible, and inflate them
to the proper pressure. Driving on a
significantly under-inflated tire
causes the tire to overheat and can lead to tire failure. Under-inflation
also reduces fuel efficiency and tire
tread life, and may affect the
vehicle's handling and stopping
ability.
Please note that the TPMS is not a
substitute for proper tire
maintenance, and it is the driver's
responsibility to maintain correct tire
pressure, even if under-inflation has
not reached the level to trigger
illumination of the TPMS low tire
pressure telltale.
Your vehicle has also been
equipped with a TPMS malfunction
indicator to indicate when the
system is not operating properly.
The TPMS malfunction indicator is
combined with the low tire pressure
telltale. When the system detects a
malfunction, the telltale will flash for
approximately one minute and then
remain continuously illuminated.
This sequence will continue upon
subsequent vehicle start-ups as
long as the malfunction exists.
When the malfunction indicator is
illuminated, the system may not be
able to detect or signal low tire
Page 294 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
Vehicle Care 293Tire Fill Alert (If Equipped) This feature provides visual and
audible alerts outside the vehicle to
help when inflating an underinflated
tire to the recommended cold tire
pressure.
When the low tire pressure warning
light comes on:
1. Park the vehicle in a safe, level
place.
2. Set the parking brake firmly.
3. Place the vehicle in P (Park).
4. Add air to the tire that is
underinflated. The turn signal
lamp will flash.
When the recommended
pressure is reached, the horn
sounds once and the turn
signal lamp will stop flashing
and briefly turn solid.
Repeat these steps for all
underinflated tires that have
illuminated the low tire pressure
warning light. { WarningOverinflating a tire could cause
the tire to rupture and you or
others could be injured. Do not
exceed the maximum pressure
listed on the tire sidewall. See
Tire Sidewall Labeling 0 283 and
Vehicle Load Limits 0 177 .
If the tire is overinflated by more
than 35 kPa (5 psi), the horn will
sound multiple times and the turn
signal lamp will continue to flash for
several seconds after filling stops.
To release and correct the pressure,
while the turn signal lamp is still
flashing, briefly press the center of
the valve stem. When the
recommended pressure is reached,
the horn sounds once.
If the turn signal lamp does not flash
within 15 seconds after starting to
inflate the tire, the tire fill alert has
not been activated or is not working.
If the hazard warning flashers are
on, the tire fill alert visual feedback
will not work properly. The TPMS will not activate the tire
fill alert properly under the following
conditions:
.
There is interference from an
external device or transmitter.
.
The air pressure from the
inflation device is not sufficient
to inflate the tire.
.
There is a malfunction in
the TPMS.
.
There is a malfunction in the
horn or turn signal lamps.
.
The identification code of the
TPMS sensor is not registered to
the system.
.
The battery of the TPMS sensor
is low.
If the tire fill alert does not operate
due to TPMS interference, move the
vehicle about 1 m (3 ft) back or
forward and try again. If the tire fill
alert feature is not working, use a
tire pressure gauge.
Page 295 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
294 Vehicle Care TPMS Sensor Matching
Process Each TPMS sensor has a unique
identification code. The identification
code needs to be matched to a new
tire/wheel position after rotating the
vehicle ’ s tires or replacing one or
more of the TPMS sensors. The
TPMS sensor matching process
should also be performed after
replacing a spare tire with a road
tire containing the TPMS sensor.
The malfunction light and the DIC
message should go off at the next
ignition cycle. The sensors are
matched to the tire/wheel positions,
using a TPMS relearn tool, in the
following order: driver side front tire,
passenger side front tire, passenger
side rear tire, and driver side rear.
See your dealer for service or to
purchase a relearn tool. A TPMS
relearn tool can also be purchased.
See Tire Pressure Monitor Sensor
Activation Tool at
www.gmtoolsandequipment.com or
call 1-800-GM TOOLS
(1-800-468-6657). There are two minutes to match the
first tire/wheel position, and
five minutes overall to match all four
tire/wheel positions. If it takes
longer, the matching process stops
and must be restarted.
The TPMS sensor matching
process is:
1. Set the parking brake.
2. Place the vehicle in Service
Mode. See Ignition Positions
0 181 .
3. Make sure the Tire Pressure
info page option is turned on.
The info pages on the DIC can
be turned on and off through
the Options menu. See Driver
Information Center (DIC) (Base
Level) 0 130 or
Driver Information Center (DIC)
(Uplevel) 0 133 .
4. Use the DIC controls on the
right side of the steering wheel
to scroll to the Tire Pressure
screen under the DIC
info page. 5. Press and hold
V in the center
of the DIC controls.
The horn sounds twice to
signal the receiver is in relearn
mode and the TIRE
LEARNING ACTIVE message
displays on the DIC screen.
6. Start with the driver side
front tire.
7. Place the relearn tool against
the tire sidewall, near the valve
stem. Then press the button to
activate the TPMS sensor.
A horn chirp confirms that the
sensor identification code has
been matched to this tire and
wheel position.
8. Proceed to the passenger side
front tire, and repeat the
procedure in Step 7.
9. Proceed to the passenger side
rear tire, and repeat the
procedure in Step 7.
10. Proceed to the driver side rear
tire, and repeat the procedure
in Step 7. The horn sounds two
times to indicate the sensor
Page 362 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
OnStar 361.
Press
Q to speak with an
Advisor.
OnStar or connected services
cannot work unless the vehicle is in
a place where OnStar has an
agreement with a wireless service
provider for service in that area. The
wireless service provider must also
have coverage, network capacity,
reception, and technology
compatible with OnStar or
connected services. Service
involving location information about
the vehicle cannot work unless GPS
signals are available, unobstructed,
and compatible with the OnStar
hardware. OnStar or connected
services may not work if the OnStar
equipment is not properly installed
or it has not been properly
maintained. If equipment or software
is added, connected, or modified,
OnStar or connected services may
not work. Other problems beyond
the control of OnStar — such as
hills, tall buildings, tunnels, weather,
electrical system design and
architecture of the vehicle, damage to the vehicle in a crash, or wireless
phone network congestion or
jamming — may prevent service.
See Radio Frequency Statement
0 354 .
Services for People with
Disabilities Advisors provide services to help
with physical disabilities and
medical conditions.
Press
Q to help:
.
Locate a gas station with an
attendant to pump gas.
.
Find a hotel, restaurant, etc.,
that meets accessibility needs.
.
Provide directions to the closest
hospital or pharmacy in urgent
situations.
TTY Users
OnStar has the ability to
communicate to deaf,
hard-of-hearing, or speech-impaired
customers while in the vehicle. The
available dealer-installed TTY
system can provide in-vehicle access to all OnStar services,
except Virtual Advisor and OnStar
Turn-by-Turn Navigation.
If equipped, TTY mode can be
turned on or off by touching
Settings, then Apps, and then
Phone. When TTY mode is on,
phone calls can be made or
received with OnStar using the
infotainment display.
OnStar Personal Identification
Number (PIN) A PIN is needed to access some
OnStar services. The PIN will need
to be changed the first time when
speaking with an Advisor. To
change the OnStar PIN, contact an
OnStar Advisor by pressing
Q or
calling 1-888-4ONSTAR.
Warranty
OnStar equipment may be
warranted as part of the vehicle
warranty.
Page 363 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
362 OnStar Languages The vehicle can be programmed to
respond in multiple languages.
Press
Q and ask for an Advisor.
Advisors are available in English,
Spanish, and French. Available
languages may vary by country.
Potential Issues OnStar cannot perform Remote
Door Unlock or Stolen Vehicle
Assistance after the vehicle has
been off continuously for 10 days
without an ignition cycle. If the
vehicle has not been started for
10 days, OnStar can contact
Roadside Assistance or a locksmith
to help gain access to the vehicle.
Global Positioning
System (GPS) .
Obstruction of the GPS can
occur in a large city with tall
buildings; in parking garages;
around airports; in tunnels and
underpasses; or in an area with
very dense trees. If GPS signals
are not available, the OnStar
system should still operate to call OnStar. However, OnStar
could have difficulty identifying
the exact location.
.
In emergency situations, OnStar
can use the last stored GPS
location to send to emergency
responders.
A temporary loss of GPS can cause
loss of the ability to send a
Turn-by-Turn Navigation route. The
Advisor may give a verbal route or
may ask for a call back after the
vehicle is driven into an open area.
Cellular and GPS Antennas Cellular reception is required for
OnStar to send remote signals to
the vehicle. Do not place items over
or near the antenna to prevent
blocking cellular and GPS signal
reception.
Unable to Connect to OnStar
Message
If there is limited cellular coverage
or the cellular network has reached
maximum capacity, this message may come on. Press
Q to try the
call again or try again after driving a
few miles into another cellular area.
Vehicle and Power Issues OnStar services require a vehicle
electrical system, wireless service,
and GPS satellite technologies to be
available and operating for features
to function properly. These systems
may not operate if the battery is
discharged or disconnected.
Add-on Electrical Equipment The OnStar system is integrated
into the electrical architecture of the
vehicle. Do not add any electrical
equipment. See Add-On Electrical
Equipment 0 246 . Added electrical
equipment may interfere with the
operation of the OnStar system and
cause it to not operate.
Vehicle Software Updates
OnStar or GM may remotely deliver
software updates or changes to the
vehicle without further notice or
consent. These updates or changes
may enhance or maintain safety,
Page 378 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
Index 377Seat Belts (cont'd)
Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Extender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
How to Wear Seat Belts
Properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Replacing after a Crash . . . . . . . . 61
Use During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . 59
Seats
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Heated and Ventilated Front . . . . 46
Heated, Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Lumbar Adjustment, Front . . . . . . 42
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Power Adjustment, Front . . . . . . . 42
Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Reclining Seatbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Third Row Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Securing Child Restraints . . . . 91, 93
Security
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Vehicle Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Accessories and
Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Service (cont'd)
Doing Your Own Work . . . . . . . . 249
Maintenance Records . . . . . . . . 339
Maintenance, General
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Parts Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . 349
Service Electric Parking
Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Services
Special Application . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Servicing the Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Shifting
Into Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Out of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Side Blind Zone Alert (SBZA) . . . 226
Signals, Turn and
Lane-Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Spare Tire
Compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Special Application Services . . . . 333
Specifications and
Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Sport Mode Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
StabiliTrak
OFF Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Start Assist, Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Start Vehicle, Remote . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Starter Switch Check . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Starting the Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Heated Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Wheel Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Wheel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Stop/Start System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Storage Areas
Cargo Management System . . . . 97
Center Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Glove Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Roof Rack System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Sunglasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Storage Compartments . . . . . . . . . . 96
Struts
Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Stuck Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Sun Visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Sunglass Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
System
Engine Air Filter Life . . . . . . . . . . 257
Forward Collision
Alert (FCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Infotainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 357
Roof Rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Page 379 of 381

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13527524) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
378 Index Systems
Driver Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
T Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Text Telephone (TTY) Users . . . . 347
Theft-Deterrent Systems . . . . . . . . . 29
Immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Third-Row Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
All-Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Buying New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Compact Spare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Different Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
If a Tire Goes Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288, 289
Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Pressure Monitor Operation . . 291
Pressure Monitor System . . . . . 290
Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Sidewall Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Terminology and Definitions . . 285 Tires (cont'd)
Uniform Tire Quality
Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Wheel Alignment and Tire
Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Wheel Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 301
When It Is Time for New
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Top Tier Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Tow/Haul Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Tow/Haul Mode Light . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Towing
Driving Characteristics . . . . . . . . 234
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
General Information . . . . . . . . . . 234
Recreational Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . 314
Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Trailer Sway Control (TSC) . . . 244
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Traction
Control System
(TCS)/StabiliTrak Light . . . . . . 127
Off Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Traction Control/Electronic
Stability Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Trailer
Sway Control (TSC) . . . . . . . . . . 244 Trailer (cont'd)
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Transmission
Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fluid, Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Transportation Program,
Courtesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Trip Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Turn and Lane-Change
Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
U Uniform Tire Quality Grading . . . 299
Universal Remote System . . . . . . 142
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Using This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
V Vehicle
Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Canadian Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Identification Number (VIN) . . . 340
Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Personalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Remote Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28