traction control CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 2020 Owner's Guide
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: CHEVROLET, Model Year: 2020, Model line: SILVERADO 1500, Model: CHEVROLET SILVERADO 1500 2020Pages: 500, PDF Size: 9.71 MB
Page 400 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
Vehicle Care 399
Treadwear indicators are one way to
tell when it is time for new tires.
Treadwear indicators appear when
the tires have only 1.6 mm (1/16 in)
or less of tread remaining. Some
commercial truck tires may not have
treadwear indicators. SeeTire
Inspection 0396 and
Tire Rotation 0396 for additional
information.
The rubber in tires ages over time.
This also applies to the spare tire,
if the vehicle has one, even if it is
never used. Multiple factors
including temperatures, loading
conditions, and inflation pressure
maintenance affect how fast aging takes place. GM recommends that
tires, including the spare if
equipped, be replaced after six
years, regardless of tread wear. To
identify the age of a tire, use the tire
manufacture date which is the last
four digits of the DOT Tire
Identification Number (TIN) which is
molded into one side of the tire
sidewall. The first two digits
represent the week (01-52) and the
last two digits, the year. For
example, the third week of the year
2010 would have a four-digit DOT
date of 0310.
Vehicle Storage
Tires age when stored normally
mounted on a parked vehicle. Park
a vehicle that will be stored for at
least a month in a cool, dry, clean
area away from direct sunlight to
slow aging. This area should be free
of grease, gasoline, or other
substances that can deteriorate
rubber.
Parking for an extended period can
cause flat spots on the tires that
may result in vibrations while
driving. When storing a vehicle for
at least a month, remove the tires or
raise the vehicle to reduce the
weight from the tires.
Buying New Tires
GM has developed and matched
specific tires for the vehicle. The
original equipment tires installed
were designed to meet General
Motors Tire Performance Criteria
Specification (TPC Spec)
system rating. When
replacement tires are needed,
GM strongly recommends
buying tires with the same TPC
Spec rating.
GM's exclusive TPC Spec
system considers over a dozen
critical specifications that impact
the overall performance of the
vehicle, including brake system
performance, ride and handling,
traction control, and tire
pressure monitoring
performance. GM's TPC Spec
number is molded onto the tire's
Page 402 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
Vehicle Care 401
Winter tires with the same speed
rating as the original equipment
tires may not be available for H,
V, W, Y and ZR speed rated
tires. Never exceed the winter
tires’maximum speed capability
when using winter tires with a
lower speed rating.
If the vehicle tires must be
replaced with a tire that does not
have a TPC Spec number, make
sure they are the same size,
load range, speed rating, and
construction (radial) as the
original tires.
Vehicles that have a tire
pressure monitoring system
could give an inaccurate
low-pressure warning if non-TPC
Spec rated tires are installed.
See Tire Pressure Monitor
System 0389.
The Tire and Loading
Information label indicates the
original equipment tires on the vehicle. See
Vehicle Load Limits
0 200 for the label location and
more information about the Tire
and Loading Information label.
Different Size Tires and
Wheels
If wheels or tires are installed that
are a different size than the original
equipment wheels and tires, vehicle
performance, including its braking,
ride and handling characteristics,
stability, and resistance to rollover
may be affected. If the vehicle has
electronic systems such as antilock
brakes, rollover airbags, traction
control, electronic stability control,
or All-Wheel Drive, the performance
of these systems can also be
affected.
{Warning
If different sized wheels are used,
there may not be an acceptable
level of performance and safety if
tires not recommended for those
(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
wheels are selected. This
increases the chance of a crash
and serious injury. Only use GM
specific wheel and tire systems
developed for the vehicle, and
have them properly installed by a
GM certified technician.
See Buying New Tires 0399 and
Accessories and Modifications
0 329.
Uniform Tire Quality
Grading
The following information relates
to the system developed by the
United States National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA), which grades tires by
treadwear, traction, and
temperature performance. This
applies only to vehicles sold in
the United States. The grades
are molded on the sidewalls of
most passenger car tires. The
Page 403 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
402 Vehicle Care
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
(UTQG) system does not apply
to deep tread, winter tires,
compact spare tires, tires with
nominal rim diameters of
10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm),
or to some limited-production
tires.
While the tires available on
General Motors passenger cars
and light trucks may vary with
respect to these grades, they
must also conform to federal
safety requirements and
additional General Motors Tire
Performance Criteria (TPC)
standards.
Quality grades can be found
where applicable on the tire
sidewall between tread shoulder
and maximum section width. For
example:Treadwear 200 Traction AA
Temperature A
All Passenger Car Tires Must
Conform to Federal Safety
Requirements In Addition To
These Grades.
Treadwear
The treadwear grade is a
comparative rating based on the
wear rate of the tire when tested
under controlled conditions on a
specified government test
course. For example, a tire
graded 150 would wear one and
one-half (1½) times as well on
the government course as a tire
graded 100. The relative
performance of tires depends
upon the actual conditions of
their use, however, and may
depart significantly from the
norm due to variations in driving
habits, service practices and
differences in road
characteristics and climate.Traction
The traction grades, from
highest to lowest, are AA, A, B,
and C. Those grades represent
the tire's ability to stop on wet
pavement as measured under
controlled conditions on
specified government test
surfaces of asphalt and
concrete. A tire marked C may
have poor traction performance.
Warning: The traction grade
assigned to this tire is based on
straight-ahead braking traction
tests, and does not include
acceleration, cornering,
hydroplaning, or peak traction
characteristics.
Temperature
The temperature grades are A
(the highest), B, and C,
representing the tire's resistance
to the generation of heat and its
ability to dissipate heat when
tested under controlled
conditions on a specified indoor
Page 405 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/10/19
404 Vehicle Care
Caution
The wrong wheel can also cause
problems with bearing life, brake
cooling, speedometer or
odometer calibration, headlamp
aim, bumper height, vehicle
ground clearance, and tire or tire
chain clearance to the body and
chassis.
Whenever a wheel, wheel bolt,
or wheel nut is replaced on a dual
wheel setup, check the wheel nut
torque after 160,1 600, and
10 000 km (100,1,000, and
6,000 mi) of driving. For proper
torque, see “Wheel Nut Torque”
under Capacities and Specifications
0 457.
See If a Tire Goes Flat 0405 for
more information. Used Replacement Wheels{Warning
Replacing a wheel with a used
one is dangerous. How it has
been used or how far it has been
driven may be unknown. It could
fail suddenly and cause a crash.
When replacing wheels, use a
new GM original equipment
wheel.
Tire Chains
{Warning
If the vehicle has LT275/65R18,
275/60R20, LT275/65R20, or 275/
50R22 size tires, do not use tire
chains. If the vehicle is a 1500
Series with LT265/70R17 size
tires, do not use tire chains. They
can damage the vehicle because
there is not enough clearance.
Tire chains used on a vehicle
(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
without the proper amount of
clearance can cause damage to
the brakes, suspension, or other
vehicle parts. The area damaged
by the tire chains could cause you
to lose control of the vehicle, and
you or others may be injured in a
crash.
Use another type of traction
device only if its manufacturer
recommends it for use on the
vehicle's tire size combination
and road conditions. Follow that
manufacturer's instructions. To
help avoid damage to the vehicle,
drive slowly, readjust, or remove
the device if it is contacting the
vehicle, and do not spin the
vehicle's wheels.
If you do find traction devices that
will fit, install them on the rear
tires.
Page 489 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/2/19
488 Index
CargoTie-Downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Caution, Danger, and Warning . . . . 2
Center Console Storage . . . . . . . . 114
Center High-Mounted Stoplamp (CHMSL) and
Cargo Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Center Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chains, Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Charging Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Charging System Light . . . . . . . . . 137
Check Engine Light (MalfunctionIndicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Ignition Transmission Lock . . . 363
Child Restraints Infants and Young Children . . . . . 87
Lower Anchors and Tethersfor Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Older Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 108, 109
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Cleaning Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Climate Control Systems . . . . . . . 177 Climate Control Systems (cont'd)
Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Dual Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Cluster, Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Collision Damage Repair . . . . . . . 468
Compartments Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Connected Services Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Connections Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . 484
Control Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Traction and Electronic
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Control Light Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Convex Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Coolant
Engine Temperature Gauge . . 134
Engine TemperatureWarning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177, 179
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Courtesy Transportation
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Cruise Control, Adaptive . . . . . . . . 246
Cupholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Customer Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Text Telephone (TTY)Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Customer Information Publications OrderingInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Customer Satisfaction
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . . . 468
Danger, Warning, and Caution . . . . 2
Data Collection Infotainment System . . . . . . . . . . 474
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . . . 473
Daytime Running
Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Page 493 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/2/19
492 Index
Lamps (cont'd)Exterior Lamps Off
Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Exterior Lighting Battery
Saver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Malfunction Indicator (Check Engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Lane Change Alert (LCA) . . . . . . . 275
Lane Departure Warning (LDW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Lane Departure Warning
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Lane Keep Assist (LKA) . . . . . . . . 278
Lane Keep Assist Light . . . . . . . . . 142
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
LATCH System Replacing Parts after aCrash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Lighting Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Lighting (cont'd)
LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Lights
Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Antilock Brake System(ABS) Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . 140
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Check Engine (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Driver Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . 145
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . 140
Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Engine Coolant
Temperature Warning . . . . . . . 144
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 146
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Four-Wheel-Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Front Fog Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . 167
Hill Descent Control . . . . . . . . . . 142
Lane Departure Warning . . . . . . 142
Lane Keep Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Lights (cont'd)
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Seat Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . . . 135
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Service Electric Parking
Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Tow/Haul Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Limited-Slip Differential . . . . . . . . . 243
Lock Steering Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Locking Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Locks Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . . 146
Low-Profile Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH
System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Lumbar Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Page 496 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/2/19
Index 495
Retained AccessoryPower (RAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Reverse Tilt Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Ride Control Systems Enhanced TractionSystem (ETS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Roads
Driving, Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Roadside Assistance Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Roof
Sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Rotation, Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Routing, Engine Drive Belt . . . . . . 460
Running the Vehicle While Parked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
S
Safety Defects Reporting
Canadian Government . . . . . . . . 472
General Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
U.S. Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Safety Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Safety System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . . . 467
Seat Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Extender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Seat Belts (cont'd)
How to Wear Seat Belts
Properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Replacing after a Crash . . . . . . . . 72
Use During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . 70
Seats Adjustment, Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Center Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Heated and Ventilated Front . . . . 61
Heated, Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Lumbar Adjustment, Front . . . . . . 57
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Power Adjustment, Front . . . . . . . 56
Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Reclining Seatbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Underseat Storage . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Securing Child Restraints . . . . . . . . . . .105, 108, 109
Security Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Vehicle Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Service (cont'd)
Accessories and
Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Climate Control System . . . . . . . 177
Doing Your Own Work . . . . . . . . 330
Maintenance Records . . . . . . . . 455
Maintenance, General
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Parts Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . 467
Service Electric Parking Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Services Special Application . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Servicing the Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Shift Lock Control Function Check, Automatic
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Shifting Into Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Out of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Side Blind Zone Alert (SBZA) . . . 274
Signals, Turn and Lane-Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Snow Plow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Special Application Services . . . . 447
Specifications and Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Page 498 of 500

Chevrolet Silverado Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
13337620) - 2020 - CRC - 4/2/19
Index 497
Towing (cont'd)General Information . . . . . . . . . . 287
Recreational Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . 424
Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Trailer Sway Control (TSC) . . . 308
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Traction Limited-Slip Differential . . . . . . . 243
Off Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Traction Control/Electronic Stability Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Trailer Sway Control (TSC) . . . . . . . . . . 308
Tow Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Trailer Towing App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Trailering App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Transfer Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Transmission
Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Fluid, Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Transportation Program,
Courtesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Trip Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Truck-Camper Loading Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Turn and Lane-Change
Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Turn Signal Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
U
Underseat Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Uniform Tire Quality Grading . . . 401
Universal Remote System . . . . . . 161Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Using This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
V
Vehicle
Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Canadian Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Identification Number (VIN) . . . 456
Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Personalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Remote Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Speed Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Vehicle Ahead Indicator . . . . . . . . 143 Vehicle Care
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Vehicle Data Recording and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Vehicle Security Steering Column Lock . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ventilation, Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Voltmeter Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
W
Warning
Brake System Light . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Caution and Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lane Departure (LDW) . . . . . . . 277
Warning Lights, Gauges, and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Warnings Hazard Flashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Washer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Wheels Alignment and Tire Balance . . 403
Different Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
When It Is Time for New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Where to Put the Restraint . . . . . . 91
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48