steering CHEVROLET SPARK 2019 Workshop Manual

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
246 Vehicle Care
FusesUsage
LPM Linear power module
PEPS Passive entry/ Passive start
DLIS (Non AT S&S) Discrete logic
ignition switch
(non-CVT stop and
start)
FCA Forward collision alert
IPC Instrument cluster
RLAD Reflected LED alert display
HLLD SW Headlamp leveling switch
FRT
PWR WNDW Front power
window
REAR
PWR WNDW Rear power
window
– –
MTA Automated manual transmission
module Fuses
Usage
APO Auxiliary power outlet
S/ROOF Sunroof CGM Central gate module
– –
BCM8 Body control module 8
BCM7 Body control module 7
BCM6 Body control module 6
BCM5 Body control module 5
BCM4 Body control module 4
BCM3 Body control module 3
BCM2 (Non AT S&S) Body control
module 2 (non-CVT
stop and start) Fuses
Usage
BCM1 (Non AT S&S) Body control
module 1 (non-CVT
stop and start)
DLIS
(AT S&S) Discrete logic
ignition switch
(CVT stop and
start)
SWC BKLT Steering wheel controls
backlighting
– –
TRANS (200/ 400W)/
LOGISTICS DC DC converter/
Logistics
EXP
PWR WNDW Driver express
power window
BLWR Blower motor
HTD/SEAT Front heated seats
HVAC CNTR HVAC module HTD/STR Heated steering wheel
BCM2
(AT S&S) Body control
module 2 (CVT stop
and start)

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
266 Vehicle Care
Used Replacement Wheels
{Warning
Replacing a wheel with a used
one is dangerous. How it has
been used or how far it has been
driven may be unknown. It could
fail suddenly and cause a crash.
When replacing wheels, use a
new GM original equipment
wheel.
Tire Chains
{Warning
Do not use tire chains. There is
not enough clearance. Tire chains
used on a vehicle without the
proper amount of clearance can
cause damage to the brakes,
suspension, or other vehicle
parts. The area damaged by the
tire chains could cause loss of
control and a crash.(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
Use another type of traction
device only if its manufacturer
recommends it for the vehicle's
tire size combination and road
conditions. Follow that
manufacturer's instructions. To
avoid vehicle damage, drive slow
and readjust or remove the
traction device if it contacts the
vehicle. Do not spin the wheels.
If traction devices are used, install
them on the front tires.
If a Tire Goes Flat
It is unusual for a tire to blow out
while driving, especially if the tires
are maintained properly. See Tires
0 247. If air goes out of a tire, it is
much more likely to leak out slowly.
But if there ever is a blowout, here
are a few tips about what to expect
and what to do:
If a front tire fails, the flat tire
creates a drag that pulls the vehicle
toward that side. Take your foot off the accelerator pedal and grip the
steering wheel firmly. Steer to
maintain lane position, and then
gently brake to a stop, well off the
road, if possible.
A rear blowout, particularly on a
curve, acts much like a skid and
may require the same correction as
used in a skid. Stop pressing the
accelerator pedal and steer to
straighten the vehicle. It may be
very bumpy and noisy. Gently brake
to a stop, well off the road,
if possible.
{Warning
Driving on a flat tire will cause
permanent damage to the tire.
Re-inflating a tire after it has been
driven on while severely
underinflated or flat may cause a
blowout and a serious crash.
Never attempt to re-inflate a tire
that has been driven on while
severely underinflated or flat.
Have your dealer or an authorized
(Continued)

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
Vehicle Care 279
Caution
Towing the vehicle from the rear
could damage it. Also, repairs
would not be covered by the
vehicle warranty. Never have the
vehicle towed from the rear.
To disconnect the towed vehicle: 1. Park on a level surface.
2. Apply the parking brake.
3. Make sure that the ignition is off. 4. Remove any tape, glue,
or excess material from the
negative battery post.
5. Connect the battery. See “Negative Battery Cable
Reconnection” underBattery -
North America 0231.
6. Disconnect the vehicle from the tow vehicle.
7. Release the parking brake.
Dolly Towing
To tow the vehicle with the two rear
wheels on the ground and the front
wheels on a dolly: 1. Put the front wheels on a dolly.
2. Shift an automatic transmission into P (Park) or a manual
transmission into 1 (First) gear.
3. Set the parking brake.
4. Clamp the steering wheel in a straight-ahead position with a
clamping device designed for
towing.
5. Turn the ignition off.
6. Secure the vehicle to the dolly.
7. Release the parking brake.

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
284 Vehicle Care
Caution (Continued)
brushes. Damage could occur
and the repairs would not be
covered by the vehicle warranty.
Brake System
Visually inspect brake lines and
hoses for proper hook-up, binding,
leaks, cracks, chafing, etc. Inspect
disc brake pads for wear and rotors
for surface condition. Inspect drum
brake linings/shoes for wear or
cracks. Inspect all other brake parts.
Steering, Suspension, and
Chassis Components
Visually inspect steering,
suspension, and chassis
components for damaged, loose,
or missing parts or signs of wear at
least once a year.
Inspect power steering for proper
attachment, connections, binding,
leaks, cracks, chafing, etc.
Visually check constant velocity joint
boots and axle seals for leaks.
Body Component Lubrication
Lubricate all key lock cylinders,
hood hinges, liftgate hinges, and the
steel fuel door hinges, unless the
components are plastic. Applying
silicone grease on weatherstrips
with a clean cloth will make them
last longer, seal better, and not stick
or squeak.
Underbody Maintenance
At least twice a year, spring and fall,
use plain water to flush any
corrosive materials from the
underbody. Take care to thoroughly
clean any areas where mud and
other debris can collect.
Do not directly power wash the
transfer case and/or front/rear axle
output seals. High pressure water
can overcome the seals and
contaminate the fluid. Contaminated
fluid will decrease the life of the
transfer case and/or axles and
should be replaced.
Sheet Metal Damage
If the vehicle is damaged and
requires sheet metal repair or
replacement, make sure the body
repair shop applies anti-corrosion
material to parts repaired or
replaced to restore corrosion
protection.
Original manufacturer replacement
parts will provide the corrosion
protection while maintaining the
vehicle warranty.
Finish Damage
Quickly repair minor chips and
scratches with touch-up materials
available from your dealer to avoid
corrosion. Larger areas of finish
damage can be corrected in your
dealer's body and paint shop.
Chemical Paint Spotting
Airborne pollutants can fall upon
and attack painted vehicle surfaces
causing blotchy, ring-shaped
discolorations, and small, irregular
dark spots etched into the paint
surface. See“Finish Care”
previously in this section.

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
292 Service and Maintenance
.Inspect brake system. See
Exterior Care 0280.
. Visually inspect steering,
suspension, and chassis
components for damage,
including cracks or tears in the
rubber boots, loose or missing
parts, or signs of wear at least
once a year. See Exterior Care
0 280.
. Inspect power steering for
proper attachment, connections,
binding, leaks, cracks,
chafing, etc.
. Visually inspect halfshafts and
drive shafts for excessive wear,
lubricant leaks, and/or damage
including: tube dents or cracks,
constant velocity joint or
universal joint looseness,
cracked or missing boots, loose
or missing boot clamps, center
bearing excessive looseness,
loose or missing fasteners, and
axle seal leaks. .
Check restraint system
components. See Safety System
Check 059.
. Visually inspect fuel system for
damage or leaks.
. Visually inspect exhaust system
and nearby heat shields for
loose or damaged parts.
. Lubricate body components. See
Exterior Care 0280.
. Check starter switch. See Starter
Switch Check 0232.
. Check automatic transmission
shift lock control function. See
Automatic Transmission Shift
Lock Control Function Check
0233. .
Check ignition transmission lock.
See Ignition Transmission Lock
Check 0233.
. Check parking brake and
automatic transmission park
mechanism. See Park Brake and
P (Park) Mechanism Check
0 233.
. Check accelerator pedal for
damage, high effort, or binding.
Replace if needed.
. Visually inspect gas strut for
signs of wear, cracks, or other
damage. Check the hold open
ability of the strut. If the hold
open is low, service the gas
strut. See Gas Strut(s) 0235.

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
298 Service and Maintenance
Shocks and Struts
Shocks and struts help aid in control
for a smoother ride.
.Signs of wear may include
steering wheel vibration, bounce/
sway while braking, longer
stopping distance, or uneven
tire wear.
. As part of the multi-point
inspection, trained dealer
technicians can visually inspect
the shocks and struts for signs
of leaking, blown seals,
or damage, and can advise
when service is needed.
Tires
Tires need to be properly inflated,
rotated, and balanced. Maintaining
the tires can save money and fuel,
and can reduce the risk of tire
failure.
. Signs that the tires need to be
replaced include three or more
visible treadwear indicators; cord
or fabric showing through the rubber; cracks or cuts in the
tread or sidewall; or a bulge or
split in the tire.
. Trained dealer technicians can
inspect and recommend the right
tires. Your dealer can also
provide tire/wheel balancing
services to ensure smooth
vehicle operation at all speeds.
Your dealer sells and services
name brand tires.
Vehicle Care
To help keep the vehicle looking like
new, vehicle care products are
available from your dealer. For
information on how to clean and
protect the vehicle’s interior and
exterior, see Interior Care 0285 and
Exterior Care 0280.
Wheel Alignment
Wheel alignment is critical for
ensuring that the tires deliver
optimal wear and performance.
. Signs that the alignment may
need to be adjusted include
pulling, improper vehicle
handling, or unusual tire wear. .
Your dealer has the required
equipment to ensure proper
wheel alignment.
Windshield
For safety, appearance, and the
best viewing, keep the windshield
clean and clear.
. Signs of damage include
scratches, cracks, and chips.
. Trained dealer technicians can
inspect the windshield and
recommend proper replacement
if needed.
Wiper Blades
Wiper blades need to be cleaned
and kept in good condition to
provide a clear view.
. Signs of wear include streaking,
skipping across the windshield,
and worn or split rubber.
. Trained dealer technicians can
check the wiper blades and
replace them when needed.

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
Customer Information 315
Publication Ordering
Information
Service Manuals
Service manuals have the diagnosis
and repair information on the
engine, transmission, axle,
suspension, brakes, electrical
system, steering system, body, etc.
Customer Literature
Owner’s manuals are written
specifically for owners and are
intended to provide basic
operational information about the
vehicle. The owner ’s manual
includes the Maintenance Schedule
for all models.
Customer literature publications
available for purchase include
owner ’s manuals, warranty
manuals, infotainment manuals, and
portfolios. Portfolios include an
owner ’s manual, warranty manual,
infotainment manual, if applicable,
and zip lock bag or pouch.
Current and Past Models
Service manuals and customer
literature are available for many
current and past model year GM
vehicles.
To order, call 1-800-551-4123
Monday–Friday, 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.
eastern time
For credit card orders only (VISA,
MasterCard, or Discover), see
Helm, Inc. at: www.helminc.com.
To order by mail, write to:
Helm, Incorporated
Attention: Customer Service
47911 Halyard Drive
Plymouth, MI 48170
Make checks payable in U.S. funds.
Radio Frequency
Statement
This vehicle has systems that
operate on a radio frequency that
complies with Part 15/Part 18 of the
Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) rules and with
Innovation, Science and Economic
Development (ISED) Canada's
RSP-100 / license-exempt
RSS's / ICES-001.
Operation is subject to the following
two conditions:
1. The device may not cause harmful interference.
2. The device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause
undesired operation of the
device.
Changes or modifications to any of
these systems by other than an
authorized service facility could void
authorization to use this equipment.

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
336 Index
K
Keyless EntryRemote (RKE) System . . . . . 27, 29
Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
L
Labeling, Tire Sidewall . . . . . . . . . . 249
Lamps Courtesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Daytime Running (DRL) . . . . . . 126
Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exterior Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exterior Lamps OffReminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Exterior Lighting Battery
Saver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Malfunction Indicator (Check Engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Lane Departure Warning (LDW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Lane Departure Warning
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 LATCH System
Replacing Parts after a
Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Liftgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Lighting Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . 129
LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Lights Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Antilock Brake System(ABS) Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . 107
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Check Engine (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Engine Coolant
Temperature Warning . . . . . . . . 111
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . .112
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Front Fog Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Lights (cont'd)
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . 126
Hood Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Lane Departure Warning . . . . . . 109
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Operate Pedal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Reduced Engine Power . . . . . . .113
Seat Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . . . 103
Service Vehicle Soon . . . . . . . . . 107
StabiliTrak OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Traction Control System
(TCS)/StabiliTrak . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Ultrasonic Parking Sensor . . . . 109
Up-Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Warning, Power Steering . . . . . 109
Locks Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . . 112

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
338 Index
Passenger Compartment AirFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Passenger Sensing System . . . . . 66
Perchlorate Materials Requirements, California . . . . . . 214
Personalization Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Phone Apple CarPlay andAndroid Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 147
Port USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Power Door Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Protection, Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Reduced Engine Light . . . . . . . . .113
Retained Accessory (RAP) . . . 183
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Power Steering Warning Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Pregnancy, Using Seat Belts . . . . 58
Privacy Vehicle Data Recording . . . . . . . 317
Program Courtesy Transportation . . . . . . .311 Prohibited Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Proposition
65 Warning,
California . . . . . . . . . . . .213, 231, 273, Back Cover
Publication Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
R
Radio Frequency Statement . . . . 315
Radio Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Radios
AM-FM Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Reading Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Rear Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Rear Vision Camera (RVC) . . . . . 199
Rear Window Washer/Wiper . . . . . 97
Rearview Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Reclining Seatbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Recommended Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Recommended Fluids and Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Records Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Recreational Vehicle Towing . . . . 277
Reduced Engine Power Light . . . 113 Reimbursement Program,
GM Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 29
Replacement Parts Airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Replacing Airbag System . . . . . . . . 72
Replacing LATCH System Parts after a Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Replacing Seat Belt System
Parts after a Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Reporting Safety Defects Canadian Government . . . . . . . . 316
General Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
U.S. Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Restraints Where to Put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Retained Accessory Power (RAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Roads
Driving, Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Roadside Assistance Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Roof
Sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Roof Rack System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Rotation, Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Chevrolet Spark Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada-12146335) -
2019 - CRC - 4/26/18
Index 339
Routing, Engine Drive Belt . . . . . . 304
Running the Vehicle WhileParked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
S
Safety Defects ReportingCanadian Government . . . . . . . . 316
General Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
U.S. Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Safety Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Safety System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Satellite Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . . . 311
Seat Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Extender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
How to Wear Seat BeltsProperly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Replacing after a Crash . . . . . . . . 60
Use During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . 58
Seats Adjustment, Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Heated Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Reclining Seatbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Securing Child Restraints . . . . 86, 88
Security
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Vehicle Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Accessories and
Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Climate Control System . . . . . . . 159
Doing Your Own Work . . . . . . . . 214
Maintenance Records . . . . . . . . 301
Maintenance, General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Parts Identification Label . . . . . 302
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . .311
Vehicle Soon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Services Special Application . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Servicing the Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Shift Lock Control Function Check, Automatic
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Shifting Into Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Out of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Signals, Turn and Lane-Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Spare Tire
Compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Special Application Services . . . . 296
Specifications and Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
StabiliTrak OFF Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Start Assist, Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Starter Switch Check . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Starting the Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Power, Warning Lights . . . . . . . . 109
Wheel Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Wheel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Stoplamps and Back-up Lamps
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Storage Areas Cargo Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Glove Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Roof Rack System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Storage Compartments . . . . . . . . . . 92
Struts Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Stuck Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sun Visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3