belt CHEVROLET VOLT 2012 1.G Workshop Manual

Black plate (1,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
Technical Data 12-1
Technical Data
Vehicle Identification
Vehicle IdentificationNumber (VIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
Service Parts Identification Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
Vehicle Data
Capacities andSpecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Engine Drive Belt Routing . . . 12-3
Vehicle Identification
Vehicle Identification
Number (VIN)
This legal identifier is in the front
corner of the instrument panel, on
the left side of the vehicle. It can be
seen through the windshield from
outside. The VIN also appears on
the Vehicle Certification and Service
Parts labels and certificates of title
and registration.
Engine Identification
The eighth character in the VIN is
the engine code. This code
identifies the vehicle's engine,
specifications, and replacement
parts. See “Engine Specifications”
under Capacities and Specifications
on page 12‑2 for the vehicle's
engine code.
Service Parts
Identification Label
The label is inside the right rear
cargo storage door and has the
following information:
.Vehicle Identification
Number (VIN).
.Model designation.
.Paint information.
.Production options and special
equipment.
Do not remove this label from the
vehicle.

Black plate (3,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
Technical Data 12-3
Engine Specifications
EngineVIN CodeElectric Drive Unit Spark Plug Gap
1.4L L4 4Automatic 0.7 mm (0.027 in)
Engine Drive Belt Routing

Black plate (16,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
13-16 Customer Information
Event Data Recorders
This vehicle has an Event Data
Recorder (EDR). The main purpose
of an EDR is to record, in certain
crash or near crash-like situations,
such as an airbag deployment or
hitting a road obstacle, data that will
assist in understanding how a
vehicle's systems performed. The
EDR is designed to record data
related to vehicle dynamics and
safety systems for a short period of
time, typically 30 seconds or less.
The EDR in this vehicle is designed
to record such data as:
.How various systems in the
vehicle were operating.
.Whether or not the driver and
passenger safety belts were
buckled/fastened.
.How far, if at all, the driver was
pressing the accelerator and/or
brake pedal.
.How fast the vehicle was
traveling.
This data can help provide a better
understanding of the circumstances
in which crashes and injuries occur.
Important: EDR data is recorded
by the vehicle only if a non-trivial
crash situation occurs; no data is
recorded by the EDR under normal
driving conditions and no personal
data (e.g., name, gender, age, and
crash location) is recorded.
However, other parties, such as law
enforcement, could combine the
EDR data with the type of
personally identifying data routinely
acquired during a crash
investigation. To read data recorded by an EDR,
special equipment is required, and
access to the vehicle or the EDR is
needed. In addition to the vehicle
manufacturer, other parties, such as
law enforcement, that have the
special equipment, can read the
information if they have access to
the vehicle or the EDR.
GM will not access this data or
share it with others except: with the
consent of the vehicle owner or,
if the vehicle is leased, with the
consent of the lessee; in response
to an official request by police or
similar government office; as part of
GM's defense of litigation through
the discovery process; or, as
required by law. Data that GM
collects or receives may also be
used for GM research needs or may
be made available to others for
research purposes, where a need is
shown and the data is not tied to a
specific vehicle or vehicle owner.

Black plate (3,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
INDEX i-3
Cooling System . . . . . . . . 10-15–10-17Engine Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Courtesy Transportation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-9
Cover Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-40
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Customer Assistance . . . . . . . . . . 13-4 Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3
Text Telephone (TTY)
Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4
Customer Information Service PublicationsOrdering Information . . . . . . 13-13
Customer Satisfaction Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . 13-10
Danger, Warnings, andCautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . 13-16
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Delayed Charging Override . . . . 9-51
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Devices, Auxiliary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18
Diagnostics, OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . 14-5
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Dome Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Door Ajar Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Power Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Drive Belt Routing, Engine . . . . . 12-3
Drive Mode Messages . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Drive Unit Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-31
Driver Efficiency Gauge . . . . . . . 5-15
Driver Information Center (DIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Driver Selected Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25
Driving Defensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Drunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Highway Hypnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . 9-9 Driving (cont'd)
If the Vehicle is Stuck . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Off-Road Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Vehicle Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Wet Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Driving for Better Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . 1-28, 9-2
E
Electric Drive Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-31
Electric Drive Unit
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Electric Drive Unit Shift Lock Control Function
Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-27
Electric Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . 9-34
Electric Parking Brake Light . . . 5-22
Electrical Equipment, Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-65
Electrical Requirements for Battery Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58

Black plate (4,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
i-4 INDEX
Electrical SystemEngine Compartment
Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . 10-38, 10-40
Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-33
Rear Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42
Electronic Stability Control . . . . . 9-38
Emergency, OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Energy Efficiency
Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28, 9-2
Energy Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Check and Service EngineSoon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . 10-8
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18
Coolant Temperature Warning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Cooling System . . . . . . 10-15–10-17
Cooling System Messages . . . 5-49
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 Engine (cont'd)
Oil Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . 9-30
Engine Unavailable Out of Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27
Entry Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Event Data Recorders . . . . . . . . 13-16
Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Extended Range Mode . . . . . . . . 9-24
Extender, Safety Belt . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Exterior Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . 6-1
F
Filter, Engine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . 6-3
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-65
Floor Console Storage . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-92
Fluid Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23
Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Folding Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 Front Seats
Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Heated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59 Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-60
Filling a Portable FuelContainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-64
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-62
Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-60
Gasoline Specifications . . . . . . . 9-60
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . 5-27
Requirements, California . . . . . 9-60
System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Function Check Electric Drive Unit Shift
Lock Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-27
Fuses Engine CompartmentFuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34
Instrument Panel
Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . 10-38, 10-40
Rear Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42

Black plate (5,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
INDEX i-5
G
Garage Door Opener . . . . . . . . . . 5-65Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-65
Gasoline Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-60
Gauges Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Driver Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Trip Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Warning Lights and
Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
General Information Service and Maintenance . . . . . 11-1
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-64
Vehicle Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Glove Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
GM Mobility Reimbursement Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6
H
Halogen Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
Hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Hazard Warning Flashers . . . . . . . 6-3
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Headlamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29Aiming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-28
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
Daytime Running
Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
High-Beam On Light . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . 6-2
Lamps On Reminder . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Heated Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Heated Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Heating and Air Conditioning . . . 8-1
High Voltage Battery Gauge . . . 5-14
High Voltage Devices and Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32
High-Beam On Light . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Highway Hypnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . 9-9
Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 Hood, Door, Hatch Open
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
How to Wear Safety Belts Properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
I
Immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Infants and Young Children,Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
Information Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Infotainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Instrument Panel
Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
J
Jump Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-75

Black plate (6,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
i-6 INDEX
K
Key and Lock Messages . . . . . . . 5-51
Keyless EntryRemote (RKE) System . . . . . . . . 2-3
Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
L
Labeling, Tire Sidewall . . . . . . . . 10-45
Lamps Daytime Running (DRL) . . . . . . . 6-2
Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Exterior Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-31
Malfunction Indicator . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
LATCH System
Replacing Parts after aCrash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
Lifting the Vehicle, Tires . . . . . . . 10-3 Light
Ready Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Vehicle Ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Lighting Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
Lights Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Antilock Brake System(ABS) Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . 5-22
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . 5-22
Engine Coolant Temperature Warning . . . . . . . 5-25
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . 6-2
Hood, Door, Hatch Open . . . . . 5-28
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Mountain Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Safety Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . 5-16 Lights (cont'd)
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Service Electric Parking
Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Sport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
StabiliTrak
®OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Traction Control System (TCS)/StabiliTrak
®. . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Locks Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . 5-27
Lower Anchors and Tethers
for Children (LATCH
System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42

Black plate (8,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
i-8 INDEX
OnStar®
Additional Information . . . . . . . . 14-5
Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
System, In Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30
Ordering Service Publications . . . . . . . . 13-13
Out of Fuel/Engine Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27
Outlets Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Overheating, Engine . . . . . . . . . . 10-21
Overview, Infotainment
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Overview, OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
P
Park Shifting Into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22
Shifting Out of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23
Parking Assist, Ultrasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-42
Brake and P (Park)Mechanism Check . . . . . . . . 10-27
Over Things That Burn . . . . . . . 9-23
Passenger Airbag Status Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Passenger Sensing System . . . 3-26
Perchlorate Materials Requirements, California . . . . . 10-2
Personalization Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Phone Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . 7-22, 7-24, 7-28
Plug-In Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48
Power Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18
Door Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30 Power (cont'd)
Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Protection, Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Retained Accessory (RAP) . . . 9-21
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Pregnancy, Using Safety Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Privacy
Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) . . . . . . . 13-17
Program Courtesy Transportation . . . . . . 13-9
Proposition 65 Warning,
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Propulsion Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52

Black plate (9,1)Chevrolet Volt Owner Manual - 2012
INDEX i-9
R
Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) . . . . . . . . 13-17
Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-17
Radios AM-FM Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13
Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
Reading Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Ready Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Rear Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Rear Vision Camera (RVC) . . . . 9-45
Rearview Mirrors Automatic Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Reclining Seatbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Recommended Fluids and Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12
Records Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-14
Recreational Vehicle
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-83
Regenerative Braking . . . . . . . . . . 9-36 Reimbursement Program,
GM Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2, 2-3
Remote Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Replacement Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32
Replacement Parts Airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-13
Replacing Airbag System . . . . . . 3-33
Replacing LATCH System Parts after a Crash . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
Replacing Safety Belt System Parts after a Crash . . . 3-18
Reporting Safety Defects Canadian Government . . . . . . 13-15
General Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-15
U.S. Government . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
Requirements Electrical Battery Charging . . . 9-58
Restraints
Where to Put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
Retained Accessory Power (RAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21 Ride Control Systems . . . . . . . . . 9-38
Electronic Stability (ESC) . . . . . 9-38
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
Roads Driving, Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Roadside Assistance Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6
Rotation, Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-57
Routing, Engine Drive Belt . . . . . 12-3
Running the Vehicle While Parked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30
S
Safety Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Extender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
How to Wear Safety BeltsProperly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Replacing after a Crash . . . . . . 3-18
Use During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . 3-17