check engine CHRYSLER VOYAGER 2004 Service Manual

The crankshaft journals should be checked for
excessive wear, taper and scoring (Fig. 46). Limits of
taper or out of round on any crankshaft journals
should be held to 0.025 mm (0.001 in.). Journal
grinding should not exceed 0.305 mm (0.012 in.)
under the standard journal diameter. DO NOT grind
thrust faces of No. 3 main bearing. DO NOT nick
crank pin or bearing fillets. After grinding, remove
rough edges from crankshaft oil holes and clean out
all passages.
CAUTION: With the nodular cast iron crankshafts, it
is important that the final paper or cloth polish be
in the same direction as normal rotation in the
engine.
The crankshaft is supported in five main bearings.
All upper and lower bearing shells in the crankcase
have oil grooves. Crankshaft end play is controlled by
a flanged bearing on the number three main bearing
journal (Fig. 47).
Upper and lower Number 3 bearing halves are
flanged to carry the crankshaft thrust loads and are
NOTinterchangeable with any other bearing halves
in the engine (Fig. 47). All bearing cap bolts removedduring service procedures are to be cleaned and oiled
before installation. Bearing shells are available in
standard and the following undersized: 0.025 mm
(0.001 in.) and 0.250 mm (0.010 in.). Never install an
undersize bearing that will reduce clearance below
specifications. Replace or machine the crankshaft as
necessary to obtain proper bearing clearances.
INSTALLATION - CRANKSHAFT
CRANKSHAFT MAIN BEARING LOCATION
The crankshaft is supported in five main bearings.
All upper and lower bearing shells in the crankcase
have oil grooves and holes (Fig. 48). Crankshaft end
play is controlled by a flanged bearing on the number
three main bearing journal.
Fig. 45 Bedplate Bolt Tightenening Sequence
Fig. 46 Crankshaft Journal Measurements
Fig. 47 Main Bearing Identification
1 - OIL GROOVE
2 - MAIN BEARINGS
3 - OIL HOLE
Fig. 48 Main Bearing Identification
1 - OIL GROOVE
2 - MAIN BEARINGS
3 - OIL HOLE
9 - 38 ENGINE 2.4LRS
CRANKSHAFT (Continued)

(13) After the main bearing bedplate is installed,
check the crankshaft turning torque. The turning
torque should not exceed 5.6 N´m (50 in. lbs.).
(14) Check crankshaft end play (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK/CRANKSHAFT - STAN-
DARD PROCEDURE).
(15) Install connecting rod bearings and caps.Do
Not Reuse Connecting Rod Bolts.Torque connect-
ing rod bolts to 27 N´m (20 ft. lbs.) plus 1/4 turn.
(16) Install balance shafts and housing assembly
(Refer to 9 - ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/BALANCE
SHAFT - INSTALLATION).
(17) Install the oil pump (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
LUBRICATION/OIL PUMP - INSTALLATION).
(18) Install oil pump pick-up tube. Torque fastener
to 28 N´m (20 ft.. lbs.).
(19) Install the oil pan (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LU-
BRICATION/OIL PAN - INSTALLATION).
(20) Install crankshaft position sensor.
(21) Install cylinder head if it was removed (Refer
to 9 - ENGINE/CYLINDER HEAD - INSTALLA-
TION).
(22) Install the timing belt rear cover (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/TIMING BELT COVER(S)
- INSTALLATION).
(23) Install crankshaft sprocket (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/TIMING BELT AND
SPROCKETS - INSTALLATION).
(24) Install the timing belt (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
VALVE TIMING/TIMING BELT AND SPROCKETS -
INSTALLATION).
(25) Install the timing belt front covers (Refer to 9
- ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/TIMING BELT COV-
ER(S) - INSTALLATION).
(26) Install engine mount support bracket.
(27) InstallNEWoil filter.
(28) Install crankshaft rear oil seal (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK/CRANKSHAFT OIL
SEAL - REAR - INSTALLATION).
(29) Install flex plate. Apply MopartLock & Seal
Adhesive to bolt threads and tighten to 95 N´m (70
ft. lbs.).
(30) Attach transaxle to engine. Tighten attaching
bolts to 101 N´m (75 ft. lbs.).
(31) Install the engine assembly (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE - INSTALLATION).
CRANKSHAFT OIL SEAL -
FRONT
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the crankshaft vibration damper.
(Refer to 9 - ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK/VIBRATION
DAMPER - REMOVAL)(2) Remove timing belt. (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
VALVE TIMING/TIMING BELT/CHAIN AND
SPROCKETS - REMOVAL)
(3) Remove crankshaft sprocket using Special Tool
6793 and insert C-4685-C2 (Fig. 52).
CAUTION: Do not nick shaft seal surface or seal
bore.
(4) Using Tool 6771 to remove front crankshaft oil
seal (Fig. 53). Be careful not to damage the seal sur-
face of cover.
INSTALLATION
(1) Install new seal by using Special Tool 6780
(Fig. 54).
(2) Place seal into opening with seal spring
towards the inside of engine. Install seal until flush
with cover.
Fig. 52 Crankshaft Sprocket - Removal
1 - SPECIAL TOOL 6793
2 - SPECIAL TOOL C-4685±C2
3 - CRANKSHAFT SPROCKET
Fig. 53 Front Crankshaft Oil Seal - Removal
1 - SPECIAL TOOL 6771
2 - REAR TIMING BELT COVER
9 - 40 ENGINE 2.4LRS
CRANKSHAFT (Continued)

Cylinder bores should be measured halfway down
the cylinder bore and transverse (measurement loca-
tion B) to the engine crankshaft center line shown in
(Fig. 61). Refer to for Engine Specifications (Refer to
9 - ENGINE - SPECIFICATIONS). Correct piston to
bore clearance must be established in order to assure
quiet and economical operation.
REMOVAL
(1) Remove cylinder head (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
CYLINDER HEAD - REMOVAL).
(2) Remove oil pan (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRI-
CATION/OIL PAN - REMOVAL).
(3) Remove Balance Shaft Carrier Assembly (Refer
to 9 - ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/BALANCE SHAFT
CARRIER - REMOVAL).
(4) Remove top ridge of cylinder bores with a reli-
able ridge reamer before removing pistons from cyl-
inder block.Be sure to keep tops of pistons
covered during this operation.
(5) Pistons have a directional stamping in the
front half of the piston facing towards thefrontof
engine (Fig. 62).
Fig. 59 Rear Crankshaft SealÐInstallation
1 - SPECIAL TOOL 6926±2 INSTALLER
Fig. 60 Piston Measurement
1 - PISTON DIAMETER
2 - 14 mm (0.551 in.)
Fig. 61 Checking Cylinder Bore
Fig. 62 Piston Markings
1 - DIRECTIONAL ARROW WILL BE IMPRINTED IN THIS AREA
RSENGINE 2.4L9-43
PISTON & CONNECTING ROD (Continued)

(7) Install connecting rod upper bearing half into
connecting rod. Install Special Tool 8189, connecting
rod guides onto connecting rod (Fig. 64).
(8) Tap the piston down in cylinder bore, using a
hammer handle. At the same time, guide connecting
rod into position on connecting rod journal.
(9) Remove Special Tool 8189, connecting rod
guides.
NOTE: The connecting rod cap bolts should not be
reused.
(10) Before installing theNEWbolts, the threads
should be coated with clean engine oil.
(11) Install connecting rod lower bearing half into
connecting rod cap. Install connecting rod cap.
(12) Install each bolt finger tight then alternately
torque each bolt to assemble the cap properly.
(13) Tighten the connecting rod bolts using the 2
step torque-turn method. Tighten according to the
following values:
CAUTION: Do not use a torque wrench for the sec-
ond step.
1. Tighten the bolts to 27 N´m (20 ft. lbs.).
2. Tighten the connecting rod bolts an additional
1/4 TURN.
(14) Using a feeler gauge, check connecting rod
side clearance (Fig. 67). (Refer to 9 - ENGINE -
SPECIFICATIONS) for connecting rod side clearance.
(15) Install Balance Shaft Carrier Assembly (Refer
to 9 - ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/BALANCE SHAFT
CARRIER - INSTALLATION).
(16) Install oil pan (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRI-
CATION/OIL PAN - INSTALLATION).
(17) Install cylinder head (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
CYLINDER HEAD - INSTALLATION).
CONNECTING ROD BEARINGS
STANDARD PROCEDURE
CONNECTING ROD - FITTING
(1) For measuring connecting rod bearing clear-
ance procedure and use of Plastigage (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE - STANDARD PROCEDURE). For bearing
clearance refer to Engine Specifications. (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE - SPECIFICATIONS)
NOTE: The rod bearing bolts should not be reused.
(2) Before installing theNEWbolts the threads
should be oiled with clean engine oil.
(3) Install each bolt finger tight then alternately
torque each bolt to assemble the cap properly.
(4) Tighten the connecting rod bolts using the 2
step torque-turn method. Tighten according to the
following values:
CAUTION: Do not use a torque wrench for the sec-
ond step.
1. Tighten the bolts to 27 N´m (20 ft. lbs.).
2. Tighten the connecting rod bolts an additional
1/4 TURN.
(5) Using a feeler gauge, check connecting rod side
clearance (Fig. 67). Refer to clearance specifications
(Refer to 9 - ENGINE - SPECIFICATIONS).
PISTON RINGS
STANDARD PROCEDURE
PISTON RING - FITTING
(1) Wipe cylinder bore clean. Insert ring and push
down with piston to ensure it is square in bore. The
Fig. 66 PistonÐInstallation
Fig. 67 Connecting Rod Side Clearance
RSENGINE 2.4L9-45
PISTON & CONNECTING ROD (Continued)

ring gap measurement must be made with the ring
positioning at least 12 mm (0.50 inch) from bottom of
cylinder bore. Check gap with feeler gauge (Fig. 68).
Refer to Engine Specifications.
(2) Check piston ring to groove side clearance (Fig.
69). Refer to Engine Specifications.
REMOVAL
(1) Using a suitable ring expander, remove upper
and intermediate piston rings (Fig. 70).
(2) Remove the upper oil ring side rail, lower oil
ring side rail and then oil ring expander from piston.
(3) Clean ring grooves of any carbon deposits.
INSTALLATION
NOTE: The identification mark on face of upper and
intermediate piston rings must point toward top of
piston.
Install rings with manufacturers identification
mark facing up, to the top of the piston (Fig. 71).
CAUTION: Install piston rings in the following order:
1. Oil ring expander.
2. Upper oil ring side rail.
3. Lower oil ring side rail.
Fig. 68 Piston Ring Gap
1 - FEELER GAUGE
Fig. 69 Piston Ring Side Clearance
1 - FEELER GAUGE
Fig. 70 Piston RingsÐRemoving and Installing
Fig. 71 Piston Ring Installation
1 - NO. 1 PISTON RING
2 - NO. 2 PISTON RING
3 - SIDE RAIL
4 - OIL RING
5 - SPACER EXPANDER
9 - 46 ENGINE 2.4LRS
PISTON RINGS (Continued)

LUBRICATION
DESCRIPTION
The lubrication system is a full-flow filtration,
pressure feed type. The oil pump is mounted in the
front engine cover and driven by the crankshaft.
OPERATION
Engine oil drawn up through the pickup tube and is
pressurized by the oil pump and routed through the
full-flow filter to the main oil gallery running the
length of the cylinder block. A diagonal hole in each
bulkhead feeds oil to each main bearing. Drilled pas-
sages within the crankshaft route oil from main bear-
ing journals to connecting rod journals. Balance shaft
lubrication is provided through an oil passage from
the number one main bearing cap through the balance
shaft carrier support leg. This passage directly sup-
plies oil to the front bearings and internal machined
passages in the shafts that routes oil from front to the
rear shaft bearing journals. A vertical hole at the
number five bulkhead routes pressurized oil through a
restrictor (integral to the cylinder head gasket) up
past a cylinder head bolt to an oil gallery running the
length of the cylinder head. The camshaft journals arepartially slotted to allow a predetermined amount of
pressurized oil to pass into the bearing cap cavities.
Lubrication of the camshaft lobes are provided by
small holes in the camshaft bearing caps that are
directed towards each lobe. Oil returning to the pan
from pressurized components supplies lubrication to
the valve stems. Cylinder bores and wrist pins are
splash lubricated from directed slots on the connecting
rod thrust collars (Fig. 85).
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - CHECKING
ENGINE OIL PRESSURE
(1) Disconnect and remove oil pressure switch.
(Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRICATION/OIL PRES-
SURE SENSOR/SWITCH - REMOVAL)
(2) Install Special Tools C-3292 Gauge with 8406
Adaptor fitting.
(3) Start engine and record oil pressure. Refer to
Specifications for correct oil pressure requirements.
(Refer to 9 - ENGINE - SPECIFICATIONS)
CAUTION: If oil pressure is 0 at idle, do not perform
the 3000 RPM test
(4) If oil pressure is 0 at idle. Shut off engine,
check for pressure relief valve stuck open, a clogged
oil pick-up screen or a damaged oil pick-up tube
O-ring.
(5) After test is complete, remove test gauge and
fitting.
(6) Install oil pressure switch and connector. (Refer
to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRICATION/OIL PRESSURE
SENSOR/SWITCH - INSTALLATION)
Fig. 84 RIGHT MOUNT TO RAIL AND ENGINE
1 - BOLT - MOUNT TO RAIL 68 N´m (50 ft. lbs.)
2 - BOLT - MOUNT TO ENGINE 54 N´m (40 ft. lbs.)
3 - BOLT - MOUNT TO RAIL (HORIZONTAL) 68 N´m (50 ft. lbs.)
4 - RIGHT ENGINE MOUNT
5 - RIGHT FRAME RAIL
Fig. 85 Engine Lubrication System
9 - 52 ENGINE 2.4LRS
RIGHT MOUNT (Continued)

OIL
STANDARD PROCEDURE
ENGINE OIL LEVEL CHECK
The best time to check engine oil level is after it
has sat overnight, or if the engine has been running,
allow the engine to be shut off for at least 5 minutes
before checking oil level.
Checking the oil while the vehicle is on level
ground will improve the accuracy of the oil level
reading. Remove dipstick and observe oil level. Add
oil only when the level is at or below the ADD mark
(Fig. 86).
STANDARD PROCEDURE - ENGINE OIL AND
FILTER CHANGE
Change engine oil at mileage and time intervals
described in the Maintenance Schedule. (Refer to
LUBRICATION & MAINTENANCE/MAINTE-
NANCE SCHEDULES - DESCRIPTION)
WARNING: NEW OR USED ENGINE OIL CAN BE
IRRITATING TO THE SKIN. AVOID PROLONGED OR
REPEATED SKIN CONTACT WITH ENGINE OIL.
CONTAMINANTS IN USED ENGINE OIL, CAUSED BY
INTERNAL COMBUSTION, CAN BE HAZARDOUS TO
YOUR HEALTH. THOROUGHLY WASH EXPOSED
SKIN WITH SOAP AND WATER. DO NOT WASH
SKIN WITH GASOLINE, DIESEL FUEL, THINNER, OR
SOLVENTS, HEALTH PROBLEMS CAN RESULT. DO
NOT POLLUTE, DISPOSE OF USED ENGINE OIL
PROPERLY. CONTACT YOUR DEALER OR GOVERN-
MENT AGENCY FOR LOCATION OF COLLECTION
CENTER IN YOUR AREA.
Run engine until achieving normal operating tem-
perature.
(1) Position the vehicle on a level surface and turn
engine off.
(2) Remove oil fill cap.
(3) Hoist and support vehicle on safety stands.
Refer to Hoisting and Jacking Recommendations.
(Refer to LUBRICATION & MAINTENANCE/HOIST-
ING - STANDARD PROCEDURE)(4) Place a suitable drain pan under crankcase
drain.
(5) Remove drain plug from crankcase and allow
oil to drain into pan. Inspect drain plug threads for
stretching or other damage. Replace drain plug and
gasket if damaged.
(6) Remove oil filter. (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRI-
CATION/OIL FILTER - REMOVAL)
(7) Install and tighten drain plug in crankcase.
(8) Install new oil filter. (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LU-
BRICATION/OIL FILTER - INSTALLATION)
(9) Lower vehicle and fill crankcase with specified
type and amount of engine oil. (Refer to LUBRICA-
TION & MAINTENANCE/FLUID TYPES -
DESCRIPTION)
(10) Install oil fill cap.
(11) Start engine and inspect for leaks.
(12) Stop engine and inspect oil level.
NOTE: Care should be exercised when disposing
used engine oil after it has been drained from a
vehicle engine. Refer to the WARNING listed above.
OIL FILTER
DESCRIPTION
The engine oil filter (Fig. 87) is a high quality full-
flow, disposable type. Replace the oil filter with a
Mopartor the equivalent.
REMOVAL
(1) Raise vehicle on hoist.
(2) Position an oil collecting container under oil fil-
ter location.
CAUTION: When servicing the oil filter avoid
deforming the filter can by installing the remove/in-
stall tool band strap against the can to base lock
seam. The lock seam joining the can to the base is
reinforced by the base plate.
(3) Using a suitable filter wrench, turn oil filter
(Fig. 87) counterclockwise to remove.
INSTALLATION
(1) Clean and check filter mounting surface. The
surface must be smooth, flat and free of debris or
pieces of gasket.
(2) Lubricate new oil filter gasket with clean
engine oil.
(3) Screw oil filter (Fig. 87) on until the gasket
contacts base. Tighten to 12 N´m (105 in. lbs.).
Fig. 86 Oil Level
1 - ENGINE OIL LEVEL DIPSTICK
RSENGINE 2.4L9-53

OIL PAN
REMOVAL
(1) Raise vehicle on hoist and drain engine oil.
(2) Remove structural collar. (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK/STRUCTURAL COVER -
REMOVAL)
(3) Remove air conditioning compressor bracket to
oil pan bolt.
(4) Remove bolts attaching oil pan.
(5) Remove oil pan.
(6) Clean oil pan and all gasket surfaces.
INSTALLATION
(1) Apply MopartEngine RTV GEN II at the oil
pump to engine block parting line (Fig. 88).
(2) Install the oil pan gasket to the block.
(3) Install pan and tighten the screws to 12 N´m
(105 in. lbs.).
(4) Install air conditioning compressor bracket to
oil pan bolt.
(5) Install structural collar. (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
ENGINE BLOCK/STRUCTURAL COVER - INSTAL-
LATION)
(6) Lower vehicle and fill engine crankcase with
proper oil to correct level.
OIL PRESSURE SWITCH
REMOVAL
(1) Raise vehicle.
(2) Position oil collecting container under pressure
switch location.
(3) Disconnect oil pressure switch electrical con-
nector and remove switch (Fig. 89).
INSTALLATION
(1) Install oil pressure switch. Torque switch to 21
N´m (190 in. lbs.) (Fig. 89).
(2) Connect electrical connector
(3) Lower vehicle.
(4) Start engine and allow to run a minimum of 2
minutes.
(5) Shut engine off and check engine oil level.
Adjust level as necessary.
Fig. 87 Oil Filter
Fig. 88 Oil Pan Sealing - Typical
1 - SEALER LOCATIONS
Fig. 89 Engine Oil Pressure Switch
9 - 54 ENGINE 2.4LRS
OIL FILTER (Continued)

(2) Remove oil pump cover fasteners, and lift off
cover (Fig. 94) .
(3) Remove pump rotors (Fig. 94) .
(4) Wash all parts in a suitable solvent and
inspect carefully for damage or wear.
CLEANING
(1) Clean all parts thoroughly in a suitable sol-
vent.
INSPECTION
(1) Inspect the mating surfaces of the oil pump
cover. Surface should be smooth. Replace pump cover
if scratched or grooved.
(2) Lay a straightedge across the pump cover sur-
face (Fig. 95). If a 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) feeler gauge
can be inserted between cover and straight edge,
cover should be replaced.
(3) Measure thickness and diameter of outer rotor.
If outer rotor thickness measures 9.40 mm (0.370 in.)
or less (Fig. 96), or if the diameter is 79.95 mm
(3.148 in.) or less, replace outer rotor.
(4) If inner rotor measures 9.40 mm (0.370 in.) or
less replace inner rotor (Fig. 97).
ASSEMBLY
(1) Assemble pump, using new parts as required.
Install the inner rotor with chamfer facing the
cast iron oil pump cover.
(2) Prime oil pump before installation by filling
rotor cavity with engine oil.
(3) Install cover and tighten fasteners to 12 N´m
(105 in. lbs.) (Fig. 94).
Fig. 94 Oil Pump
1 - O-RING
2 - SEAL
3 - INNER ROTOR
4 - OIL PUMP COVER
5 - FASTENER
6 - OUTER ROTOR
7 - OIL PUMP BODY
Fig. 95 Checking Oil Pump Cover Flatness
1 - STRAIGHT EDGE
2 - FEELER GAUGE
3 - OIL PUMP COVER
Fig. 96 Measuring Outer Rotor Thickness
Fig. 97 Measuring Inner Rotor Thickness
9 - 56 ENGINE 2.4LRS
OIL PUMP (Continued)

(9) Disconnect throttle and speed control (if
equipped) cables from throttle lever and bracket.
(Refer to 14 - FUEL SYSTEM/FUEL INJECTION/
THROTTLE CONTROL CABLE - REMOVAL)
(10) Remove the EGR tube. (Refer to 25 - EMIS-
SIONS CONTROL/EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULA-
TION/TUBE - REMOVAL)
(11) Remove the upper manifold support bracket
bolt to manifold (Fig. 105).
(12) Remove engine oil dipstick from tube.
(13) Remove upper intake manifold bolts (Fig.
106). Remove upper intake manifold.
CAUTION: Cover intake manifold to prevent foreign
material from entering engine.
INSPECTION
(1) Check manifold surfaces for flatness with
straight edge. Surface must be flat within 0.15 mm
per 300 mm (0.006 in. per foot) of manifold length.
(2) Inspect manifold for cracks or distortion.
Replace manifold if necessary.
INSTALLATION
(1) Clean manifold sealing surfaces.
(2) Apply a 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) bead MopartGas-
ket Maker to the perimeter of the lower intake man-
ifold runner openings.
(3) Install upper intake manifold and tighten fas-
teners to 28 N´m (250 in. lbs.) in sequence shown in
(Fig. 106). Repeat this procedures until all fasteners
are at specified torque.
(4) Install engine oil dipstick.
(5) Install upper bolt in intake manifold to front
support bracket (Fig. 105). Torque to 28 N´m (250 in.
lbs.).
(6) Install EGR tube. (Refer to 25 - EMISSIONS
CONTROL/EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION/
TUBE - INSTALLATION)
(7) Install throttle cables in bracket.
(8) Connect throttle and speed control (if equipped)
cables to throttle lever.
(9) Connect vacuum lines for power brake booster,
LDP, EGR transducer, and speed control vacuum res-
ervoir (if equipped) at upper intake manifold fittings.
(10) Connect vacuum lines for purge solenoid and
PCV valve.
(11) Connect electrical connectors for MAP sensor,
throttle position sensor (TPS), and idle air control
(IAC) motor.
(12) Install air cleaner upper housing and air
intake tube to throttle body.
(13) Connect inlet air temperature sensor connec-
tor (Fig. 102).
(14) Connect negative cable to battery.
Fig. 104 Throttle Body Electrical Connectors -
Typical
1 - IDLE AIR CONTROL MOTOR CONNECTOR
2 - TPS CONNECTOR
Fig. 105 Upper Intake Manifold Support Bracket
1 - NUT - BRACKET TO CYLINDER HEAD COVER
2 - BOLT - BRACKET TO UPPER INTAKE MANIFOLD
3 - UPPER INTAKE MANIFOLD SUPPORT BRACKET
Fig. 106 Upper Intake Manifold Tightening Sequence
- 2.4L
RSENGINE 2.4L9-59
INTAKE MANIFOLD - UPPER (Continued)