heating GMC ACADIA 2023 User Guide

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 273
2.0L L4 Engine
1. Engine Cooling Fan (Out of View)
2. Engine Coolant Surge Tank andPressure Cap
3.6L V6 Engine
1. Engine Cooling Fan (Out of View)
2. Engine Coolant Surge Tank andPressure Cap
{Warning
An underhood electric fan can start up
even when the engine is not running and
can cause injury. Keep hands, clothing,
and tools away from any underhood
electric fan.
{Warning
Do not touch heater or radiator hoses,
or other engine parts. They can be very
hot and can burn you. Do not run the
engine if there is a leak; all coolant could
leak out. That could cause an engine fire
and can burn you. Fix any leak before
driving the vehicle.
Engine Coolant
The cooling system in the vehicle is filled
with DEX-COOL engine coolant. This coolant
needs to be checked and replaced at
appropriate intervals. See Maintenance
Schedule 0339.
The following explains the cooling system
and how to check and add coolant when it
is low. If there is a problem with engine
overheating, see Engine Overheating 0276.
What to Use
{Warning
Do not touch heater or radiator hoses,
or other engine parts. They can be very
hot and can burn you. Do not run the
(Continued)

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
274 Vehicle Care
Warning (Continued)
engine if there is a leak; all coolant could
leak out. That could cause an engine fire
and can burn you. Fix any leak before
driving the vehicle.
Use a 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable
water and DEX-COOL coolant. This mixture:
.Gives freezing protection down to −37 °C
(−34 °F), outside temperature.
.Gives boiling protection up to 129 °C
(265 °F), engine temperature.
.Protects against rust and corrosion.
.Will not damage aluminum parts.
.Helps keep the proper engine
temperature.
Caution
Do not use anything other than a mix of
DEX-COOL coolant that meets GM
Standard GMW3420 and clean, drinkable
water. Anything else can cause damage
to the engine cooling system and the
vehicle, which would not be covered by
the vehicle warranty. Never dispose of engine coolant by putting
it in the trash, pouring it on the ground,
or into sewers, streams, or bodies of water.
Have the coolant changed by an authorized
service center, familiar with legal
requirements regarding used coolant
disposal. This will help protect the
environment and your health.
Checking Coolant
The vehicle must be on a level surface when
checking the coolant level.
Check to see if coolant is visible in the
coolant surge tank. If the coolant inside the
coolant surge tank is boiling, do not do
anything else until it cools down. See
Engine
Overheating 0276. The coolant surge tank is located in the
engine compartment on the driver side of
the vehicle. See
Engine Compartment
Overview 0265.
{Warning
Spilling coolant on hot engine parts can
burn you. Coolant contains ethylene
glycol and it will burn if the engine parts
are hot enough.
{Warning
Steam and scalding liquids from a hot
cooling system are under pressure.
Turning the pressure cap, even a little,
can cause them to come out at high
speed and you could be burned. Never
turn the cap when the cooling system,
including the pressure cap, is hot. Wait
for the cooling system and pressure cap
to cool.

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
276 Vehicle Care
6. Verify coolant level after the engine isshut off and the coolant is cold.
If necessary, repeat coolant fill procedure
Steps 1–6.
If the coolant still is not at the proper
level when the system cools down again,
see your dealer.
Caution
If the pressure cap is not tightly installed,
coolant loss and engine damage may
occur. Be sure the cap is properly and
tightly secured.
Automatic Coolant Service Fill (2.0L L4
Engine Only)
If equipped, this feature assists in filling and
removing air from the cooling system after
service of components or when coolant is
added after being too low.
To activate the fill and air removal process:
1. With a cold system, disconnect the vent line from the port near the cap on the
surge tank. Add coolant to the indicated
mark on the surge tank.
2. Reconnect the vent line to the surge tank and replace the cap on the
surge tank. 3. Connect the vehicle to a battery charger.
4. Put the vehicle in Service Mode. See
Ignition Positions 0204.
5. Turn off the air conditioning.
6. Set the parking brake.
7. At the same time, press the accelerator and the brake for automatic transmission
vehicles for two seconds, then release.
At the end of the cycle, check the coolant
level in the surge tank and add coolant, if it
is low. Turn off the vehicle, allow the Engine
Control Module (ECM) to go to sleep, about
two minutes, and repeat steps 3-7.
Listen for pump activation and movement of
the control valves while watching the level
of the tank. If the tank empties, turn the
ignition off, carefully remove the surge tank
cap, refill to the indicated mark and repeat
steps 3-6. The fill and air removal process
will run for approximately 10 minutes.
Engine Overheating
The vehicle has several indicators to warn of
the engine overheating. There is an engine coolant temperature
gauge on the instrument cluster. See
Engine
Coolant Temperature Gauge 0103. The
vehicle may also display a message on the
Driver Information Center (DIC).
If the decision is made not to lift the hood
when this warning appears, get service help
right away. See Roadside Assistance Program
0 354.
If the decision is made to lift the hood,
make sure the vehicle is parked on a level
surface. Then check to see if the engine
cooling fan is running. If the engine is
overheating, the fan should be running. If it
is not, do not continue to run the engine.
Have the vehicle serviced.
Caution
Do not run the engine if there is a leak
in the engine cooling system. This can
cause a loss of all coolant and can
damage the system and vehicle. Have
any leaks fixed right away.

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 287
FusesUsage
F5 DC DC Transformer 2
F6 Amplifier 1 F7 Front Blower
F8 Starter 3
F9 –
F10 –
F11 –
F12 Front Wiper
F13 Starter 2
F14 LED/Automatic Headlamp Leveling
F15 Rear Wiper 1
F16 –
F17 –
F18 Automatic Headlamp Leveling Module
F19 –
F20 –
F21 –
F22 Electronic Brake Control Module Fuses
Usage
F23 Parking/Trailer Lamps
F24 Right Trailer Stoplamp/ Turnlamp
F25 Steering Column Lock
F26 –
F27 Left Trailer Stoplamp/ Turnlamp
F28 –
F29 –
F30 Washer Pump F31 –
F32 –
F33 Fog Lamps
F34 Horn F35 –
F36 Headlamp High-Beam Left F37 Headlamp High-Beam Right
F38 Spare
F39 Transmission Control Module 1/Battery 1 Fuses
Usage
F40 Left Rear Bus Electrical Center/Ignition
F41 Instrument Cluster
F42 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning/Central
Gateway Module Run
Crank
F43 Head-up Display/ Reflective Light Alert
Display
F44 Electronic Brake Control Module Electric Brake
Booster/Run/Crank
F45 –
F46 –
F47 –
F48 Rear Wiper 2
F49 Interior Rearview Mirror/ Trailer/Rear Heated Seat
Run Crank
F50 Fuel Tank Zone Module Run Crank
F51 Heated Steering Wheel

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 289
See the fuse block cover for specific fuse
information.
Open the fuse panel door, or remove the
panel from the passenger side by pulling
it out.
See your dealer for additional assistance.
To reinstall the door, push the door back
into its original location.
The vehicle may not be equipped with all of
the fuses, relays, and features shown.Fuses Usage
F1 Body Control Module 6 Fuses Usage
F2 Diagnostic Link/Central Gateway Module
F3 Electric Steering Column Lock
F4 –
F5 Logistics
F6 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning/
Humidity Sensor
F7 Body Control Module 3
F8 Park Aid/Electronic Range Select Hybrid
F9 Front Passenger Heated Seat
F10 Airbag/Seat Belt F11 –
F12 Amplifier 2
F13 Body Control Module 7
F14 Driver Heated Seat F15 Instrument Panel Switch Bank
F16 Sunroof

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
290 Vehicle Care
FusesUsage
F17 Body Control Module 1
F18 Instrument Cluster/ Heads-Up Display
F19 –
F20 Rear Seat Entertainment F21 Body Control Module 4
F22 Infotainment USB Data/ Aux Jack
F23 Body Control Module 2
F24 USB Charger/Wireless Charging
F25 Park Aid/Electronic Transmission Range
System
F26 Communication Integration Module
F27 Video/Night Vision Module
F28 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Display
F29 Radio Fuses
Usage
F30 Steering Wheel Adjustment Controls
F31 Electronic Brake Control Module Electric Brake
Booster
F32 DC AC Inverter
F33 Driver Power Seat
F34 Passenger Power Seat F35 Battery IEC 1 Feed
F36 Electric Power Steering F37 Rear Seat Entertainment/USB
Charge/Wireless
Charging Module
F38 Body Control Module 8
F39 –
Circuit Breakers/ Minifuse Usage
F40 –
F41 –
F42 Auxiliary Power Outlet (CB)/Lighter (Minifuse)Rear Compartment Fuse Block
The rear compartment fuse block is behind a
trim panel on the driver side of the rear
storage compartment.

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 293
Wheels and Tires
Tires
Every new GM vehicle has high-quality
tires made by a leading tire
manufacturer. See the warranty manual
for information regarding the tire
warranty and where to get service. For
additional information refer to the tire
manufacturer.
{Warning
.Poorly maintained and improperly
used tires are dangerous.
.Overloading the tires can cause
overheating as a result of too
much flexing. There could be a
blowout and a serious crash. See
Vehicle Load Limits0200.
.Underinflated tires pose the same
danger as overloaded tires. The
resulting crash could cause serious
injury. Check all tires frequently to
(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
maintain the recommended
pressure. Tire pressure should be
checked when the tires are cold.
.Overinflated tires are more likely
to be cut, punctured, or broken by
a sudden impact —such as when
hitting a pothole. Keep tires at the
recommended pressure.
.Worn or old tires can cause a
crash. If the tread is badly worn,
replace them.
.Replace any tires that have been
damaged by impacts with
potholes, curbs, etc.
.Improperly repaired tires can cause
a crash. Only your dealer or an
authorized tire service center
should repair, replace, dismount,
and mount the tires.
(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
.Do not spin the tires in excess of
56 km/h (35 mph) on slippery
surfaces such as snow, mud, ice,
etc. Excessive spinning may cause
the tires to explode.
See Tire Pressure for High-Speed
Operation 0300 for inflation pressure
adjustment for high-speed driving.
All-Season Tires
This vehicle may come with all-season tires.
These tires are designed to provide good
overall performance on most road surfaces
and weather conditions. Original equipment
tires designed to GM's specific tire
performance criteria have a TPC specification
code molded onto the sidewall. Original
equipment all-season tires can be identified
by the last two characters of this TPC code,
which will be “MS.”
Consider installing winter tires on the
vehicle if frequent driving on snow or
ice-covered roads is expected. All-season tires
provide adequate performance for most
winter driving conditions, but they may not

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 299
Tire Pressure
Tires need the correct amount of air
pressure to operate effectively.
{Warning
Neither tire underinflation nor
overinflation is good. Underinflated
tires, or tires that do not have
enough air, can result in:
.Tire overloading and overheating,
which could lead to a blowout
.Premature or irregular wear
.Poor handling
.Reduced fuel economy for
internal combustion engine
vehicles
.Reduced range for electric vehicles
(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
Overinflated tires, or tires that have
too much air, can result in:
.Unusual wear
.Poor handling
.Rough ride
.Needless damage from road
hazards
The Tire and Loading Information label
on the vehicle indicates the original
equipment tires and the correct cold
tire inflation pressures. The
recommended pressure is the minimum
air pressure needed to support the
vehicle's maximum load carrying
capacity. See Vehicle Load Limits 0200.
How the vehicle is loaded affects
vehicle handling and ride comfort.
Never load the vehicle with more
weight than it was designed to carry. When to Check
Check the pressure of the tires once a
month or more. Do not forget the
spare, if the vehicle has one. The
compact spare cold tire pressure should
be at 420 kPa (60 psi). See
Compact
Spare Tire 0323.
How to Check
Use a good quality pocket-type gauge
to check tire pressure. Proper tire
inflation cannot be determined by
looking at the tire. Check the tire
inflation pressure when the tires are
cold, meaning the vehicle has not been
driven for at least three hours or no
more than 1.6 km (1 mi).
Remove the valve cap from the tire
valve stem. Press the tire gauge firmly
onto the valve to get a pressure
measurement. If the cold tire inflation
pressure matches the recommended
pressure on the Tire and Loading
Information label, no further adjustment

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/-
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
374 Index
DrivingAssistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Better Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Characteristics and Towing Tips . . . . . . . . 249
Defensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Distracted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
If the Vehicle is Stuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Off-Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Off-Road Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Vehicle Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Wet Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Dual
Automatic Climate Control System . . . . 183
E
ElectricBrake Boost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Parking Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Electrical Equipment, Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
System Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Electrical System Engine Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . 285 Electrical System (cont'd)
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Rear Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . 290
Emergency OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Engine
Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Air Filter Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Check Light (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . 106
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Coolant Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Coolant Temperature Warning Light . . . . 111
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Oil Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Oil Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Entry Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Equipment, Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Event Data Recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Extended Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Extender, Seat Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Exterior
Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Lamps Off Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Lighting Battery Saver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
F
FilterEngine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Fluid Automatic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Fog Lamp Light Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fog Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Folding Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Forward Collision Alert (FCA) System . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Frequency Statement
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

GMC Acadia/Acadia Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/-
Mexico-16402009) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Index 375
FrontHeated and Ventilated Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Pedestrian Braking (FPB) System . . . . . . . 241
Front Seats Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fuel Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Economy, Driving for Better . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Filling a Portable Fuel Container . . . . . . . 249
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Management, Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Prohibited Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Recommended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Top Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Fuses Engine Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . 285
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Rear Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . 290
G
Garage Door Opener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Gas Strut(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Gauges
Engine Coolant Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Engine Oil Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Trip Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Warning Lights and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . 95
Gear Shifting Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
General Information
Service and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Vehicle Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Global Positioning System (GPS) . . . . . . . . . . 157
Glove Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
GM Mobility Reimbursement
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Guidance Problems with the Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
H
Halogen Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Hazard Warning Flashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
HD Radio Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Head-Up Display (HUD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Headlamps
Aiming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . 130
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
High-Beam On Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Lamps On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Heated Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Rear Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Ventilated Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Heater Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 187
High-Beam On Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
High-Speed Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Hill Descent Control (HDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Descent Control Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Hill Start Assist (HSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
How to Wear Seat Belts Properly . . . . . . . . . 48
HVAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 187