brake MERCEDES-BENZ CLA 2019 Owners Manual

1, 2, 3 ...
4ETS (Electronic Traction System)
see ETS/4ETS (Electronic Trac-
tion System)
4MATIC
Display message ............................ 217
4MATIC (permanent four-wheel
drive).................................................. 161
12 V socket
see Sockets
A
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)
Display message ............................ 194
Function/notes ................................ 61
Important safety notes .................... 61
Warning lamp .................................222
Accident
Automatic measures after an acci-
dent ................................................. 54
Activating media mode
General notes ................................ 237
Activating/deactivating cooling
with air dehumidification................. 116
Active Brake Assist
Activating or deactivating .............. 187
Display message ............................ 200
Function/notes ................................ 62
Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC
Activating ....................................... 154
Calling up a speed......................... 155
Cruise control lever ....................... 154
Deactivating ................................... 156
Display message ............................ 211
Displays in the multifunction dis-
play ................................................ 157
Displays on the instrument clus-
ter .................................................. 157
Driving tips .................................... 158
Function/notes............................. 152
Important safety notes .................. 153
Setting a speed .............................. 156
Setting the specified minimum
distance ......................................... 156
Stopping ........................................ 155
Storing a speed .............................. 155
Active Parking Assist
Canceling ....................................... 169
Detecting parking spaces .............. 166
Display message ............................ 210
Exiting a parking space .................. 168
General notes ................................ 165
Important safety notes .................. 165
Parking .......................................... 167
ADAPTIVE BRAKE................................. 68
Adaptive Damping System
Function/notes............................. 162
Adaptive Highbeam Assist
Display message ............................ 206
Function/notes............................. 103
Switching on/off........................... 104
Additional speedometer................... 189
Additives (engine oil)........................ 322
Address book
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Adjusting the volume
Multimedia system ........................ 232
Air bags
Deployment ..................................... 52
Display message ............................ 202
Front air bag (driver, front
passenger) ....................................... 46
Important safety notes .................... 45
Introduction ..................................... 45
Knee bag .......................................... 46
Occupant Classification System
(OCS) ............................................... 47
PASSENGER AIR BAG indicator
lamps ............................................... 41
Side impact air bag.......................... 47
Window curtain air bag.................... 47
Air vents
Important safety notes .................. 121
Rear ............................................... 121
Setting the center air vents ........... 121
Setting the side air vents ............... 121
Air-conditioning system
see Climate control
Alarm
ATA (Anti-Theft Alarm system)......... 68
Switching off (ATA) .......................... 68
Switching the function on/off
(ATA) ................................................ 68
4Index

Automatic transmission emer-
gency mode.......................................139
B
Back button....................................... 232
Backup lamp
Display message ............................ 205
BAS (Brake Assist System)................. 61
Battery (SmartKey)
Checking .......................................... 73
Important safety notes .................... 73
Replacing ......................................... 73
Battery (vehicle)
Charging ........................................ 281
Display message ............................ 208
Important safety notes .................. 279
Jump starting ................................. 282
Replacing ....................................... 281
Belt
see Seat belts
Belt warning......................................... 44
Blind Spot Assist
Activating/deactivating (on-
board computer) ............................ 188
Display message ............................ 210
Notes/function .............................. 174
Bluetooth®
Searching for a mobile phone ........235
Searching for a mobile phone
(device manager) ........................... 236
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual ..................................................231
Telephony ...................................... 235
Brake Assist System
see BAS (Brake Assist System)
Brake fluid
Display message ............................ 199
Notes ............................................. 322
Brake force distribution
see EBD (electronic brake force
distribution)
Brake lamp
Replacing bulbs .............................107
Brake lamps
Display message ............................ 204
Brakes
ABS ..................................................61
BAS .................................................. 61
Brake fluid (notes) ......................... 322
Braking assistance appropriate to
the situation ..................................... 63
Display message............................ 194
EBD .................................................. 67
Hill start assist ............................... 126
HOLD function ............................... 158
Important safety notes .................. 147
Maintenance .................................. 148
Parking brake ................................ 143
Riding tips ...................................... 147
Warning lamp ................................. 221
Braking assistance appropriate to
the situation
Function/notes................................ 63
Breakdown assistance
Where will I find...? ........................ 273
see Flat tire
see Tow-starting
see Towing away
Brightness control (instrument
cluster lighting)................................... 33
Buttons on the steering wheel......... 179
C
California
Important notice for retail cus-
tomers and lessees .......................... 25
Calling up a malfunction
see Display messages
Car
see Vehicle
Care
Car wash ........................................ 265
Carpets .......................................... 272
Display ........................................... 270
Exhaust pipe .................................. 270
Exterior lights ................................ 269
Gear or selector lever .................... 271
Interior ........................................... 270
Matte finish ................................... 267
Notes ............................................. 265
Paint .............................................. 267
Plastic trim .................................... 270
Power washer................................ 266
Rear view camera .......................... 269
6Index

Display (DIRECT SELECT lever) ...... 131
Driver's door
see Doors
Driving
Towing vehicles ............................. 129
Driving abroad
Mercedes-Benz Service ................. 265
Driving on flooded roads.................. 150
Driving safety system
Active Brake Assist .......................... 62
Braking assistance appropriate to
the situation .....................................63
Driving safety systems
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) .......61
ADAPTIVE BRAKE............................. 68
BAS (Brake Assist System) .............. 61
Distance warning function ............... 62
EBD (electronic brake force distri-
bution) ............................................. 67
ESP®(Electronic Stability Pro-
gram) ............................................... 64
Important safety information ........... 61
Overview .......................................... 61
STEER CONTROL ............................. 68
Driving system
DYNAMIC BODY CONTROL ............ 162
Parking assist PARKTRONIC .......... 162
RACE START (Mercedes-AMG
vehicles) ........................................ 160
Start-off assist ............................... 159
Driving systems
Active Parking Assist ..................... 165
AMG adaptive sport suspension
system ........................................... 161
ATTENTION ASSIST ........................ 173
Blind Spot Assist ............................ 174
Cruise control ................................ 150
Display message ............................ 209
HOLD function ............................... 158
Lane Keeping Assist ...................... 176
Lane Tracking package .................. 174
Rear view camera .......................... 169
Driving tips
Active Distance Assist
DISTRONIC ............................ 152, 158
Automatic transmission ................. 134
Brakes ........................................... 147
Break-in period .............................. 122
Checking brake lining thickness .... 149
Downhill gradient ........................... 147
Drinking and driving ....................... 146
Driving in winter ............................. 150
Driving on flooded roads ................ 150
Driving on wet roads ...................... 149
Exhaust check ............................... 146
Fuel ................................................ 146
General .......................................... 145
Hydroplaning ................................. 149
Icy road surfaces ........................... 150
Limited braking efficiency on sal-
ted roads ....................................... 148
Snow chains .................................. 293
The first 1000 miles (1500 km) ..... 122
Wet road surface ........................... 148
DVD video
Operating (on-board computer) ..... 185
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
DYNAMIC SELECT button
Climate control (3-zone automatic
climate control) ............................. 116
Climate control (air-conditioning
system) .......................................... 113
DYNAMIC SELECT button (all vehi-
cles except Mercedes-AMG vehi-
cles).................................................... 129
DYNAMIC SELECT controller............ 130
DYNAMIC SELECT controller
(Mercedes-AMG vehicles)................. 130
E
EASY-PACK tailgate
see Tailgate
EASY-VARIO-PLUS system
Cargo compartment enlargement .. 242
EBD (electronic brake force distri-
bution)
Display message ............................ 196
Function/notes................................ 67
ECO display
Function/notes............................. 146
On-board computer ....................... 182
ECO start/stop function
Automatic engine start .................. 127
Automatic engine switch-off .......... 127
Index9

N
Navigation
Entering a destination .................... 233
Menu (on-board computer) ............ 183
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual.................................................. 231
Notes on breaking-in a new vehi-
cle....................................................... 122
O
Occupant Classification System
(OCS)
Conditions ....................................... 48
Faults ............................................... 51
Operation ......................................... 48
System self-test ............................... 50
Occupant safety
Air bags ........................................... 45
Automatic measures after an acci-
dent ................................................. 54
Belt warning ..................................... 44
Children in the vehicle ..................... 54
Important safety notes .................... 40
Introduction to the restraint sys-
tem .................................................. 40
Occupant Classification System
(OCS) ............................................... 47
PASSENGER AIR BAG indicator
lamps ............................................... 41
Pets in the vehicle ........................... 60
Restraint system warning lamp ........ 41
Seat belt .......................................... 41
Odometer........................................... 182
On-board computer
AMG menu ..................................... 190
Assistance graphic menu ............... 187
Assistance menu ........................... 186
Audio menu ................................... 184
Convenience submenu .................. 190
Display messages .......................... 193
Displaying a service message ........ 264
Factory settings ............................. 190
Important safety notes .................. 178
Instrument cluster submenu .......... 188
Lighting submenu .......................... 189
Menu overview .............................. 181
Message memory .......................... 193
Navigation menu ............................ 183
Operation ....................................... 179
RACETIMER ................................... 191
Service menu ................................. 188
Settings menu ............................... 188
Standard display ............................ 182
Telephone menu ............................ 185
Trip menu ...................................... 182
Vehicle submenu ........................... 189
Video DVD operation ..................... 185
Opening and closing the side trim
panels................................................. 107
Operating safety
Declaration of conformity ................ 27
Important safety notes .................... 27
Operating system
see On-board computer
Operation
Digital Operator's Manual................ 23
Operator's Manual
Vehicle equipment ........................... 25
Outside temperature display........... 178
Overhead control panel...................... 39
Override feature
Rear side windows........................... 60
P
Paint code number............................ 318
Paintwork (cleaning instructions)... 267
Panic alarm.......................................... 40
Panorama roof with power tilt/
sliding panel
Important safety notes .................... 86
Operating ......................................... 87
Operating the roller sunblinds for
the sliding sunroof ........................... 88
Problem (malfunction) ..................... 89
Reversing feature ............................. 87
Parking
Important safety notes .................. 142
Parking brake ................................ 143
Parking position for the exterior
mirror on the front-passenger
side .................................................. 99
Rear view camera .......................... 169
14Index

Parking aid
see Exterior mirrors
see Rear view camera
Parking Assist PARKTRONIC
Deactivating/activating ................. 164
Driving system ...............................162
Function/notes .............................162
Important safety notes .................. 162
Problems (malfunctions) ................ 165
Sensor range ................................. 163
Warning display............................. 164
Parking assistance
see Parking Assist PARKTRONIC
Parking brake
Applying automatically................... 144
Applying or releasing manually ...... 144
Display message ............................ 196
Electric parking brake .................... 143
Emergency braking ........................ 145
General notes ................................ 143
Releasing automatically................. 145
Warning lamp ................................. 226
Parking lamps
Switching on/off........................... 102
PASSENGER AIR BAG
Display message ............................ 202
Indicator lamps ................................ 41
Problem (malfunction) ................... 202
Pets in the vehicle............................... 60
Phone book
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Plastic trim (cleaning instruc-
tions).................................................. 270
Power washers.................................. 266
Power windows
see Side windows
Protection against theft
ATA (Anti-Theft Alarm system) ......... 68
Immobilizer ...................................... 68
Protection of the environment
General notes .................................. 24
Pulling away
Automatic transmission ................. 126
General notes ................................ 126
Hill start assist ............................... 126
Q
QR code
Mercedes-Benz Guide App ................. 1
Rescue card ..................................... 29
Qualified specialist workshop........... 28
R
RACE START
Important safety notes .................. 160
RACE START (Mercedes-AMG vehi-
cles).................................................... 160
RACE TIMER (on-board computer,
Mercedes-AMG vehicles).................. 191
Radio
Selecting a station ......................... 184
see Digital Operator's Manual
Radio mode
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Radio-wave reception/transmis-
sion in the vehicle
Declaration of conformity ................ 27
Rain closing feature (panorama
roof with power tilt/sliding panel).... 88
Reading lamp..................................... 104
Rear compartment
Setting the air vents ...................... 121
Rear fog lamp
Display message ............................ 205
Replacing bulbs............................. 107
Switching on/off........................... 102
Rear lamps
see Lights
Rear seats
Folding the backrest forwards/
back ............................................... 242
Rear view camera
"Reverse parking" function ............ 171
Cleaning instructions ..................... 269
Display in the multimedia system .. 170
Function/notes............................. 169
General notes ................................ 169
Switching on/off........................... 170
Rear window defroster
Problem (malfunction) ................... 120
Switching on/off........................... 120
Index15

Rear-view mirror
Anti-glare (manual) .......................... 97
Dipping (automatic) ......................... 98
Reflective safety jacket.................... 273
Refrigerant (air-conditioning sys-
tem)
Important safety notes .................. 324
Refueling
Fuel gauge....................................... 33
Important safety notes .................. 139
Refueling process .......................... 140
see Fuel
Remote control
Garage door opener ....................... 255
Programming (garage door
opener) .......................................... 255
Replacing bulbs
Brake lamp .................................... 107
High-beam headlamps................... 107
Important safety notes .................. 105
Installing/removing the cover
(front wheel arch) .......................... 106
Low-beam headlamps.................... 106
Overview of bulb types .................. 105
Rear fog lamp ................................ 107
Turn signals (front) ......................... 107
Turn signals (rear) .......................... 107
Reporting safety defects.................... 28
Rescue card......................................... 29
Reserve (fuel tank)
see Fuel
Reserve fuel
Display message ............................ 208
Warning lamp ................................. 226
see Fuel
Residual heat (climate control)........ 120
Restraint system
Display message ............................ 201
Introduction ..................................... 40
Warning lamp ................................. 226
Warning lamp (function) ................... 41
Reverse gear (selector lever)........... 133
Reversing feature
Roller sunblind ................................. 88
Side windows ................................... 83
Tailgate ............................................ 78
Roadside Assistance (breakdown).... 26
Roller sunblind
Panorama roof with power tilt/
sliding panel ..................................... 88
Roof carrier........................................ 244
Roof lining and carpets (cleaning
guidelines)......................................... 272
Roof load (maximum)........................ 325
Route guidance
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
S
Safety
Children in the vehicle ..................... 54
see Occupant safety
Safety system
see Driving safety systems
SD card
Inserting ........................................ 237
Inserting/removing ........................ 237
Removing ....................................... 237
SD memory card
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Search & Send
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Seat
Correct driver's seat position ........... 91
Seat belts
Adjusting the height ......................... 44
Cleaning ......................................... 271
Correct usage .................................. 43
Fastening ......................................... 44
Important safety guidelines ............. 42
Introduction ..................................... 41
Releasing ......................................... 44
Warning lamp ................................. 220
Warning lamp (function) ................... 44
Seats
Adjusting (electrically) ..................... 93
Adjusting (manually) ........................ 93
Adjusting (Performance Seat) .......... 95
Adjusting the 4-way lumbar sup-
port .................................................. 95
Adjusting the head restraint ............ 94
Cleaning the cover ......................... 271
16Index

Folding the backrest (rear com-
partment) forwards/back .............. 242
Important safety notes .................... 91
Seat heating problem ...................... 96
Storing settings (memory func-
tion) ............................................... 100
Switching seat heating on/off ......... 95
Section
Trunk ............................................... 78
Securing cargo.................................. 243
Selector lever
Cleaning ......................................... 271
Sensors (cleaning instructions)....... 269
Service center
see Qualified specialist workshop
Service Center
see Qualified specialist workshop
Service menu (on-board com-
puter).................................................. 188
Service message
see ASSYST PLUS
Service products
Brake fluid ..................................... 322
Coolant (engine) ............................ 323
Engine oil ....................................... 322
Fuel ................................................ 319
Important safety notes .................. 319
Refrigerant (air-conditioning sys-
tem) ............................................... 324
Washer fluid ................................... 323
Setting the air distribution............... 117
Setting the airflow............................ 118
Setting the date/time format
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Setting the language
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Setting the time
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Settings
Factory (on-board computer) ......... 190
On-board computer ....................... 188
SETUP (on-board computer,
Mercedes-AMG vehicles).................. 191
Side impact air bag............................. 47
Side marker lamp (display mes-
sage)................................................... 206
Side windows
Cleaning ......................................... 268
Convenience closing feature ............ 84
Convenience opening feature .......... 83
Important safety information ........... 82
Opening/closing .............................. 83
Problem (malfunction) ..................... 85
Resetting ......................................... 85
Reversing feature ............................. 83
SIRIUS services
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Sliding sunroof
see Panorama roof with power
tilt/sliding panel
SmartKey
Changing the battery ....................... 73
Changing the programming ............. 72
Checking the battery ....................... 73
Convenience closing feature ............ 84
Convenience opening feature .......... 83
Display message............................ 218
Door central locking/unlocking ....... 70
Important safety notes .................... 70
KEYLESS-GO start function .............. 71
Loss ................................................. 74
Mechanical key ................................ 72
Positions (ignition lock) ................. 123
Problem (malfunction) ..................... 74
Starting the engine ........................ 125
SmartKey positions (ignition lock).. 123
Smartphone
Starting the engine ........................ 125
SMS
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Snow chains...................................... 293
Sockets
Center console .............................. 247
General notes ................................ 247
Rear compartment ......................... 248
Trunk ............................................. 248
Sound
Switching on/off........................... 232
Special seat belt retractor.................. 55
Index17

U
Unlocking
Emergency unlocking .......................77
From inside the vehicle (central
unlocking button) ............................. 76
Upshift indicator (on-board com-
puter, Mercedes-AMG vehicles)....... 190
USB devices
Connecting to the Media Inter-
face ............................................... 238
V
Vanity mirror (in the sun visor)........ 246
Vehicle
Correct use ...................................... 28
Data acquisition ............................... 29
Display message............................ 215
Equipment ....................................... 25
Individual settings .......................... 188
Limited Warranty ............................. 29
Loading .......................................... 301
Locking (in an emergency) ............... 77
Locking (SmartKey).......................... 70
Lowering ........................................ 314
Maintenance .................................... 26
Parking for a long period ................ 145
Pulling away ................................... 126
Raising ........................................... 312
Reporting problems ......................... 28
Securing from rolling away ............ 312
Transporting .................................. 287
Unlocking (in an emergency) ........... 77
Unlocking (SmartKey)...................... 70
Vehicle data ................................... 325
Vehicle data
Roof load (maximum) ..................... 325
Vehicle dimensions........................... 325
Vehicle emergency locking................ 77
Vehicle identification number
see VIN
Vehicle identification plate.............. 318
Vehicle tool kit.................................. 274
Ventilation
Setting the vents ........................... 121
Video
Operating the DVD ......................... 185
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
VIN
Seat ............................................... 319
Type plate ...................................... 318
W
Warning and indicator lamps
ABS ................................................ 222
Active Brake Assist ........................ 229
Brakes ........................................... 221
Check Engine ................................. 226
Coolant .......................................... 227
Distance warning ........................... 229
ESP®.............................................. 223
ESP®OFF ....................................... 224
Fuel tank ........................................ 226
Overview .......................................... 33
PASSENGER AIR BAG ...................... 41
Reserve fuel ................................... 226
Restraint system ............................ 226
Seat belt ........................................ 220
SPORT handling mode ................... 224
Tire pressure monitor .................... 230
Warranty.............................................. 25
Washer fluid
Display message ............................ 218
Weather display (COMAND)
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 231
Wheel and tire combinations
Tires ............................................... 315
Wheel bolt tightening torque........... 314
Wheel chock...................................... 312
Wheels
Changing a wheel.......................... 310
Checking ........................................ 290
Cleaning ......................................... 268
Emergency spare wheel ................. 315
Important safety notes .................. 290
Information on driving .................... 290
Interchanging/changing ................ 310
Mounting a new wheel ................... 313
Removing a wheel.......................... 313
Storing ........................................... 311
Tightening torque ........................... 314
Wheel size/tire size ....................... 315
Index21

Protecting the environment
General notes
HEnvironmental note
Daimler's declared policy is one of compre-
hensive environmental protection.
The objectives are for the natural resources
that form the basis of our existence on this
planet to be used sparingly and in a manner
that takes the requirements of both nature
and humanity into account.
You too can help to protect the environment
by operating your vehicle in an environmen-
tally responsible manner.
Fuel consumption and the rate of engine,
transmission, brake and tire wear are affected
by these factors:
Roperating conditions of your vehicle
Ryour personal driving style
You can influence both factors. You should
bear the following in mind:
Operating conditions:
Ravoid short trips as these increase fuel con-
sumption.
Ralways make sure that the tire pressures
are correct.
Rdo not carry any unnecessary weight.
Rremove roof racks once you no longer need
them.
Ra regularly serviced vehicle will contribute
to environmental protection. You should
therefore adhere to the service intervals.
Ralways have service work carried out at a
qualified specialist workshop.
Personal driving style:
Rdo not depress the accelerator pedal when
starting the engine.
Rdo not warm up the engine when the vehicle
is stationary.
Rdrive carefully and maintain a safe distance
from the vehicle in front.
Ravoid frequent, sudden acceleration and
braking.
Rchange gear in good time and use each gear
only up to

systems, e.g. the brake system. Use only genu-ine Mercedes-Benz parts or parts of equal qual-ity. Only use tires, wheels and accessories thathave been specifically approved for your vehi-cle.
Genuine Mercedes-Benz parts are subject tostrict quality control. Every part has been spe-cifically developed, manufactured or selectedfor and adapted to Mercedes-Benz vehicles.Therefore, only genuine Mercedes-Benz partsshould be used.
More than 300,000 different genuineMercedes-Benz parts are available forMercedes-Benz models.
All authorized Mercedes-Benz Centers maintaina supply of genuine Mercedes-Benz parts fornecessary service and repair work. In addition,strategically located parts delivery centers pro-vide quick and reliable parts service.
Always specify the vehicle identification number(VIN) when ordering genuine Mercedes-Benzparts (Ypage 318).
Operator's Manual
Vehicle equipment
iThis Operator's Manual describes all modelsand all standard and optional equipment ofyour vehicle available at the time of this Oper-ator's Manual going to print. Country-specificdifferences are possible. Bear in mind thatyour vehicle may not feature all functionsdescribed here. This also applies to safety-relevant systems and functions. The equip-ment in your vehicle may therefore differ fromthat shown in the descriptions and illustra-tions.
The original purchase agreement lists all sys-tems installed in your vehicle.
Should you have any questions concerningequipment and operation, please consult anauthorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
The Operator's Manual and Maintenance Book-let are important documents and should be keptin the vehicle.
Service and vehicle operation
Warranty
The Limited Warranty for your vehicle applies inaccordance with the warranty terms and condi-tions in the Service and Warranty Informationbooklet.
Your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center willreplace and repair all factory-installed parts inaccordance with the following warranty termsand conditions:
RNew Vehicle Limited Warranty
REmission System Warranty
REmission Performance Warranty
RCalifornia, Connecticut, Maine, Massachu-setts, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Islandand Vermont Emission Control System War-ranty
RState warranty enforcement laws (lemonlaws)
Replacement parts and accessories are coveredby the Mercedes-Benz Parts and Accessorieswarranties. These are available at any author-ized Mercedes-Benz Center.
iShould you lose your Service and WarrantyInformation booklet, have an authorizedMercedes-Benz Center arrange for a replace-ment. The new Service and Warranty Infor-mation booklet will be posted to you.
Information for customers in Califor-
nia
Under California law you may be entitled to areplacement of your vehicle or a refund of thepurchase price or lease price, if after a reason-able number of repair attempts Mercedes-BenzUSA, LLC and/or its authorized repair or servicefacilities fail to fix one or more substantialdefects or malfunctions in the vehicle that arecovered by its express warranty.
During the period of 18 months from originaldelivery of the vehicle or the accumulation of18,000 miles (approximately 29,000 km) on theodometer of the vehicle, whichever occurs first,a reasonable number of repair attempts is pre-sumed for a retail buyer or lessee if one or moreof the following occurs:
(1) the same substantial defect or malfunctionresults in a condition that is likely to cause
Service and vehicle operation25
Introduction
Z