tires MERCEDES-BENZ E-Class WAGON 2016 W213 Owner's Manual

Index....................................................... 4
Digital Operator's Manual..................25
Introduction ......................................... 27
At a glance........................................... 35
Safety................................................... 47
Opening and closing...........................89
Seats, steering wheel and mirrors ..113
Lights and windshield wipers ..........119
Climate control ................................. 129
Driving and parking..........................135
On-board computer and displays ....187
Audio 20/COMAND ..........................213
Stowage and features ......................237
Maintenance and care ......................261
Roadside Assistance ........................269
Wheels and tires ............................... 287
Technical data................................... 333
Contents3

Coolant (engine)Checking the level ........................ .265
Display message ............................ 199
Filling capacity ............................... 343
Important safety notes .................. 342
Temperature (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 190
Temperature gauge ........................ 188
Warning lamp ................................. 209
Cooling
see Climate control
Copyright ............................................. 34
Cornering light function
Display message ............................ 191
Function/notes .............................1 21
Crash-responsive emergency light-
ing ....................................................... 123
Cruise control
Activation conditions ..................... 156
Cruise control lever ....................... 156
Deactivating ................................... 156
Display message ............................ 191
Driving system ............................... 155
Function/notes .............................1 55
Important safety notes .................. 155
Selecting ........................................ 156
Setting a speed .............................. 156
Storing and maintaining current
speed ............................................. 156
Cup holder
Center console .............................. 251
Important safety notes .................. 251
Rear compartment ......................... 251
Customer Assistance Center
(CAC) ..................................................... 32
Customer Relations Department ....... 32
D
Dashboard
see Instrument cluster
Data
see Technical data
Daytime running lamps
Display message ............................ 191
Switching on/off (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 190
Switching on/off (switch) .............. 121 Declarations of conformity
................. 31
DEF
Adding ...........................................1 49
Filling capacity ............................... 341
Important safety notes .................. 341
Delayed switch-off
Exterior lighting (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 190
Interior lighting .............................. 190
Diagnostics connection ......................31
Diesel .................................................. 33 9
Digital Operator's Manua l
Help ................................................ .25
Introduction .....................................2 5
Digital speedomete r........................ .190
DIRECT SELECT lever
Automatic transmission ................. 142
Display (cleaning instructions) ........268
Display messages
ASSYST PLUS ................................ 266
Calling up (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 191
Driving systems .............................1 91
Engine ............................................ 199
General notes ................................ 191
Hiding (on-board computer) ........... 191
KEYLESS-GO .................................. 191
Lights ............................................. 191
Safety systems .............................. 192
SmartKey ....................................... 191
Tires ............................................... 200
Vehicle ...........................................2 01
Distance recorder .............................1 90
see Odometer
see Trip odometer
Distance warning (warning l
amp)
.... 210
Distance warning function
Function/notes ................................ 79
DISTRONIC PLUS
Activating ....................................... 158
Activation conditions ..................... 158
Deactivating ................................... 161
Display message ............................ 191
Displays in the multifunction dis-
play ................................................ 161
Function/notes ............................. 156
Important safety notes .................. 157
8Index

Activating/deactivating (on-
board computer, except AMG
vehicles) ........................................ 190
AMG menu (on-board computer) ... 190
Characteristics ................................. 81
Deactivating/activating (button
in AMG vehicles) .............................. 82
Deactivating/activating (except
AMG vehicles) ................................ 190
Display message ............................ 192
ETS/4ETS ........................................ 81
Function/notes ................................ 80
General notes .................................. 80
Important safety information ........... 81
Trailer stabilization ........................... 84
Warning lamp ................................. 206
ETS/4ETS (Electronic Traction Sys-
tem) ...................................................... 81
Exhaust check ................................... 154
Exhaust tail pipe (cleaning instruc-
tions) .................................................. 268
Exterior lighting
Setting options .............................. 120
see Lights
Exterior mirrors
Adjusting ....................................... 117
Dipping (automatic) ....................... 117
Folding in when locking (on-board
computer) ...................................... 190
Folding in/out (automatically) ....... 117
Folding in/out (electrically) ........... 117
Setting ........................................... 117
Storing settings (memory func-
tion) ............................................... 117
Storing the parking position .......... 117
Eyeglasses compartment ................. 239
F
Favorites
Adding ........................................... 223
Deleting ......................................... 224
Displaying and calling up ............... 223
Moving ........................................... 224
Overview ........................................ 223
Renaming ....................................... 224
Filler cap
see Fuel filler flap Flat tire
MOExtended tires .......................... 272
Preparing the vehicle ..................... 271
TIREFIT kit ...................................... 273
see Emergency spare wheel
Floormats ........................................... 259
Frequencies
Mobile phone ................................. 334
Two-way radio ................................ 334
Front fog lamps
Display message ............................ 191
Fuel
Additives ........................................ 339
Consumption statistics .................. 190
Displaying the current consump-
tion ................................................ 190
Displaying the range ...................... 190
Driving tips .................................... 153
Flexible fuel vehicles ...................... 340
Fuel gauge ....................................... 37
Grade (gasoline) ............................ 338
Important safety notes .................. 337
Premium-grade unleaded gaso-
line ................................................. 338
Problem (malfunction) ................... 149
Quality (diesel) ............................... 339
Refueling ........................................ 145
Tank content/reserve fuel ............. 338
Fuel filler flap
Emergency release ........................ 147
Opening ......................................... 146
Fuel level
Calling up the range (on-board
computer) ...................................... 190
Fuel tank
Capacity ........................................ 338
Problem (malfunction) ................... 149
Fuse allocation chart (vehicle tool
kit) ...................................................... 270
Fuses
Allocation chart ............................. 284
Before changing ............................. 284
Fuse box in the cargo compart-
ment .............................................. 285
Fuse box in the engine compart-
ment .............................................. 285
Fuse box in the trunk ..................... 285
Important safety notes .................. 284
Index11

Low-beam headlampsDisplay message ............................ 191
Switching on/off .......................... .121
Luggage holder (EASY-PACK load-
securing kit) ....................................... 247
Lumbar support
Adjusting the 4-way lumbar sup-
port ................................................ 116
M
M+S tires ............................................ 290
Malfunction message
see Display messages
Matte finish (cleaning instruc-
tions) ..................................................2 68
mbrace
Call priority ....................................2 56
Display message ............................ 191
Downloading destinations
(COMAND) ..................................... 252
Downloading routes ....................... 252
Emergency call .............................. 253
General notes ................................ 252
Geo fencing ................................... 252
Locating a stolen vehicle ...............2 52
MB info call button ........................ 255
Remote vehicle locking .................. 252
Roadside Assistance button .......... 254
Search & Send ............................... 252
Self-test ......................................... 252
Speed alert ....................................2 52
System .......................................... 252
Triggering the vehicle alarm ........... 252
Vehicle remote malfunction diag-
nosis .............................................. 252
Vehicle remote unlocking .............. 252
Mechanical key
Function/notes ................................ 92
Inserting .......................................... 92
Locking vehicle ................................ 96
Removing ......................................... 92
Unlocking the driver's door .............. 96
Media Interface
see Separate operating instructions
Memory card (audio) ......................... 190
Memory function ............................... 117 Mercedes-Benz Intelligent Drive
360°camera .................................. 173
ABS (Anti-lock Brake System) .......... 75
Active Blind Spot Assist ................. 180
Active Lane Keeping Assist ............ 183
Active Parking Assist ..................... 170
ATTENTION ASSIST ........................ 175
BAS (Brake Assist) ........................... 76
BAS PLUS (Brake Assist PLUS)
with Cross-Traffic Assist .................. 76
Blind Spot Assist ............................ 178
COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST
PLUS ................................................ 78
Cruise control ................................ 155
DISTRONI C PLUS ........................... 156
DISTR

ONIC PLUS with Steering
Assist and Stop&Go Pilot ...............1 63
ESP
®(Electronic Stability Pro-
gram) ............................................... 80
General notes ................................ 155
Lane Keeping Assist ......................1 79
PARKTRONIC ................................. 168
PRE-SAFE
®(anticipatory occu-
pant protection) ............................... 66
PRE-SAFE
®Brake .............................8 4
PRE-SAFE®PLUS (anticipatory
occupant protection PLUS) .............. 67
Rear view camera .......................... 171
Traffic Sign Assist .......................... 176
Message memory (on-board com-
puter) .................................................. 191
Messages
see Display messages
Mirrors
see Exterior mirrors
see Rear-view mirror
see Vanity mirror (in the sun visor)
Mobile phone
Authorizing .................................... 229
Connecting (Bluetooth
®inter-
face) ..............................................2 27
Connecting another mobile
phone ............................................ 231
De-authorizing ............................... 231
Enabling for Internet access .......... 233
Frequencies ................................... 334
Installation ..................................... 334
14Index

Menu (on-board computer) ............ 190
Transmission output (maximum) ....334
Modifying the programming
(SmartKey) ...........................................9 2
MOExtended tires .............................. 272
Mounting wheels
Lowering the vehicle ...................... 313
Mounting a new wheel ................... 313
Preparing the vehicle .....................3 09
Raising the vehicle ......................... 310
Removing a wheel .......................... 312
Securing the vehicle against roll-
ing away ........................................ 310
MP3
Operation ....................................... 190
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual ..................................................2 14
see separate operating instructions
Multifunction display
Function/notes .............................1 88
Permanent display ......................... 190
Multifunction steering wheel
Operating the on-board computer .. 189
Overview .......................................... 39
Music files
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual ..................................................2 14
N
Navigation
Menu (on-board computer) ............ 190
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual ..................................................2 14
Showing/hiding the menu ............. 225
Switching to ................................... 225
see separate operating instructions
NECK-PRO head restraints
Operation ......................................... 65
Resetting triggered .......................... 65
NECK-PRO luxury head restraints
Important safety notes .................... 65
Operation ......................................... 65
Resetting when triggered ................. 66
Notes on breaking-in a new vehi-
cle ....................................................... 136
O
Occupant Classification System
(OCS)
Conditions ....................................... 58
Faults ............................................... 62
Operation ......................................... 58
System self-test ............................... 60
Occupant safety
Automatic measures after an acci-
dent ................................................. 67
Children in the vehicle ..................... 68
Important safety notes .................... 49
Introduction to the restraint sys-
tem ..................................................4 8
Occupant Classification System
(OCS) ............................................... 58
PASSENGER AIR BAG indicator
lamps ............................................... 49
Pets in the vehicle ........................... 75
PRE-SAFE
®(anticipatory occu-
pant protection) ...............................6 6
PRE-SAFE
®PLUS (anticipatory
occupant protection PLUS) .............. 67
Restraint system warning lamp ........ 49
OCS
Conditions ....................................... 58
Faults ............................................... 62
Operation ......................................... 58
System self-test ...............................6 0
Odometer .......................................... .190
Oil
see Engine oil
On-board computer
AMG menu ..................................... 190
Assistance menu ........................... 190
Audio menu ................................... 190
Convenience submenu .................. 190
Display messages .......................... 191
Displaying a service message ........2 66
DISTRONIC PLUS ........................... 161
Factory settings submenu ............. 190
Important safety notes .................. 188
Instrument cluster submenu .......... 190
Lighting submenu .......................... 190
Menu overview ..................... ......... 190
Message memory .......................... 191
Na

vigation menu ............................ 190
Index15

Stowage areas................................... 238
Stowage compartments
Armrest (under) ............................. 239
Center console .............................. 239
Cup holders ................................... 251
Display message) ........................... 191
Eyeglasses compartment ............... 239
Glove box ....................................... 239
Important safety information ......... 239
Rear ............................................... 239
Stowage net ................................... 239
Under driver's seat/front-
passenger seat .............................. 239
Stowage net ....................................... 239
Stowage well beneath the trunk
floor ....................................................2 48
Summer tires ..................................... 290
Sun visor ............................................ 251
Surround lighting (on-board com-
puter) ..................................................1 90
Suspension tuning
AIRMATIC ...................................... 167
SETUP (on-board computer) .......... 190
Switching air-recirculation mode
on/off ................................................. 133
T
Tachometer ........................................ 188
Tail lamps
Display message ............................ 191
Tailgate
Display message ............................ 201
Emergency unlocking ..................... 103
Important safety notes .................... 96
Limiting the opening angle ............. 102
Opening dimensions ......................3 44
Opening/closing (automatically
from inside) ................................... 101
Opening/closing (automatically
from outside) ................................... 98
Opening/closing (from outside) ....... 97
Tank
see Fuel tank
Tank content
Fuel gauge ....................................... 37
Technical data
Capacities ...................................... 337 Emergency spare wheel ................. 332
Information ....................................3
34
Tires/wheels ................................. 314
Vehicle data ................................... 344
Telephone
Accepting a call ..................... 190, 231
Authorizing a mobile phone (con-
necting) ......................................... 229
Connecting a mobile phone (gen-
eral information) ............................ 227
De-authorizing (disconnecting) a
mobile phone ................................. 231
Ending an active call ......................2 32
Entering phone numbers ................ 232
Establishing the connection from
the mobile phone ........................... 230
Making a call ................................. 232
Menu (on-board computer) ............ 190
Number from the phone book ........1 90
Reconnecting a mobile phone
automatically ................................. 231
Redialing ........................................ 190
Rejecting a call .............................. 232
Rejecting/ending a call ................. 190
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual ..................................................2 14
Switching between mobile
phones ...........................................2 31
Using the telephone ....................... 231
Telephone number
Entering ......................................... 232
Telescopic rod (EASY-PACK load-
securing kit) ....................................... 248
Te

mperature
Coolant .......................................... 188
Coolant (on-board computer) ......... 190
Engine oil (on-board computer) ...... 190
Outside temperature ......................1 88
Setting (climate control) ................ 133
Through-loading feature ................... 239
Timing (RACETIMER) ......................... 190
Tire pressure
Calling up (on-board computer) ..... 294
Checking manually ........................ 294
Display message ............................ 200
Maximum ....................................... 294
Not reached (TIREFIT) .................... 274
Notes ............................................. 292
20Index

Reached (TIREFIT) .......................... 274
Recommended .............................. .291
Tire pressure monitor
Checking the tire pressure elec-
tronically ........................................ 296
Function/notes .............................2 94
General notes ................................ 294
Important safety notes .................. 295
Radio type approval for the tire
pressure monitor ........................... 297
Restarting ...................................... 297
Warning lamp ................................. 211
Warning message .......................... 296
Tire-change tool kit ........................... 270
TIREFIT kit .......................................... 273
Tires
Aspect ratio (definition) ................. 308
Average weight of the vehicle
occupants (definition) .................... 307
Bar (definition) ............................... 306
Changing a wheel .......................... 309
Characteristics .............................. 306
Checking ........................................ 289
Curb weight (definition) ................. 308
Definition of terms ......................... 306
Direction of rotation ...................... 309
Display message ............................ 200
Distribution of the vehicle occu-
pants (definition) ............................ 309
DOT (Department of Transporta-
tion) (definition) ............................. 307
DOT, Tire Identification Number
(TIN) ............................................... 306
GAWR (Gross Axle Weight Rating)
(definition) ..................................... 307
General notes ................................ 314
GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) (def-
inition) ........................................... 307
GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rat-
ing) (definition) .............................. 307
Important safety notes .................. 288
Increased vehicle weight due to
optional equipment (definition) ...... 307
Information on driving .................... 288
Kilopascal (kPa ) (
definition) ........... 307
Labeling (overview) ........................ 303
Load bearing index (definition) ...... 308
Load index ..................................... 305 Load index (definition) ................... 307
Maximum load on a tire (defini-
tion) ............................................... 308
Maximum loaded vehicle weight
(definition) ..................................... 307
Maximum permissible tire pres-
sure (definition) ............................. 308
Maximum tire load ......................... 305
Maximum tire load (definition) ....... 308
MOExtended tires .......................... 290
Optional equipment weight (defi-
nition) ............................................ 308
PSI (pounds per square inch) (def-
inition) ........................................... 308
Replacing ....................................... 309
Service life ..................................... 290
Sidewall (definition) ....................... 308
Speed rating (definition) ................ 307
Storing ........................................... 309
Structure and characteristics
(definition) ..................................... 306
Temperature .................................. 302
TIN (Tire Identification Number)
(definition) ..................................... 308
Tire bead (definition) ...................... 308
Tire pressure (definition) ................ 308
Tire pressures (recommended) ...... 307
Tire size (data) ............................... 314
Tire size designation, load-bearing
capacity, speed rating .................... 303
Tire tread ....................................... 289
Tire tread (definition) ..................... 308
Total load limit (definition) ............. 309
Traction ......................................... 302
Traction (definition) ....................... 308
Tread wear ..................................... 302
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
Standards ...................................... 301
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
Standards (definition) .................... 307
Wear indicator (definition) ............. 308
Wheel and tire combination ........... 316
Wheel rim (definition) .................... 307
see Fl
at tire
Top Tether ............................................ 71
Tow-starting
Emergency engine starting ............ 284
Important safety notes .................. 281
Index21

Vehicle dimensions........................... 344
Vehicle emergency locking ................ 96
Vehicle identification number
see VIN
Vehicle identification plate .............. 336
Vehicle level
AIRMATIC ...................................... 166
Vehicle maintenance
see ASSYST PLUS
Vehicle tool kit .................................. 270
Video
see also Digital Operator's Man-
ual .................................................. 214
Video (DVD) ........................................ 190
VIN
Seat ............................................... 336
Type plate ...................................... 336
Voice Control System
see Separate operating instructions
W
Warning and indicator lampsABS ................................................ 205
Brakes ........................................... 204
Check Engine ................................. 202
Coolant .......................................... 209
Distance warning ........................... 210
ESP
®.............................................. 206
ESP®OFF ....................................... 207
Fuel tank ........................................ 202
General notes ................................ 202
Overview .......................................... 38
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF ............... 49
Reserve fuel ................................... 202
Restraint system ............................ 208
Seat belt ........................................ 202
SPORT handling mode ................... 207
Tire pressure monitor .................... 211
Warranty .............................................. 28
Washer fluid
Display message ............................ 191
Wheel and tire combination
see Tires
Wheel bolt tightening torque ........... 313
Wheel chock ...................................... 310
Wheels
Changing a wheel .......................... 309 Checking ........................................ 289
Cleaning ......................................... 268
Emergency spare wheel ................. 329
General notes ................................ 314
Important safety notes .................. 288
Information on driving .................... 288
Interchanging/changing ................ 309
Mounting a new wheel ................... 313
Mounting a wheel .......................... 309
Removing a wheel .......................... 312
Storing ........................................... 309
Tightening torque ........................... 313
Wheel size/tire size ....................... 314
Window curtain air bag
Operation ......................................... 57
Windows
see Side windows
Windshield
Defrosting ...................................... 133
Windshield washer fluid
see Windshield washer system
Windshield washer system
Adding washer fluid ....................... 266
Important safety notes .................. 343
Windshield wipers
Problem (malfunction) ................... 127
Rear window wiper ........................ 125
Replacing the wiper blades ............ 125
Switching on/off ........................... 125
Winter driving
Important safety notes .................. 290
Slippery road surfaces ................... 155
Snow chains .................................. 291
Winter operation
Radiator cove r ............................... 263
Wi

nter tires
M+S tires ....................................... 290
Wiper blades
Cleaning ......................................... 268
Important safety notes .................. 125
Replacing (rear window) ................ 126
Replacing (windshield) ................... 126
Wooden trim (cleaning instruc-
tions) .................................................. 268
Workshop
see Qualified specialist workshop
Index23

You could jeopardize the operating safety of
your vehicle if you use parts, tires and wheels
as well as accessories relevant to safety
which have not been approved by Mercedes.
This could lead to malfunctions in safety-rel-
evant systems, e.g. the brake system. Use
only genuine Mercedes-Benz parts or parts of
equal quality. Only use tires, wheels and
accessories that have been specifically
approved for your vehicle.
Genuine Mercedes-Benz parts are subject to
strict quality control. Every part has been spe- cifically developed, manufactured or selected
for and adapted to Mercedes-Benz vehicles.
Only genuine Mercedes-Benz parts should
therefore be used.
More than 300,000 different genuine
Mercedes-Benz parts are available for
Mercedes-Benz models.
All authorized Mercedes-Benz Centers main-
tain a supply of genuine Mercedes-Benz parts for necessary service and repair work. In addi-
tion, strategically located parts delivery cen-
ters provide quick and reliable parts service.
Always specify the vehicle identification num-
ber (VIN) when ordering genuine Mercedes-
Benz parts (
Ypage 336).
Operator's Manual
Vehicle equipment
This Operator's Manual describes all models
and all standard and optional equipment of
your vehicle available at the time of going to
print. Country-specific differences are possi-
ble. Bear in mind that your vehicle may not
feature all functions described here. This also
applies to safety-relevant systems and func-
tions. The equipment in your vehicle may
therefore differ from that shown in the
descriptions and illustrations.
The original purchase agreement lists all sys-
tems installed in your vehicle.
Should you have any questions concerning
equipment and operation, please consult an
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center. The Operator's Manual and Maintenance
Booklet are important documents and should
be kept in the vehicle.
Service and vehicle operation
Warranty
The implied warranty for your vehicle applies
in accordance with the warranty terms and
conditions in the Service and Warranty Infor-
mation booklet.
Your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center will
replace and repair all factory-installed parts in
accordance with the following warranty terms
and conditions:
RNew Vehicle Limited Warranty
REmission System Warranty
REmission Performance Warranty
RCalifornia, Connecticut, Maine, Massachu-
setts, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island and Vermont Emission Control Sys-
tem Warranty
RState warranty enforcement laws (lemon
laws)
Replacement parts and accessories are cov-
ered by the Mercedes-Benz Parts and Acces-
sories warranties. These are available at any
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
iShould you lose your Service and War-
ranty Information booklet, have an author-
ized Mercedes-Benz Center arrange for a
replacement. The new Service and War-
ranty Information booklet will be posted to
you.
28Introduction

the Service and Guarantee booklet or simply
call the Mercedes-Benz Customer Assistance
Center (USA) at the hotline number
1-800-FOR-MERCedes(1-800-367-6372) or
Customer Service (Canada) at
1-800-387-0100.
Vehicle operation outside the USA
and Canada
If you plan to operate your vehicle in foreign
countries, please be aware that:
Rservice facilities or replacement parts may
not be readily available.
Runleaded fuel for vehicles with a catalytic
converter may not be available. Leaded fuel may cause damage to the catalytic con-
verter.
Rthe fuel may have a considerably lower
octane rating. Unsuitable fuel can cause
engine damage.
Some Mercedes-Benz models are available
for delivery in Europe through our European
Delivery Program. For details, consult an
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center or write to
one of the following addresses.
In the USA
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC
European Delivery Department
One Mercedes Drive
Montvale, NJ 07645-0350
In Canada
Mercedes-Benz Canada, Inc.
European Delivery Department
98 Vanderhoof Avenue
Toronto, Ontario M4G 4C9
Operating safety
Important safety notes
GWARNING
If you do not have the prescribed service/
maintenance work or any required repairs
carried out, this can result in malfunctions or system failures. There is a risk of an accident.
Always have the prescribed service/mainte-
nance work as well as any required repairs
carried out at a qualified specialist workshop.
GWARNING
Flammable material such as leaves, grass or
twigs may ignite if they come into contact with
hot parts of the exhaust system. There is a risk of fire.
When driving off road or on unpaved roads,
check the vehicle's underside regularly. In
particular, remove parts of plants or other
flammable materials which have become
trapped. In the case of damage, contact a
qualified specialist workshop.
GWARNING
Modifications to electronic components, their software as well as wiring can impair their
function and/or the function of other net-
worked components. In particular, systems
relevant to safety could also be affected. As a
result, these may no longer function as inten-
ded and/or jeopardize the operating safety of
the vehicle. There is an increased risk of an
accident and injury.
Never tamper with the wiring as well as elec-
tronic components or their software. You
should have all work to electrical and elec-
tronic equipment carried out at a qualified
specialist workshop.
!There is a risk of damage to the vehicle if:
Rthe vehicle becomes stuck, e.g. on a high
curb or an unpaved road
Ryou drive too fast over an obstacle, e.g. a
curb or a hole in the road
Ra heavy object strikes the undercarriage
or parts of the chassis
In situations like this, the body, the under-
carriage, chassis parts, wheels or tires
could be damaged without the damage
being visible. Components damaged in this
way can unexpectedly fail or, in the case of
30Introduction