park assist MERCEDES-BENZ E-CLASS WAGON 2019 Owner's Manual

R
2 Gent ledec eleration androlling
R 3 Consis tent spe ed
The inne rseg ment isgray and theout erseg‐
ment empties:
R 1 Spor tyacc eler ation
R 2 Hea vybrakin g
R 3 Fluct uation sin speed
Yo uha ve driven econ omicall ywhen:
R The thre eout ersegment sar ecom pletely fil‐
led simult aneousl y
R The ECOdispla ybor der light sup
The addition alrang eac hieve das are sult ofyour
dr ivin gst yle in com parison withadr iver wit ha
ve ry spor tydriving style is sho wnunder Bonus
fr. Start .The rang edispl ayed does notindicat e
a fixe dre duction incon sum ption. DY
NA MIC SELECT switch Fu
nction oftheDY NA MIC SELECT switch Mer
cede s-AMG vehicl es:obse rveth eno tesin
th eSupplement .Ot her wise, youma yno tre cog‐
nize dangers.
Use theDY NA MIC SELE CTswitc hto chang e
be tween thefo llo wing drive pr ogr ams:
R = (Individ ual):individual settings
R B (Spor tPlus): particular lyspor tydrivin g
st yle
R C (Spor t):spor tydrivin gst yle
R A (Comf ort): com fortable andeconomi‐
cal drivin gst yle
R ; (Eco): particular lyecon omical driving
st yle
Dep endingonthedr ive pr ogr am select edthefo l‐
lo wing vehicle charact eristic swill chang e:
R Drive
- Engin eand trans miss ionman agemen t
- ActiveDis tance AssistDIS TRONI C
R ESP ® R
Sus pensi on
R Steer ing Selecting
thedr ive pr og ram 0007
Press DYNA MIC SELE CTswitc h1 forw ards
or bac kwards.
The drive pr og ram sele cted app earsin the
multifu nctiondisplay. Dr
iving and parking 15
7

st
eer ing wheel paddle shifter.If per mitt ed,the
aut omat ictransm issionshif tsto thene xt gear
up ordown depen dingon thesteer ing wheel
paddle shifterbeing pulled.
Yo uha ve twoop tio ns tomanua lly shif tth eaut o‐
matic transmiss ion:
R Temp orar yse tting
R Perm anen tse tting
The gearsshif taut omat icallywhen manualgear‐
shif tingis deac tivated.
Te mp oraryse tting: 0007
Toactiv ate: pul lst eer ing wheel paddle
shif ter1 or2.
Manua lge arshif tingis act ivat ed fora shor t
time. Thecurrent gear isdispla yedin the
multifu nctiondisplay.
0009 Howlong themanual gearshif tingst ay sacti‐
va tedis dependen ton thedr iving style. 0007
Toshif tup: pull steer ing wheel paddle
shif ter2. 0007
Toshif tdo wn: pullsteer ing wheel paddle
shif ter1. 0007
Todeac tivate: pullst eer ing wheel paddle
shif ter2 and hold itin pla ce.
The transmiss ionposi tion 005Bapp earsin the
multifu nctiondisplay.
Pe rm anen tse tting: 0007
Cha ngeto drive pr og ram
= (0013 page15 7). 0007
Select drive pr ogr am Manual
(0013 page15 8).
Me rcedes- AMGvehicl es:obse rveth eno tesin
th eSupplement .Ot her wise, youma yfa ilto rec‐
ogni zedangers. Gearshif
tre comm endation Mer
cedes -AMG vehicl es:obse rveth eno tesin
th eSupplement .Ot her wise, youma yfa ilto rec‐
ogni zedangers.
The gearshif tre comme ndation assists youin
adop tingan eco nomic aldrivin gst yle. 0007
Ifge arshif tre comme ndation mess age1 is
sho wnonthemultifunc tiondispla y,shif tto
th ere comme ndedgear. Using
kickdow n Mer
cede s-AMG vehicl es:obse rveth eno tesin
th eSupplement .Ot her wise, youma yfa ilto rec‐
ogni zedangers. 0007
Maxi mum acceler atio n:dep ress theaccel‐
er ator pedal beyond thepr essur epoint .
The automatic transmiss ionshiftsup tothene xt
ge ar when themaximum enginespeedis
re ac hed toprotect theengine from overrev ving. Dr
iving andparking 16
1

Electr
icpa rking brak e Electr
icpar king brak efunct ion(app lying
aut omat ically) 000A
WARNIN GRisk ofacci dent andinjury
due tochildr enleftunat tende din the
ve hicle
If yo ulea vechildr enunat tende din theve hi‐
cle, they ma ybe ableto setth eve hicle in
mo tion, forex am ple by:
R Releasing thepar king brak e.
R Shif ting theaut omatic transmiss ionout
of par kposition 005D.
R Startin gth eengine.
In addition, they ma yoper ateve hicle equip‐
ment andbecome trapped. 0007
Neverlea vechildr enunat tende din the
ve hicle. 0007
When leaving theve hicle, alwaysta ke
th eSmar tKey wit hyo uand lockth e
ve hicle. The
electr icpar king brak eis appli edifth etra ns‐
mission isin position 005Dand one ofthefo llo w‐
ing con dition sis fulf illed:
R The engin eis switc hedoff.
R The seat belttongu eis no tins ertedin the
seat beltbuckleofthedr iver's seat andthe
dr iver's door isopened.
0009 Toprev ent application: pullthehandle ofthe
electr icpar king brak e.
In thefo llo wing situat ions,th eelectr icpar king
br ak eis also applied:
R ActiveDis tance AssistDIS TRONI Cis bring ing
th eve hicle toast ands till.
R The HOL Dfun ction iske eping theve hicle sta‐
tio nar y.
R ActivePa rking Assistis ke eping theve hicle
st atio nary.
This isonl yth ecase ifone ofthefo llo wing con‐
dition sis also fulfilled:
R The engin eis switc hedoff. R
The seat belttongu eis no tins ertedin the
seat beltbuckleofthedr iver's seat andthe
dr iver's door isopened.
R Ther eis asy stem malfunct ion.
R The powe rsupp lyis insuf ficie nt.
R The vehicle isstatio naryfo ra lengt hyper iod.
When theelectr icpar king brak eis applied, the
re d0049 (USA)or0024 (Canada) indicatorlam p
appear sin theins trument cluster.
The electr icpar king brak eis no taut omaticall y
applied ifth eengine isswitc hedoffby theEC O
st ar t/ stop funct ion.
Electr icpar king brak efunction (releasing
aut omat ically)
The electr icpar king brak eis released whenthe
fo llo wing condition sar efulf illed:
R The engin eis running .
R The seatbe ltto ngu eis ins ertedint oth eseat
belt buckleofthedr iver's seat.
R The transmiss ionisin position 005Bor005E and
yo udepr esstheaccelera torpeda lor you Dr
iving and parking 17
1

Fu
nction ofthera dar senso rs Some
drivi ng and drivi ng safety systems use
ra dar sensor sto monit orthear ea infront of,
behind ornext to theve hicle (depending onthe
ve hicle's equipment).
Depending ontheve hicle's equipment, thera dar
sensor sar eint egr ated behind thebum pers
and/or behindtheMer cedes star.Ke ep these
par tsfree ofdir t,ice and slush
(0013 page37 1). These nsor smu stnotbe cov‐
er ed ,fo rex am ple bycycle rack s, overhanging
loads, sticke rs,fo ilor foils toprotect agains t
st one chipping .In theeve ntofdama getothe
bum persor radiat orgrill, orfollo wing acollis ion
im pact ingthebum persor radiat orgrill, have the
function ofthera dar sensor sch eckedat aqu ali‐
fi ed specialis two rkshop. Thedriver assis tance
sy stem mayno long erwo rkproper ly. Ov
ervie wof driving systems anddriving
saf etysy stems In
this sect ion, youwill find informa tionab ou t
th efo llo wing drivin gsy stems anddriving safety
sy stems:
R 360° Camer a(0013 page209)
R ABS (Anti-loc kBra king System)
(0013 page17 4)
R ActiveDis tance AssistDIS TRONI C
(0013 page 186)
R AIR BODY CONTR OL(0013 page19 9)
R ActiveBr ak eAssi st(0013 page17 9)
R ActiveLa ne Keeping Assist(0013 page225)
R ATTENTION ASSIST(0013 page21 8)
R BAS(B rake Assis tSys tem) (0013 page17 5)
R Hill StartAs sis t(0013 page19 7)
R EBD (Ele ctroni cBrak efor ce Dis tribution)
(0013 page17 9)
R ESP ®
(Electr onicStability Program)
(0013 page17 5)
R ActiveSpe edLimi tAssi st(0013 page18 9) R
HOLD function (0013page19 8)
R STEER CONTR OL(0013 page 179)
R ActiveSt eer ing Assis t(0013 page19 2)
R ActivePa rking Assist(0013 page21 2)
R Parking AssistPA RK TRONI C
(0013 page20 2)
R Rear vie wcam era(0013 page20 6)
R Cruise control (0013 page18 4)
R Blind SpotAssis tand ActiveBli nd Spo tAssi st
( 0013 page222)
R Traf fic Sign Assist(0013 page220) Fu
nction ofABS (Anti-loc kBr aking System) AB
Sre gulat esthebr ak epr essur ein critical driv‐
ing situation s:
R Dur ing braking, e.g.atfull brak eapplication
or insuf ficie nttiretracti on, thewheels are
pr eve nted from lock ing.
R Vehicle steer ability whilebraking isensur ed.
If ABS interve nes when braki ng, youwill feel a
pulsing inthebr ak epedal. Thepulsating brak e 17
4
Driving and parking

If
th eve hicle deviat esfrom thedir ect ion desir ed
by thedr iver ,ES P®
can stabiliz eth eve hicle by
int erve ning inthefo llo wing ways:
R One ormor ewheels arebr ak ed.
R The engine outputisadap tedaccor dingto
th esituation .
ES P®
is deactiv ated ifth e00BB ESP®
OFF warn‐
ing lam plight sup con tinuousl yin theins trument
clus ter:
R Driving stabilit ywill nolongerbe improve d.
R Crosswind Assistis no long eractiv e.
R The drive wheels couldspin.
R ETS/4 ETStra ction control isstill act ive.
0009 When ESP®
is deact ivat ed, youar est ill assis‐
te dby ESP ®
wh en braki ng.
If th e00E5 ESP®
wa rning lam pflashes inthe
ins trumen tclus ter,one orseveralve hicle wheels
has reac hed itsgrip limit :
R Adaptyo ur drivin gst yle to suit thecur rent
ro ad and weather condition s. R
Donotdeac tivateES P®
.
R Onlydepr esstheaccelera torpeda las faras
is necessar y.
Dea ctivateESP ®
in thefo llo wing situat ionsto
im prov etraction :
R When usingsnowch ains .
R Indeep snow .
R Onsand orgrav el.
0009 Spinn ingthewheels results inacutting
action, whichenhances traction.
If th e00E5 ESP®
wa rning lam plight sup con tinu‐
ousl y,ESP ®
is no tav ailable duetoamalf unction.
Obse rveth efo llo wing informatio n:
R Warning and indic ator lam ps
(0013 page482)
R Disp lay mess ages (0013 page43 7) ET
S/4ET S(Electr onicTractio nSy stem)
ET S/ 4ETS tracti oncontr olispa rtof ESP ®
and
mak esitpossible topull away and accelerat eon
a slippe ryroadw ay.
ET S/4ET Scan improve theve hicle's traction by
int erve ning inthefo llo wing ways:
R The drive wheels arebr ak ed individually if
th ey spin.
R Mor edr ive to rq ue istrans ferred tothewheel
or wheels withtra ction.
Inf luence ofdrive pr og rams onESP®
The drive pr og rams enabl eESP ®
to adap tto dif‐
fe re nt we ather and road con dition sas wellas
th edr iver's prefer reddr iving style. Youcan
sele ctthedr ive pr og rams using theDY NA MIC
SELE CTswitc h(0013 page15 7). 17
6
Driving and parking

Ac
tiv atin g/deac tivatin gES P®
(E lectr onicSta‐
bil ity Prog ram) Mu
ltimed iasystem:
0018 Vehicle 0019
k Assist ance 0019
ESP
Mer cedes‑AMG vehicl es:obse rveth eno tesin
th eSupplement .Ot her wise, youma yno tre cog‐
nize dangers. 0007
Activate0073 ordeacti vate 0053 thefunc tion.
ES P®
is deactiv ated ifth e00BB ESP®
OFF warn‐
ing lam plight sup con tinuousl yin theins trument
clus ter.
Obser vetheinf ormation onwarning lam psand
displa ymess ages whic hma ybe sho wninthe
ins trumen tclus ter. Fu
nction ofESP ®
Cr osswind Assist ES
P®
Cr osswind Assistde tects sudde ngu stsof
side wind andhelps thedr iver tokeep theve hi‐
cle inthelane:
R ESP®
Cr osswind Assistis activ eat vehicle
speeds between 50mph(80 km/h) and 12
5mp h(200 km/h) whendriving stra ight
ahead orcor ner ing slight ly.
R The vehicle isstabiliz edbymeans ofindivi d‐
ua lbr ak eapp lication onone side. Fu
nction ofEBD (electr onicbrak efo rc edis‐
tr ibut ion) EB
Dis ch aract erize dby thefo llo wing:
R Mon itor ing and regulating thebr ak epr essur e
on there ar wheels .
R Improve ddr iving stabilit ywhen brakin g,
espe ciallyon ben ds. Fu
nction ofSTEER CONT ROL ST
EER CONT ROLhelps youby trans mitting a
no tice ablesteer ing forc eto thesteer ing wheel in
th edir ect ion requ ired forve hicle stabiliz ation.
This steer ing recomme ndation isgiv en particu‐
lar lyin thefo llo wing situat ions:
R Both right wheels orboth leftwheels areon
a we tor slip pe ry road sur face whe nyo u
br ak e R
The vehicle star ts to skid
Sy stem limita tions
ST EER CONTR OLmaybe impai redor ma yno t
func tion inthefo llo wing situat ions:
R ESP®
is deact ivat ed
R ESP®
is malfun ctionin g
R The steer ing ismalfunct ioning
If ES P®
is malfunct ioning,youwill beassis ted
fur ther by theelectr icpo we rst eer ing. Fu
nction ofActiv eBr ak eAs sist Ac
tiveBr ak eAssi stconsi stsof:
R Distance warning func tion
R Autonomo usbraki ng func tion
R Situ ation-d epend ent braki ng assist anc e
R Vehicl eswith Drivin gAss istanc ePa ck‐
ag e:Evasi ve Steer ing Assis t
Ac tiveBr ak eAssi stcan helpyo uto minimize the
ri sk ofacollision withve hicles orpedes trians or
to reduce theef fects ofsuch acol lision . Dr
ivin gand parking 17
9

If
Ac tiveBr ak eAssi sthas detected arisk ofcolli‐
sion, awa rning tone sou nds and the00BA dis‐
ta nce warning lam plight sup intheins trument
clus ter.
If yo udo notre act tothewa rning, autono mous
br akin gcan beinit iated incritic alsituat ions.
In espec iallycritic alsituat ions,Ac tiveBr ak e
Assi stcan initia te aut onomo usbrakin gdir ect ly.
In this case, thewa rning lam pand warning tone
occu rsi mu ltane ously with thebr aking applica‐
tion .
If yo uappl yth ebr ak eyo urself inacr itical situa‐
tio nor appl yth ebr ak edur ing autonomous brak‐
ing, situation -dependen tbr aking assistance
occu rs.Thi sincr eases thebr ak epr essur eup to
maximu mfull -sto pbr aking ifnec essar y.
If th eaut onomous braking function orthesitua‐
tion -dependen tbr aking assistance istrig ge red,
additional preve ntiv emea suresfo roccupa nt
pr otect ion (PRE-S AFE®
)ma yalso beinitiat ed,if
th eve hicle iseq uipped withth ese. 000A
WARNIN GRisk ofan acci dent caused by
limit eddetection perform anc eof Active
Br ak eAssi st
Ac tiveBr ak eAssi stcanno tal wa ys cle arly
ident ifyobje ctsand complextraf fic situ a‐
tions .
In such case s,Ac tiveBr ak eAssi stmight :
R Giveawa rning orbrak ewit hout reason
R Notgiv eawa rning ornotbr ak e 0007
Alw ayspa ycar eful attention tothetra f‐
fi c situ ation; donotre ly on ActiveBr ak e
Assi stalon e.Ac tiveBr ak eAssi stisonl y
an aid. Thedriver isresponsible for
maint ainingasui table distance tothe
ve hicle infront, vehicle speed andfor
br aking ingood time. 0007
Beprepar edtobrak eor sw erve ifnec ‐
essar y. Als
oob ser vethesy stem limit ations ofActive
Br ak eAssi st.
The indiv idua lsub func tions areav ailab lein
th efo llo wing speed rang es:
Dis tance warning funct ion
The distance warning func tion issues awa rning
at speeds:
R From appr oximat ely4 mp h(7 km/h), ifyo ur
ve hicle iscritically closetoave hicle or
pedes trian. Anintermitt entwarning tone
sou nds and the00BA distance warning lam p
light sup intheins trument cluster.
Br ak eimme diat ely ortake evasiv eact ion,pr ov i‐
ded itis saf eto do soand thetraf fic situ ation
al lo ws this. 18
0
Driving and parking

Situat
ion-dependent braking assistance
Situat ion-dependent braking assistance mayint erve ne atspeeds star ting from appr oxima tely 4mp h(7 km /h)in thefo llo wing situations: Ve
hicl estrave ling in
fr ont St
ation aryve hicl es Cross ing vehicl es Cross ing pedes trians Station arypedes ‐
tr ians
Ve hicles without Driv‐
ing Assis tance pack‐
ag e Up
toappr ox.15 5mp h
(250 km/h) Up
toappr ox.50 mph
(80 km/ h) No
react ion Uptoappr ox.37 mph
(60 km/ h) No
react ion
Ve hicles withDr iving
Assis tance packag e Up
toappr ox.15 5mp h
(250 km/h) Up
toappr ox.62 mph
(1 00 km/ h) Up
toappr ox.43 mph
(70 km/ h) Up
toappr ox.43 mph
(70 km/ h) Up
toappr ox.43 mph
(70 km/ h) Canceling
abr ak eapp lication ofActiv eBr ak e
As sist
Yo ucan cancelabr ak eapplic ationof Active
Br ak eAssi stat anytim eby :
R Dep ressing theaccelera torpeda lfully .
R Releasing thebr ak epedal.
Ac tiveBr ak eAssi stma ycancel thebr ak eappli‐
cation whenoneofthefo llo wing condition sis
fulf illed:
R Youman euvertoavoid theobs tacle .
R The reisno long erarisk ofcollision. R
Anobs tacle isno long erdetected infront of
yo ur vehicle.
Ev asiv eSte ering Assis t(onl yve hicl eswith
Dr ivin gAss istanc ePa ckag e)
Ev asi ve Steer ing Assis thas thefo llo wing charac‐
te rist ics:
R Can detect statio naryor cross ing pedes ‐
tr ians .
R Can assis tth edr iver wit hadditional steer ing
assis tance ifit de tects asw erving mane uver. R
Canbe acti vatedby an abr uptst eer ing move‐
ment during asw erving maneu ver.
R Can assis tdur ing swervin gand stra ight enin g
of theve hicle.
R Can react from aspee dof appr oximat ely
12 mp h(2 0km/h) uptoaspee dof appr ox‐
imat ely43 mph(7 0km/h).
R Youcan preve nttheassis tance atanytime
by act ivel yst eer ing. 18
2
Driving and parking

000A
WARNIN GRisk ofan acci dent despite
Ev asive St eer ing Assis t
Ev asiv eSt eer ing Assis tcann otalw aysclear ly
identify objectsandcomplextraf fic situ a‐
tions .
In addition, thesteer ing suppor tof Evasiv e
St eer ing Assis tis ge ner ally no tsu fficien tto
avo idacollis ion.
In suc hcases Evasiv eSt eer ing Assis tcan:
R givean unnec essarywa rning orprov ide
assis tance
R notgi ve awa rning ornotpr ov ide assis‐
ta nce 0007
Alw ayspa ycar eful attention tothetra f‐
fi c situ ation; donotre ly on Evasiv e
St eer ing Assis talone. 0007
Beready tobrak eand take evasiv e
act ion ifnec essar y. 0007
Preve nttheassis tance byact ivel yst eer‐
ing innon -critical driving situation s. 0007
Drive at an appr opriatespeed ifpedes‐
tr ians areclose tothepat hof your vehi‐
cle. Also
obser vethesy stem limit ations ofEvasiv e
St eer ing Assis t.
Sy stem limita tions
The system maybe impair edorma yno tfunc tion
in thefo llo wing situat ions:
R Insno w,rain, fog, hea vyspr ay,if th er eis
gl ar e, indir ect sunlight oringrea tly varying
ambien tlight .
R Ifth esensor sar edir ty,fo gg ed up, damag ed
or covered.
R Ifth esensor smalfunct iondue toother radar
sour ceinterfere nce, forex am ple stro ng radar
re flect ions inpar king garage s.
R Ifaloss oftirepr essur eor adef ectiv etir e
has been detected and displ ayed.
The system mayno tre act correctly:
R Incom plex traf fic situ ations whereobject s
cann otalw aysbe clear lyidentif ied. R
Topedes trians orvehicles ifth ey mo ve
qu ickl yint oth esensor detection rang e.
R Topedes trians who arehidden byother
object s.
R Ifth etypical outline ofapedes trian cann ot
be distinguished from thebac kground.
R Ifapedes trian isno tre cogni zedassuch ,e.g.
due tospecial clothing orother object s.
R Onbends withatight radius. Se
tting Activ eBr ak eAs sist Multimedia
system:
0018 Vehicle 0019
k Assist ance
0019 Act ive Brak eAssist
Ve hicl eswithout Drivin gAss istanc ePa ck‐
ag e:The settings canbemade afte rst ar tin gth e
ve hicle.
Ve hicl eswith Drivin gAss istanc ePa ckag e:
The settings canbemade whenth eignition is
switc hedon.
The follo wing settings areav ailable:
R Early Dr
ivin gand parking18
3

0007
Accel erateth eve hicle tothedesir edspeed. 0007
Press rock er switc h2 up.
If cr uise control isactiv ated and Traf fic Sign
Assi sthas detected aspe edrestriction signwi th
a max imum permiss iblespee dand this isdis‐
pla yedin theins trument cluster: 0007
Toadop tth ede tected spee d:press rock er
switc h3 up.
The maximum permissible speedshownby
th etraf fic sig nis stor ed and theve hicle
maint ainsthis speed. 0007
Todeac tivatecr uis eco ntr ol:
pr ess rock er switc h3 down (CNCL). 0007
Todeac tivatecr uis eco ntr ol:pr ess rock er
switc h1 down.
0009 Ifyo ubr ak e, deac tivateES P®
or ifES P®
int erve nes, cruise contr olisde acti vated.
When youswit choffth eve hicle, thelas t
speed stor ed isclear ed. Ac
tiv eDi stance AssistDI ST RO NIC Fu
nction ofActiv eDi stance Assist
DI ST RO NIC Ac
tiveDis tance AssistDIS TRONI Cma intains the
se tspeed onfree-f lowing roads. Ifve hicles in
fr ont arede tected, these tdis tance isma in‐
ta ined, ifnec essar y,unt ilth eve hicle comes toa
halt. Thevehicle acceler ates orbrak es depend‐
ing onthedis tance totheve hicle infront and
th ese tspeed. Thespeed anddistance tothe
ve hicle infront arese tand save don thesteer ing
wheel onvehicles without theDr iving Assistance
Pa ckag e, inthera ng ebe twee n15 mp h
(20 km/ h)and 120mp h(200 km/h) and,on ve
hicles withth eDr iving Assistance Packag e, in
th era ng ebe twee n15 mp h(20 km/h) and
13 0mp h(210 km/h) .
Ot her featur esofActiveDis tance Assist
DIS TRONI C:
R Adjus tsthedr iving style depending onthe
select eddrive pr ogr am (fuel-sa ving,comfort‐
able ordynamic) (0013page15 7)
R Vehicl eswith Drivin gAss istanc ePa ck‐
ag e:react sto statio naryve hicles detected in
urb anspe edrang es (exc ep tbicy cles and
mo torcyc les).
R Initiates acc eler ation tothestor ed speed if
th etur nsignal indicat orisswitc hedonto
ch ang eto theov ertaking lane.
R Vehicl eswith Drivin gAss istanc ePa ck‐
ag e:tak esone- sided overtakin gre strictions
int oacco untonhighwaysor on multi-lane
ro ads withseparat ero adw ays(countr y-
dependen t).
Ve hicl eswith Activ ePa rking Assis tand Driv‐
ing Assis tance Packag e:ifth eve hicle has
been brak ed toast ands tillon mult i-lane,stru c‐ 18
6
Driving and parking