lights MERCEDES-BENZ S-Class SEDAN 2016 W222 Owner's Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: MERCEDES-BENZ, Model Year: 2016, Model line: S-Class SEDAN, Model: MERCEDES-BENZ S-Class SEDAN 2016 W222Pages: 438, PDF Size: 10.93 MB
Page 4 of 438
Index....................................................... 3
Introduction......................................... 24
At a glance........................................... 32
Safety................................................... 42
Opening and closing...........................79
Seats, steering wheel and mirrors ..104
Lights and windshield wipers ..........130
Climate control ................................. 140
Driving and parking..........................161
On-board computer and displays ....256
Stowage and features ......................325
Maintenance and care ......................352
Breakdown assistance .....................367
Wheels and tires ............................... 384
Technical data................................... 425
2Contents
Page 6 of 438
Anti-Theft Alarm systemsee ATA (Anti-Theft Alarm system)
Arm rest
St owage compartment .................. 327
Asht ray.............................................. .334
Assistance display (on-board com-
puter) ..................................................2 68
Assistance menu (on-board com-
puter) ..................................................2 69
ASSYST PLUS
Displaying a service message ........3 58
Hiding a service message .............. 358
Resetting the service interval dis-
play ................................................ 358
Service message ............................ 357
Special service requirements ......... 358
ATA (Anti-Theft Alarm system)
Activating/deactivating ................... 78
Function ...........................................7 8
Switching off the alarm .................... 78
ATTENTION ASSIST
Activating/deactivating ................. 271
Display message ............................ 299
Function/notes ............................. 228
Authorized Mercedes-Benz Center
see Qualified specialist workshop
Authorized workshop
see Qualified specialist workshop
AUTO lights
Display message ............................ 293
see Lights
Automatic car wash (care) ............... 359
Automatic engine start (ECO start/
stop function) .................................... 167
Automatic engine switch-off (ECO
start/stop function) .......................... 166
Automatic headlamp mode .............. 130
Automatic transmission
Accelerator pedal position ............. 173
Automatic drive program ............... 174
Changing gear ............................... 173
DIRECT SELECT lever ..................... 170
Display message ............................ 308
Driving tips .................................... 173
Emergency running mode .............. 177
Engaging drive pos itio
n .................. 171
Engaging neutral ............................ 171 Engaging park position automati-
cally ............................................... 170
Engaging reverse gear ................... 171
Engaging the park position ............ 170
Kickdown ....................................... 173
Manual drive program .................... 174
Manual drive program (Mercedes-
AMG vehicles) ................................ 175
Oil temperature (on-board com-
puter, Mercedes-AMG vehicles) ..... 275
Overview ........................................ 170
Problem (malfunction) ................... 177
Program selector button ................ 173
Pulling away ................................... 165
Starting the engine ........................ 164
Steering wheel paddle shifters ...... 174
Transmission position display ........ 172
Transmission positions .................. 172
Automatic transmission emer-
gency mode ....................................... 177
B
BAS (Brake Assist System) ................. 69
BAS PLUS (Brake Assist System
PLUS) with Cross-Traffic Assist
Function/notes ................................ 69
BAS PLUS with Cross-Traffic Assist
(Brake Assist PLUS with Cross-
Traffic Assist)
Important safety notes .................... 69
Battery (high-voltage)
see High-voltage battery
Battery (SmartKey)
Checking .......................................... 82
Important safety notes .................... 82
Replacing ......................................... 82
Battery (vehicle)
Charging ........................................ 374
Display message ............................ 295
Important safety notes .................. 372
Jump starting ................................. 376
Belt
see Seat belts
Belt bag ................................................ 48
Blind Spot Assist
see Active Blind Spot Assist
4Index
Page 7 of 438
Brake Assistsee BAS (Brake Assist System)
Brake fluid
Display message ............................ 283
Notes ............................................. 430
Brake force distribution
see EBD (electronic brake force
distribution)
Brake lamps
Display message ............................ 291
Brake pedal
Pedal resistance/pedal travel .......... 44
Brakes
ABS .................................................. 68
Adaptive Brake Assist ...................... 72
BAS .................................................. 69
BAS PLUS with Cross-Traffic
Assist ............................................... 69
Brake fluid (notes) ......................... 430
Display message ............................ 278
EBD .................................................. 75
High-performance brake system .... 196
Hill start assist ............................... 165
HOLD function ............................... 208
Important safety notes .................. 194
Maintenance .................................. 195
Parking brake ................................ 190
RBS warning lamp .......................... 315
Recuperative Brake System ............. 44
Riding tips ...................................... 194
Warning lamp ................................. 315
Breakdown
Where will I find...? ........................ 367
see Flat tire
see Towing away
Brightness control (instrument
cluster lighting) ................................... 35
Buttons on the steering wheel ......... 257
C
California
Important notice for retail cus-
tomers and lessees .......................... 25
Calling up a malfunction
see Display messages
Camera
see 360° camera see Rear view camera
Car
see Vehicle
Care
360° camera ................................. 363
Car wash ........................................ 359
Carpets .......................................... 366
Display ........................................... 364
Exhaust pipe .................................. 363
Exterior lights ................................ 362
Gear or selector lever .................... 365
General notes ................................ 359
Interior ........................................... 364
Matte finish ................................... 361
Night View Assist Plus ................... 364
Paint .............................................. 361
Plastic trim .................................... 364
Power washer ................................ 360
Rear view camera .......................... 363
Roof lining ...................................... 366
Seat belt ........................................ 366
Seat cover ..................................... 365
Sensors ......................................... 362
Steering wheel ............................... 365
Trim pieces .................................... 365
Washing by hand ........................... 360
Wheels ........................................... 361
Windows ........................................ 362
Wiper blades .................................. 362
Wooden trim .................................. 365
CD player (on-board computer) ........ 266
Center console
Overview .......................................... 37
Stowage space .............................. 326
Center console in the rear com-
partment
Stowage compartment .................. 327
Central locking
Locking/unlocking (SmartKey) ........ 79
Changing the media source ............. 265
Charging
see Charging the high-voltage bat-
tery (important safety notes)
Charging cable
Connecting .................................... 185
Controls ......................................... 183
Important safety notes .................. 183
Indicator lamp ................................ 184
Index5
Page 9 of 438
Coolbox.............................................. 339
Cooling
see Climate control
Copyright ............................................ .31
Cornering light function
Display message ............................ 291
Function/notes ............................ .132
Crash-responsive emergency light-
ing ....................................................... 135
Crosswind Assist (vehicles with
MAGIC BODY CONTROL) ................... 210
Crosswind Assist (vehicles with-
out MAGIC BODY CONTROL) ...............75
Cruise control
Calling up the speed last stored .... 198
Cruise control lever ....................... 197
Deactivating ................................... 199
Display message ............................ 305
Driving system ............................... 197
Function/notes ............................. 197
General notes ................................ 197
Important safety notes .................. 197
Setting a speed .............................. 198
Storing and maintaining current
speed ............................................. 198
Cup holder
Center console .............................. 331
Important safety notes .................. 330
Rear compartment ......................... 331
Temperature controlled ................. 332
Cushion air bags .................................. 53
Customer Assistance Center
(CAC) ..................................................... 29
Customer Relations Department ....... 29
D
Data
see Technical data
Data carrier
Selecting ........................................ 266
Daytime running lamps
Display message ............................ 293
Function/notes ............................. 130
Switching on/off (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 274
Declarations of conformity ................. 28
Diagnostics connection ...................... 28Digital speedometer
......................... 263
DIRECT SELECT lever
Automatic transmission ................. 170
Display
see Display messages
see Warning and indicator lamps
Display message
Hybrid drive system ....................... 297
Display messages
ASSYST PLUS ................................ 357
Calling up (on-board computer) ..... 277
Driving systems ............................. 299
Engine ............................................ 294
General notes ................................ 277
Hiding (on-board computer) ........... 277
Introduction ................................... 277
Lights ............................................. 291
Safety systems .............................. 278
SmartKey ....................................... 312
Tires ............................................... 306
Vehicle ........................................... 308
Distance recorder
see Odometer
see Trip odometer
Distance warning (warning lamp) .... 322
Distance warning function
Function/notes ................................ 71
DISTRONIC PLUS
Activating ....................................... 201
Activation conditions ..................... 201
Cruise control lever ....................... 201
Deactivating ................................... 205
Display message ............................ 303
Displays in the instrument cluster .. 204
Driving tips .................................... 205
Driving with DISTRONIC PLUS ....... 202
Function/notes ............................. 199
Important safety notes .................. 200
Setting a speed .............................. 203
Setting the specified minimum
distance ......................................... 204
Stopping ........................................ 203
with Steering Assist and Stop&Go
Pilot ............................................... 207
Doors
Automatic locking (switch) ............... 87
Central locking/unlocking
(SmartKey) ....................................... 79
Index7
Page 11 of 438
ECO displayFunction/notes ............................ .193
On-board computer ....................... 262
ECO start/stop function
Automatic engine start .................. 167
Automatic engine switch-off .......... 166
Deactivating/activating ................. 167
General information ....................... 166
Important safety notes .................. 166
Introduction ................................... 166
Electronic Stability Program
see ESP
®(Electronic Stability Program)
Emergency
Automatic measures after an acci-
dent ................................................. 61
Emergency release
Driver's door ....................................8 7
Trunk ............................................... 94
Vehicle ............................................. 87
Emergency Tensioning Devices
Activation ......................................... 57
Emissions control
Service and warranty information ....2 5
Engine
Check Engine warning lamp .......... .320
Display message ............................ 294
ECO start/stop function ................ 166
Engine number ............................... 427
Irregular running ............................ 169
Jump-starting ................................. 376
Starting (important safety notes) ... 164
Starting problems .......................... 169
Starting the engine with the
SmartKey ....................................... 164
Starting via smartphone ................ 164
Starting with the Start/Stop but-
ton ................................................. 164
Switching off .................................. 190
Switching off with the Start/Stop
button ............................................ 190
Switching off with the vehicle key .. 190
Tow-starting (vehicle) ..................... 381
Engine electronics
Problem (malfunction) ................... 169
Engine oil
Adding ...........................................3 55
Additives ........................................ 430
Checking the oil leve l ..................... 353 C
hecking the oil level using the
dipstick .......................................... 353
Checking the oil level using the
on-board computer ........................ 355
Display message ............................ 296
Filling capacity ............................... 430
General notes ................................ 429
Notes about oil grades ................... 429
Notes on oil level/consumption .... 353
Temperature (on-board computer,
Mercedes-AMG vehicles) ...............2 75
Viscosity ........................................ 430
ESP
®(Electronic Stability Pro-
gram)
AMG menu (on-board computer) ... 276
Characteristics ................................. 73
Deactivating/activating ................. 269
Deactivating/activating (notes) ....... 74
Display message ............................ 278
Function/notes ................................ 73
General notes .................................. 73
Important safety information ........... 73
Trailer stabilization ........................... 74
Warning lamp ................................. 317
ETS/4ETS (Electronic Traction Sys-
tem) ...................................................... 73
Exhaust
see Exhaust pipe
Exhaust check ................................... 193
Exhaust pipe
Cleaning ......................................... 363
Exhaustive discharging (high-volt-
age battery) ....................................... 374
Exterior lighting
Cleaning ......................................... 362
see Lights
Exterior mirrors
Adjusting ....................................... 123
Dipping (automatic) ....................... 124
Folding in/out (automatically) ....... 124
Folding in/out (electrically) ........... 124
Out of position (troubleshooting) ... 124
Setting ........................................... 124
Storing settings (memory func-
tion) ............................................... 126
Storing the parking position .......... 125
Eyeglasses compartment ................. 326
Index9
Page 14 of 438
LATCH-type (ISOFIX) child seat
anchors................................................ 63
License plate lamp (display mes-
sage) .................................................. .292
Light function, active
Display message ............................ 293
Light sensor (display message) ....... 293
Lights
Adaptive Highbeam Assist PLUS .... 133
Automatic headlamp mode ............ 130
Cornering light function ................. 132
Fogged up headlamps .................... 134
General notes ................................ 130
Hazard warning lamps ................... 132
High beam flasher .......................... 132
High-beam headlamps ................... 132
Light switch ................................... 130
Low-beam headlamps .................... 131
Parking lamps ................................ 131
Setting exterior lighting ................. 130
Standing lamps .............................. 131
Switching the daytime running
lamps on/off (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 274
Switching the spotlight on/off ....... 274
Turn signals ................................... 131
see Interior lighting
see Replacing bulbs
Loading guidelines ............................ 325
Locking
see Central locking
Locking (doors)
Automatic ........................................ 87
Emergency locking ........................... 88
From inside (central locking but-
ton) ..................................................8 6
Locking centrally
see Central locking
Low-beam headlamps
Display message ............................ 291
Switching on/off .......................... .131
Lumbar support
Adjusting the 4-way lumbar sup-
port ................................................ 118
Luxury head restraints .....................115M
M+S tires
............................................ 386
Magic Body Control ........................... 210
MAGIC SKY CONTROL ....................... 100
Malfunction message
see Display messages
Matte finish (cleaning instruc-
tions) ..................................................3 61
Maximum charge current
Setting (charging cable) ................. 184
Setting (on-board computer) .......... 272
MBC
see Magic Body Control
mbrace
Call priority ....................................3 44
Display message ............................ 283
Downloading destinations
(COMAND) ..................................... 344
Downloading routes ....................... 347
Emergency call .............................. 341
General notes ................................ 340
Geo fencing ................................... 347
Locating a stolen vehicle ...............3 46
MB info call button ........................ 343
Remote fault diagnosis .................. 346
Remote vehicle locking .................. 345
Roadside Assistance button .......... 342
Search & Send ............................... 344
Self-test ......................................... 341
Speed alert ....................................3 47
System .......................................... 341
Triggering the vehicle alarm ........... 347
Vehicle remote unlocking .............. 345
Mechanical key
Function/notes ................................ 81
General notes .................................. 81
Inserting .......................................... 82
Locking vehicle ................................ 88
Removing ......................................... 81
Unlocking the driver's door .............. 87
Media Interface
USB port in the armrest of the
center console ............................... 327
see Separate operating instructions
Memory card (audio) ......................... 266
Memory function
In the rear compartment ................ 127
12Index
Page 16 of 438
Operation ......................................... 54
System self-test ...............................56
Occupant safety
Air bags ...........................................5 0
Automatic measures after an acci-
dent ................................................. 61
Children in the vehicle ..................... 61
Important safety notes .................... 45
Introduction to the restraint sys-
tem .................................................. 44
Occupant Classification System
(OCS) ............................................... 53
PASSENGER AIR BAG indicator
lamps ............................................... 46
Pets in the vehicle ........................... 67
PRE-SAFE
®(anticipatory occu-
pant protection) ............................... 59
PRE-SAFE
®PLUS (anticipatory
occupant protection PLUS) .............. 60
Restraint system warning lamp ........ 45
OCS
Conditions ....................................... 53
Faults ............................................... 57
Operation ......................................... 54
System self-test ............................... 56
Odometer ........................................... 261
Oil
see Engine oil
On-board computer
AMG menu ..................................... 275
Assistance graphic menu ............... 268
Assistance menu ........................... 269
Display messages .......................... 277
Displaying a service message ........ 358
DISTRONIC PLUS ........................... 204
Factory settings ............................. 275
Head-up display ............................. 259
HYBRID menu ................................ 272
Important safety notes .................. 256
Instrument cluster menu ............... 274
Lights menu ................................... 274
Media menu ................................... 265
Menu overview .............................. 261
Message memory .......................... 277
Navigation menu ............................ 263
Operation ....................................... 257
Radio menu ................................... 265 Service menu ................................. 269
Settings menu ............................... 269
Standard display ............................ 261
Telephone menu ............................ 267
Trip menu ...................................... 261
Video DVD operation ..................... 267
Online access to the vehicle
Data protection .............................. 188
Functions ....................................... 189
General informa tion ....................... 188
Inte
rnet .......................................... 189
Opening the fuel filler flap
(PLUG-IN HYBRID vehicles) ............ 179
Operating safety
Declaration of conformity ................ 28
Important safety notes .................... 27
Operating system
see On-board computer
Operator's Manual
Overview .......................................... 25
Vehicle equipment ........................... 25
Outside temperature display ........... 257
Overhead control panel ...................... 39
Override feature
Rear side windows ........................... 67
P
Paint code number ............................ 426
Paintwork (cleaning instructions) ... 361
Panic alarm .......................................... 44
Panorama roof with power tilt/
sliding panel
Important safety notes .................... 97
Opening/closing the roller sun-
blind ............................................... 100
Operating ......................................... 98
Operating the roller sunblinds for
the sliding sunroof ........................... 99
Problem (malfunction) ................... 103
Rain closing feature ......................... 99
Resetting ....................................... 102
Reversing feature ............................. 98
Parcel net hooks ............................... 329
Parking
Important safety notes .................. 189
Parking brake ................................ 190
14Index
Page 18 of 438
Starting .......................................... 249
When the vehicle is stationary ....... 251
Power locks ......................................... 87
Power washers .................................. 360
Power windows
see Side windows
Pre-entry climate control (via
SmartKey)
Problems (malfunctions) ................ 157
Pre-entry climate control at depar-
ture time
General notes ................................ 157
Pre-entry climate control at time of
departure
Setting departure time ................... 158
Pre-entry climate control via key
General notes ................................ 155
PRE-SAFE
®(anticipatory occupant
protection)
Display message ............................ 284
Operation ......................................... 59
PRE-SAFE
®Brake
Activating/deactivating ................. 271
Display message ............................ 284
Function/notes ................................ 75
Important safety notes .................... 76
Warning lamp ................................. 322
PRE-SAFE
®PLUS (anticipatory
occupant protection PLUS)
Display message ............................ 284
Operation ......................................... 60
Program selector button .................. 173
Protection against theft
ATA (Anti-Theft Alarm system) ......... 78
Immobilizer ...................................... 78
Protection of the environment
General notes .................................. 24
Pulling away
Automatic transmission ................. 165
General notes ................................ 165
Hill start assist ............................... 165
Q
QR codeMercedes-Benz Guide App ................. 1
Rescue card ..................................... 29
Qualified specialist workshop ........... 28
R
Radio
Selecting a station ......................... 265
Radio-wave reception/transmis-
sion in the vehicle
Declaration of conformity ................ 28
Rain closing feature
Panorama sliding sunroof ................ 99
RBS (Recuperative Brake System)
Warning lamp ................................. 315
Reading lamp ..................................... 134
Rear compartment
Activating/deactivating climate
control ........................................... 145
Setting the air distribution ............. 149
Setting the air vents ...................... 160
Setting the airflow ......................... 150
Setting the temperature ................ 148
Stowage compartment .................. 327
Rear lamps
see Lights
Rear seats
Adjusting ....................................... 107
Adjusting a rear reclining seat ....... 107
Overview .......................................... 41
Setting the reclined position .......... 107
Rear view camera
Cleaning instructions ..................... 363
Displays in the COMAND display ... 221
Function/notes ............................. 220
Rear window blind ............................ 334
Rear window defroster
Problem (malfunction) ................... 152
Switching on/off ........................... 151
Rear-view mirror
Anti-glare (manual) ........................ 123
Dipping (automatic) ....................... 124
Recuperative Brake System
Driving safety systems ..................... 44
Important safety notes .................... 44
Refrigerant (air-conditioning sys-
tem)
Important safety notes .................. 432
Refueling
Fuel gauge ....................................... 33
Important safety notes .................. 177
16Index
Page 21 of 438
Switching on/off ........................... 131
Start/Stop button
General notes ................................ 162
Key positions ................................. 163
Removing ....................................... 163
Starting the engine ........................ 164
Start/stop function
see ECO start/stop function
Starting (engine) ................................ 164
STEER CONTROL .................................. 77
Steering
Display message ............................ 311
Warning lamps ............................... 324
Steering Assist
see DISTRONIC PLUS
Steering Assist and Stop&Go Pilot
(DISTRONIC PLUS)
Display message ............................ 305
Steering assistant STEER CON-
TROL
see STEER CONTROL
Steering wheel
Adjusting (electrically) ................... 120
Button overview ............................... 35
Buttons (on-board computer) ......... 257
Cleaning ......................................... 365
EASY ENTRY/EXIT feature ............. 122
Important safety notes .................. 120
Paddle shifters ............................... 174
Steering wheel heating .................. 120
Storing settings (memory func-
tion) ............................................... 126
Steering wheel heating
Problem (malfunction) ................... 122
Switching on/off ........................... 120
Steering wheel paddle shifters ........ 174
Stop&Go Pilot
see DISTRONIC PLUS
Stowage areas ................................... 325
Stowage compartments
Armrest (under) ............................. 327
Center console .............................. 326
Center console in rear compart-
ment .............................................. 327
Cup holders ................................... 330
Door ............................................... 327
Eyeglasses compartment ............... 326
Glove box ....................................... 326 Important safety information ......... 325
Rear ............................................... 327
Rear seat backrest ......................... 328
Stowage net ................................... 329
see Stowage areas
Stowage net ....................................... 329
Stowage space
Folding table .................................. 328
Parcel net retainers ....................... 329
Securing a load .............................. 329
Stowage well beneath the trunk
floor .................................................... 329
Summer tires
In w
inter ........................................ 386
Sun visor ............................................ 333
Suspension mode
Active Body Control ABC ............... 210
Suspension setting
AIRMATIC ...................................... 212
Suspension settings
SETUP (on-board computer) .......... 276
Switching air-recirculation mode
on/off ................................................. 152
T
Tachometer ........................................ 256
Tail lamps
Display message ............................ 292
see Lights
Tank content
Fuel gauge ....................................... 33
Technical data
Capacities ...................................... 427
Information .................................... 425
Tires/wheels ................................. 410
Vehicle data ................................... 433
Telephone
Accepting a call (multifunction
steering wheel) .............................. 267
Display message ............................ 311
Introduction ................................... 267
Menu (on-board computer) ............ 267
Number from the phone book ........ 268
Redialing ........................................ 268
Rejecting/ending a call ................. 268
Temperature
Coolant .......................................... 257
Index19
Page 32 of 438
These data memories temporarily or perma-
nently store technical information about:
Rvehicle's operating state
Rincidents
Rmalfunctions
In general, this technical information docu-
ments the state of a component, a module, a
system or the surroundings.
These include, for example:
Roperating conditions of system components,
e.g. fluid levels
Rthe vehicle's status messages and those of its
individual components, e.g. number of wheel
revolutions/speed, deceleration in move-
ment, lateral acceleration, accelerator pedal
position
Rmalfunctions and defects in important system
components, e.g. lights, brakes
Rvehicle reactions and operating conditions in
special driving situations, e.g. air bag deploy-
ment, intervention of stability control sys-
tems
Rambient conditions, e.g. outside temperature
This data is of an exclusively technical nature
and can be used to:
Rassist in recognizing and rectifying malfunc-
tions and defects
Ranalyze vehicle functions, e.g. after an acci-
dent
Roptimize vehicle function
The data cannot be used to trace the vehicle's
movements.
When your vehicle is serviced, technical infor-
mation can be read from the event data memory
and malfunction data memory.
Services include, for example:
Rrepair services
Rservice processes
Rwarranties
Rquality assurance
The vehicle is read out by employees of the ser-
vice network (including the manufacturer) using
special diagnostic testers. More detailed infor-
mation is obtained from it, if required.
After a malfunction has been rectified, the infor-
mation is deleted from the malfunction memory or is continually overwritten.
When operating the vehicle, situations are con-
ceivable in which this technical data, in connec- tion with other information (if necessary, under
consultation with an authorized expert), could
be traced to a person.
Examples include:
Raccident reports
Rdamage to the vehicle
Rwitness statements
Further additional functions that have been con-
tractually agreed upon with the customer allow
certain vehicle data to be conveyed by the vehi-
cle as well. The additional functions include, for
example, vehicle location in case of an emer-
gency.
COMAND/mbrace
If the vehicle is equipped with COMAND or
mbrace, additional data about the vehicle's
operation, the use of the vehicle in certain sit-
uations, and the location of the vehicle may be
compiled through COMAND or the mbrace sys-
tem.
For additional information please refer to the
COMAND User Manual or the Digital Operator's
Manual and/or the mbrace Terms and Condi-
tions.
Event data recorders
This vehicle is equipped with an event data
recorder (EDR). This vehicle is equipped with an
event data recorder (EDR). The main purpose of
an EDR is to record, in certain crash or near
crash-like situations, such as an air bag deploy-
ment or hitting a road obstacle, data that will
assist in understanding how a vehicle's systems
performed. The EDR is designed to record data
related to vehicle dynamics and safety systems for a short period of time, typically 30 seconds
or less.
The EDR in this vehicle is designed to record
such data as:
RHow various systems in your vehicle were
operating
RWhether or not the driver and passenger
safety belts were buckled/fastened
RHow far (if at all) the driver was depressing theaccelerator and/or brake pedal and
RHow fast the vehicle was traveling.
30Introduction