engine oil NISSAN 370Z 2020 Owner´s Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: NISSAN, Model Year: 2020, Model line: 370Z, Model: NISSAN 370Z 2020Pages: 455, PDF Size: 2.22 MB
Page 376 of 455

8-8Do-it-yourself
d. Install the bolts that hold the un-dercover in place. Be careful not to
strip the bolts or over-tighten them.
2. Lower the vehicle carefully to the ground.
3. Dispose of waste oil and filter properly.
WARNING
. Prolonged and repeated contact
with used engine oil may cause
skin cancer.
. Try to avoid direct skin contact
with used oil. If skin contact is
made, wash thoroughly with soap
or hand cleaner as soon as pos-
sible.
. Keep used engine oil out of reach
of children. When checking or replacement is re-
quired, we recommend a NISSAN dealer
for servicing.
CAUTION
.
It is recommended that you use
only Genuine NISSAN Matic S ATF.
Do not mix with other fluids.
. Using automatic transmission
fluid other than Genuine NISSAN
Matic S ATF may cause deteriora-
tion in driveability and automatic
transmission durability, and may
damage the automatic transmis-
sion. Damage caused by the use
of fluid other than as recom-
mended is not covered by the
NISSAN new vehicle limited war-
ranty.
SDI1765A
Check the fluid level in the reservoir.
The fluid level should be checked with the
engine off using the HOT range (
: HOT
MAX.,: HOT MIN.) at fluid temperatures
of 122 to 176°F (50 to 80°C) or using the
COLD range (
: COLD MAX.,: COLD MIN.)
at fluid temperatures of 32 to 86°F (0 to
30°C).
If the fluid is below the MIN line, add
Genuine NISSAN PSF or equivalent. Re-
move the cap and fill through the open-
ing.
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID (ATF)POWER STEERING FLUID
Page 410 of 455

9-4Maintenance and schedules
so equipped) hold securely in all latched
positions.
Seat belts:Check that all parts of the seat
belt system (for example, buckles, an-
chors, adjuster and retractors) operate
properly and smoothly, and are installed
securely. Check the belt webbing for cuts,
fraying, wear or damage.
Steering wheel: Check for changes in the
steering conditions, such as excessive
free play, hard steering or strange noises.
Warning lights and chimes: Make sure
that all warning lights and chimes are
operating properly.
Windshield defroster: Check that the air
comes out of the defroster outlets prop-
erly and in sufficient quantity when oper-
ating the heater or air conditioner.
Windshield wiper and washer*: Check
that the wipers and washer operate
properly and that the wipers do not
streak.
Under the hood and vehicle
The maintenance items listed here should
be checked periodically (for example,
each time you check the engine oil or
refuel).
Battery*: Check the fluid level in each cell.
It should be between the MAX and MIN
lines. Vehicles operated in high tempera- tures or under severe condition require
frequent checks of the battery fluid level.
NOTE:
Care should be taken to avoid situations
that can lead to potential battery dis-
charge and potential no-start condi-
tions such as:
1.
Installation or extended use of elec-
tronic accessories that consume
battery power when the engine is
not running (Phone chargers, GPS,
DVD players, etc.)
2. Vehicle is not driven regularly and/
or only driven short distances.
In these cases, the battery may need to
be charged to maintain battery health.
Brake and clutch fluid levels*: Make sure
that the brake and clutch fluid levels are
between the MAX and MIN lines on the
reservoir.
Engine coolant level*: Check the coolant
level when the engine is cold.
Engine drive belts*: Make sure that no
belt is frayed, worn, cracked or oily.
Engine oil level*: Check the level after
parking the vehicle on a level spot and
turning off the engine. Wait more than 15
minutes for the oil to drain back into the
oil pan.
Exhaust system: Make sure there are no loose supports, cracks or holes. If the
sound of the exhaust seems unusual or
there is a smell of exhaust fumes, im-
mediately have the exhaust system in-
spected. It is recommended you visit a
NISSAN dealer for this service. (See “Pre-
cautions when starting and driving” (P.5-
2) for exhaust gas (carbon monoxide).)
Fluid leaks:
Check under the vehicle for
fuel, oil, water or other fluid leaks after the
vehicle has been parked for a while. Water
dripping from the air conditioner after use
is normal. If you should notice any leaks
or if gasoline fumes are evident, check for
the cause and have it corrected immedi-
ately.
Power steering fluid level* and lines:
Check the level when the fluid is cold, with
the engine off. Check the lines for proper
attachment, leaks, cracks, etc.
Radiator and hoses: Check the front of
the radiator and clean off any dirt, insects,
leaves, etc., that may have accumulated.
Make sure the hoses have no cracks,
deformation, rot or loose connections.
Underbody: The underbody is frequently
exposed to corrosive substances such as
those used on icy roads or to control
dust. It is very important to remove these
substances, otherwise rust will form on
the floor pan, frame, fuel lines and around
the exhaust system. At the end of winter,
Page 412 of 455

9-6Maintenance and schedules
Engine oil and oil filter:
Replace engine oil and oil filter at the
specified intervals. For recommended oil
grade and viscosity refer to “Capacities
and recommended fluids/lubricants”
(P.10-2).
Evaporative Emissions Control Vapor
Lines*:
Check vapor lines for leaks or looseness.
Tighten connections or replace parts as
necessary.
Fuel lines*:
Check the fuel hoses, piping and connec-
tions for leaks, looseness, or deterioration.
Tighten connections or replace parts as
necessary.
Spark plugs:
Replace at specified intervals. Install new
plugs of the type as originally equipped.
CHASSIS AND BODY MAINTENANCE
Brake lines and cables:
Visually inspect for proper installation.
Check for chafing, cracks, deterioration,
and signs of leaking. Replace any deterio-
rated or damaged parts immediately.
Brake pads and rotors:
Check for wear, deterioration and fluid
leaks. Replace any deteriorated or da-
maged parts immediately.Exhaust system:
Visually inspect the exhaust pipes, muffler
and hangers for leaks, cracks, deteriora-
tion, and damage. Tighten connections or
replace parts as necessary.
In-cabin microfilter:
Replace at specified intervals. When driv-
ing for prolonged periods in dusty condi-
tions, replace the filter more frequently.
Steering gear and linkage, axle and
suspension parts:
Check for damage, looseness, and leak-
age of oil or grease. Under severe driving
conditions, inspect more frequently.
Tire rotation:
Tires cannot be rotated, as the front tires
are a different size from the rear tires and
the direction of wheel rotation is fixed in
each tire.
Transmission fluid/oil, differential oil:
Visually inspect for signs of leakage at
specified intervals.
To help ensure smooth, safe and eco-
nomical driving, NISSAN provides two
maintenance schedules that may be
used, depending upon the conditions in
which you usually drive. These schedules
contain both distance and time intervals,
up to 120,000 miles (192,000 km)/96
months. For most people, the odometer
reading will indicate when service is
needed. However, if you drive very little,
your vehicle should be serviced at the
regular time intervals shown in the sche-
dule.
After 120,000 miles (192,000 km)/96
months, continue maintenance at the
same mileage/time intervals.
ADDITIONAL MAINTENANCE ITEMS
FOR SEVERE OPERATING CONDI-
TIONS
Additional maintenance items for se-
vere operating conditions;
should be
performed on vehicles that are driven
under especially demanding conditions.
Additional maintenance items should be
performed if you primarily operate your
vehicle under the following conditions:
. Repeated short trips of less than 5
miles (8 km).
. Repeated short trips of less than 10
miles (16 km) with outside tempera-
tures remaining below freezing.
MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES
Page 414 of 455

9-8Maintenance and schedules
STANDARD MAINTENANCE
Abbreviations: I = Inspect and correct or replace as necessary, R = Replace
MAINTENANCE OPERATION
Perform at number of miles, kilometers or months,
whichever comes first.Miles × 1,000
(km × 1,000) Months MAINTENANCE INTERVAL
7.5
(12) 6 15
(24) 12 22.5
(36) 18 30
(48) 24 37.5
(60) 30 45
(72) 36 52.5
(84) 42 60
(96) 48 67.5
(108) 54 75
(120) 60 82.5
(132) 66 90
(144) 72 97.5
(156) 78 105
(168) 84 112.5
(180) 90 120
(192) 96
Air cleaner filter NOTE (1)RR R R
Automatic transmission fluid NOTE (2)
Brake fluid$ RR RR
Brake lines and cables II II I I I I
Brake pads and rotors$ II II I I I I
Drive belts NOTE (3) I*I* I* I*I*
Engine coolant NOTE (4)(5)
Engine oil and oil filter$ RRRRRRRRRR RR R RR R
EVAP vapor lines and Fuel lines I*I* I* I*
Exhaust system$ II II
Fuel filter NOTE (6)
Intelligent Key battery IRRRR
In-cabin microfilter RR RR R R R R
Intake & exhaust valve clearance NOTE (7)
Manual transmission gear oil & differential gear oil NOTE (8)II II I I II
Spark plugs NOTE (9)Replace every 105,000 miles (168,000 km)
Steering gear and linkage, axle and suspension parts$ II II
Tire rotation NOTE (10)
Page 416 of 455

9-10Maintenance and schedules
The maintenance intervals shown on the
preceding pages are for normal operating
conditions. If the vehicle is mainly oper-
ated under severe driving conditions as
shown below, more frequent mainte-
nance must be performed on the follow-
ing items as shown in the table.
Severe driving conditions
.Repeated short trips of less than 5
miles (8 km).
. Repeated short trips of less than 10
miles (16 km) with outside tempera-
tures remaining below freezing.
. Operating in hot weather in stop-and-
go “rush hour” traffic.
. Extensive idling and/or low speed
driving for long distances, such as
police, taxi or door-to-door delivery
use.
. Driving in dusty conditions.
. Driving on rough, muddy, or salt
spread roads.
. Using a car-top carrier.
Maintenance operation: Inspect = Inspect
and correct or replace as necessary.Maintenance item Maintenance opera- tionMaintenance interval
Brake fluid ReplaceEvery 10,000 miles (16,000 km) or 12
months
Brake pads & rotors InspectEvery 5,000 miles (8,000 km) or 6
months
Engine oil & oil filter ReplaceEvery 5,000 miles (8,000 km) or 6
months
Exhaust system InspectEvery 5,000 miles (8,000 km) or 6
months
Steering gear & linkage, axle &
suspension parts Inspect
Every 5,000 miles (8,000 km) or 6
months
MAINTENANCE UNDER SEVERE
DRIVING CONDITIONS
Page 421 of 455

10 Technical and consumer information
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants .................................... 10-2Fuel information .................................................................. 10-4
Engine oil and oil filter recommendation ........ 10-7
Air conditioning system refrigerant and
lubricant recommendations ...................................... 10-8
Specifications ........................................................................\
........ 10-9 Engine ........................................................................\
.................. 10-9
Wheels and tires .............................................................. 10-10
Dimensions ........................................................................\
.. 10-11
When traveling or registering in
another country ..................................................................... 10-12
Vehicle identification .......................................................... 10-12 Vehicle Identification Number
(VIN) plate ........................................................................\
...... 10-12
Vehicle identification number
(chassis number) ............................................................. 10-12
Engine serial number ................................................... 10-13
F.M.V.S.S./C.M.V.S.S. certification label ............. 10-13
Emission control information label .................. 10-13
Tire and Loading Information label ................. 10-14
Air conditioner specification label ..................... 10-14
Installing front license plate ......................................... 10-15
Except for NISMO models ........................................ 10-15
For NISMO models ......................................................... 10-17 Removing air deflectors (except for
NISMO models) ........................................................................\
10-18
Vehicle loading information ......................................... 10-19
Terms ........................................................................\
............. 10-19
Vehicle load capacity ................................................ 10-20
Loading tips ...................................................................... 10-21
Measurement of weights ....................................... 10-21
Towing a trailer ...................................................................... 10-22
Flat towing ........................................................................\
......... 10-22 Automatic transmission .......................................... 10-22
Manual transmission ................................................. 10-22
Uniform tire quality grading ........................................ 10-23 Treadwear ........................................................................\
.. 10-23
Traction AA, A, B and C ........................................... 10-23
Temperature A, B and C ......................................... 10-23
Emission control system warranty ......................... 10-24
Reporting safety defects ................................................ 10-24
Readiness for Inspection/Maintenance
(I/M) test ........................................................................\
............... 10-25
Event Data Recorders (EDR) ......................................... 10-25
Owner’s Manual/Service Manual
order information ................................................................. 10-26
Page 422 of 455

10-2Technical and consumer information
The following are approximate capacities. The actual refill capacities may be a little different. When refilling, follow the
procedure instructed in the “8. Do-it-yourself” section to determine the proper refill capacity.
Fluid type Capacity (approximate)
Recommended Fluids/Lubricants
Metric
Measure US
Measure Imperial
Measure
Fuel 71.9 L 19 gal 15-7/8 gal
See “Fuel information” (P.10-4).
Engine oil
*1Drain and refill*1: For additional informa-
tion, see “Changing engine
oil and filter” (P.8-6). With oil filter change
4.9 L 5-1/8 qt 4-3/8 qt
Genuine “NISSAN Motor Oil Ester 5W-30 SN” (or equivalent) is recom-
mended.
If the above motor oil (or engine oil) is not available, a synthetic SAE 5W-
30 GF-5 SN motor oil (or engine oil) may be used.
Damage caused by the use of motor oil (or engine oil) other than as
recommended is not covered under NISSAN’s New Vehicle Limited
Warranty.
For additional information, refer to “Engine oil and oil filter recommen-
dation” (P.10-7).
Without oil filter change
4.6 L 4-7/8 qt4qt
Engine coolant With reservoirAutomatic Transmis-
sion model
9.1 L 9-5/8 qt 8 qt
Pre-diluted Genuine NISSAN Long Life Antifreeze/Coolant (blue) or
equivalent
Manual Transmission
model 9.2 L 9-3/4 qt
8-1/8 qt
Reservoir 0.8 L 7/8 qt3/4 qt
Automatic Transmission fluid ———
Genuine NISSAN Matic S ATF
NISSAN recommends using Genuine NISSAN Matic S ATF ONLY in NISSAN
automatic transmissions. Do not mix with other fluids. Using fluids that
are not equivalent to Genuine NISSAN Matic S ATF may damage the
automatic transmission. Damage caused by the use of fluids other than
as recommended is not covered under the NISSAN’s New Vehicle Limited
warranty.
Manual Transmission gear oil ———
Genuine NISSAN Manual Transmission Fluid (MTF) HQ Multi 75W-85
If Genuine NISSAN Manual Transmission Fluid (MTF) HQ Multi is not
available, API GL-4, Viscosity SAE 75W-85 may be used as a temporary
replacement. However, use Genuine NISSAN Manual Transmission Fluid
(MTF) HQ Multi as soon as it is available.
Differential gear oil ———For AT and NISMO models:
Genuine NISSAN HYPOID FLUID·S1 GL-5 75W-80 or equivalent
Except for AT and NISMO models: Genuine NISSAN Differential Oil Hypoid Super GL-5 80W-90 or equivalent
conventional (non-synthetic) oil
Power steering fluid (PSF) Refill to the proper oil level according
to the instructions in the “8. Do-it-
yourself” section.
Genuine NISSAN PSF or equivalent
DEXRON
TMVI type ATF may also be used.
CAPACITIES AND RECOMMENDED
FLUIDS/LUBRICANTS
Page 427 of 455

JVT0159X
API certification markAPI service symbol
ENGINE OIL AND OIL FILTER RE-
COMMENDATION
Selecting the correct oil
It is essential to choose the correct grade,
quality, and viscosity engine oil to ensure
satisfactory engine life and performance,
see “Capacities and recommended fluids/
lubricants” (P.10-2). NISSAN recommends
the use of an energy conserving oil in
order to improve fuel economy.
Select only engine oils that meet the
American Petroleum Institute (API) certifi-
cation or International Lubricant Standar-dization and Approval Committee (ILSAC)
certification and SAE viscosity standard.
These oils have the API certification mark
on the front of the container. Oils which
do not have the specified quality label
should not be used as they could cause
engine damage.
Oil additives
NISSAN does not recommend the use of
oil additives. The use of an oil additive is
not necessary when the proper oil type is
used and maintenance intervals are fol-
lowed.
Oil which may contain foreign matter or
has been previously used should not be
used.
Oil viscosity
The engine oil viscosity or thickness
changes with temperature. Because of
this, it is important that the engine oil
viscosity be selected based on the tem-
peratures at which the vehicle will be
operated before the next oil change.
Choosing an oil viscosity other than that
recommended could cause serious en-
gine damage.
Selecting the correct oil filter
Your new vehicle is equipped with a high-
quality genuine NISSAN oil filter. When
replacing, use the genuine oil filter or its
equivalent for the reason described in
change intervals.
Change intervals
The oil and oil filter change intervals for
your engine are based on the use of the
specified quality oils and filters. Oil and
filter other than the specified quality, or
oil and filter change intervals longer than
recommended could reduce engine life.
Damage to engines caused by improper
maintenance or use of incorrect oil and
filter quality and/or viscosity is not cov-
ered by the new NISSAN vehicle limited
warranties.
Your engine was filled with a high quality
engine oil when it was built. You do not
Technical and consumer information10-7
Page 448 of 455

11-2
Clock ........................................................................\
... 2-9, 2-28
Clutch fluid........................................................................\
.... 8-9
Cockpit ........................................................................\
............. 2-3
Cold weather driving ................................................ 5-33
Compact Disc (CD) player (See
audio system) ................................................................. 4-60
Compact spare tire.................................................... 8-37
Console box ..................................................................... 2-46
CoolantCapacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Changing engine coolant ................................. 8-5
Checking engine coolant level...................... 8-5
Corrosion protection .................................................... 7-8
Cover, Cargo cover..................................................... 2-47
Cruise control ................................................................. 5-22
Cup holders...................................................................... 2-44
D
Dampers, Performance dampers.................... 5-32
Daytime running light system........................... 2-38
Defroster switch, Rear window
defroster switch ........................................................... 2-34
Dimensions .................................................................... 10-11
Drive belts...................................................................\
....... 8-14
Driving Cold weather driving ......................................... 5-33
Driving with
automatic transmission .................................. 5-12
Driving with manual transmission.......... 5-17
Precautions when starting
and driving.................................................................... 5-2
DVD player operation............................................... 4-61
E
Economy, Fuel................................................................ 5-25
Elapsed time.................................................................... 2-26
Emergency tire puncture repair kit .................. 6-9
Emission control information label............ 10-13
Emission control system warranty ............ 10-24
Engine Before starting the engine............................ 5-11
Break-in schedule ................................................ 5-24
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Changing engine coolant ................................. 8-5
Changing engine oil and filter ...................... 8-6
Checking engine coolant level...................... 8-5
Checking engine oil level................................... 8-6
Coolant temperature gauge .......................... 2-7
Emergency engine shut off.......................... 5-10
Engine block heater ........................................... 5-34
Engine compartment
check locations ......................................................... 8-3
Engine cooling system ........................................ 8-4
Engine oil.....................................................................\
... 8-6
Engine oil and oil
filter recommendation ..................................... 10-7
Engine oil replacement indicator ............ 2-24
Engine oil temperature gauge...................... 2-8
Engine oil viscosity .............................................. 10-7
Engine serial number .................................... 10-13
Engine specifications......................................... 10-9
Engine start operation indicator.............. 2-20
Engine start operation indicator
(Manual Transmission models).................. 2-21
If your vehicle overheats ................................ 6-17
Starting the engine............................................. 5-11
Event Data Recorders (EDR)............................. 10-25
Exhaust gas (carbon monoxide) ......................... 5-2 Explanation of scheduled
maintenance items ........................................................ 9-5
Extended storage fuse warning ...................... 2-23
Exterior light indicator............................................. 2-16
F
F.M.V.S.S./C.M.V.S.S. certification label ...... 10-13
Filter
Air cleaner housing filter ................................ 8-15
Changing engine oil and filter ...................... 8-6
Flashers (See hazard warning
flasher switch).................................................................... 6-2
Flat tire........................................................................\
............. 6-3 Repairing flat tire (with emergency tire
puncture repair kit) ................................................ 6-9
Flat towing..................................................................... 10-22
Floor mat cleaning ......................................................... 7-6
Floor mat installation................................................... 7-7
Fluid Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) ........ 8-8
Brake and clutch fluid ......................................... 8-9
Brake fluid ..................................................................... 8-9
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Engine coolant........................................................... 8-4
Engine oil.....................................................................\
... 8-6
Power steering fluid .............................................. 8-8
Window washer fluid ......................................... 8-10
FM-AM radio with Compact Disc
(CD) player ........................................................................\
. 4-49
FM-AM-SAT radio with Compact Disc
(CD) player ........................................................................\
. 4-58
Fog light switch ............................................................ 2-39
Front manual seat adjustment ............................ 1-4
Front passenger air bag and
status light........................................................................\
1-39
Page 450 of 455

11-4
Vehicle identification number (VIN) .... 10-12
License plate, Installing front
license plate.................................................................. 10-15
Light Air bag warning light......................................... 1-45
Bulb replacement ................................................. 8-22
Cargo area courtesy light.............................. 2-53
Cargo light ................................................................. 2-53
Fog light switch ..................................................... 2-39
Headlight switch ................................................... 2-36
Headlights bulb replacement ..................... 8-23
Indicator lights........................................................ 2-15
Interior light control switch ......................... 2-51
Interior lights............................................................ 2-51
Map lights ................................................................... 2-51
Replacement ............................................................ 8-22
Trunk light.................................................................. 2-53
Vanity mirror lights ............................................. 2-52
Warning lights, indicator lights and
audible reminders ................................................ 2-11
Xenon headlights.................................................. 2-35
Lights check/instrument panel........................ 2-11
Lights, Exterior and interior
light replacement ........................................................ 8-24
Loading information (See vehicle
loading information) .............................................. 10-19
Lock Automatic door locks........................................... 3-5
Door locks...................................................................... 3-4
Power door lock ....................................................... 3-4
Rear hatch lock...................................................... 3-17
Trunk lid ....................................................................... 3-19
Locking with mechanical key ................................ 3-4
Low tire pressure warning light ...................... 2-13
Low tire pressure warning system (See
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)) ..... 5-3M
Maintenance Battery........................................................................\
... 8-11
General maintenance........................................... 9-2
Inside the vehicle..................................................... 9-3
Maintenance indicators................................... 2-24
Maintenance log.................................................... 9-11
Maintenance precautions................................. 8-2
Maintenance requirement................................ 9-2
Maintenance schedules...................................... 9-6
Maintenance under severe
driving conditions ................................................ 9-10
Outside the vehicle ................................................ 9-2
Seat belt maintenance..................................... 1-16
Standard maintenance ....................................... 9-7
Maintenance schedules.............................................. 9-6
Malfunction indicator light (MIL)...................... 2-16
Manual front seat adjustment .............................. 1-4
Map lights ........................................................................\
.. 2-51
Master warning light................................................. 2-14
Mechanical key (Intelligent Key system) ....... 3-3
Meter Trip computer ......................................................... 2-25
Meters and gauges ........................................................ 2-5 Instrument brightness control .................. 2-38
Mirror Inside mirror ............................................................. 3-38
Outside mirrors ...................................................... 3-39
Vanity mirror ............................................................ 3-41
Multi-function controller............................................ 4-4
N
New vehicle break-in ................................................ 5-24
NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer System ............ 2-32
NISSAN voice recognition system ............... 4-105 No key warning............................................................. 2-20
O
Odometer........................................................................\
....... 2-6
Off-road recovery ............................................................ 5-6
Oil
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Changing engine oil and filter ...................... 8-6
Checking engine oil level................................... 8-6
Engine oil.....................................................................\
... 8-6
Engine oil viscosity .............................................. 10-7
Oil filter replacement indicator ................. 2-24
Opening the soft top................................................ 3-22
Operation, Operational indicators ................. 2-20
Outside mirrors ............................................................. 3-39
Overheat, If your vehicle overheats.............. 6-17
Owner’s Manual/Service Manual
order information..................................................... 10-26
P
Panic alarm....................................................................... 3-14
Parking Brake break-in ........................................................ 5-28
Parking brake operation................................. 5-21
Parking on hills....................................................... 5-26
Performance dampers ............................................ 5-32
Phone Bluetooth® hands-free phone system
(models with navigation system) ............ 4-82
Bluetooth® hands-free phone system
(models without navigation system) ..... 4-92
Car phone or CB radio ..................................... 4-81
Power Front seat adjustment ........................................ 1-3