maintenance NISSAN PATHFINDER 2019 Owner´s Manual

10 Technical and consumer information
Recommended fluids/lubricants and
capacities...................................... 10-2
Fuel recommendation ....................... 10-4
Engine oil and oil filter
recommendations .......................... 10-7
Air conditioner system refrigerant and
oil recommendations .......................10-8
Specifications .................................. 10-9
Engine ...................................... 10-9
Wheels and tires ............................ 10-10
Dimensions and weights ...................10-10
When traveling or registering in another
country ......................................... 10-11
Vehicle identification ........................... 10-11
Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
plate ........................................ 10-11
Vehicle identification number
(chassis number) ............................ 10-11
Engine serial number ....................... 10-12
F.M.V.S.S./C.M.V.S.S. certification label ........10-12
Emission control information label .........10-12
Tire and Loading Information label .........10-13
Air conditioner specification label ...........10-13 Installing front license plate
....................10-13
Vehicle loading information ...................10-14
Terms ...................................... 10-14
Vehicle load capacity ....................... 10-15
Securing the load ........................... 10-16
Loading tips ................................ 10-17
Measurement of weights ...................10-17
Towing a trailer ................................ 10-18
Maximum load limits ....................... 10-18
Towing load/specification ..................10-21
Towing safety .............................. 10-22
Flat towing for 4–Wheel drive vehicle
(if so equipped) ............................. 10-30
Flat towing for front wheel drive vehicle
(if so equipped) ............................. 10-31
Uniform tire quality grading ....................10-31
Emission control system warranty .............10-32
R
eporting safety defects ......................10-33
Readiness for Inspection/Maintenance (I/M)
test ............................................ 10-34
Event Data Recorders (EDR) ....................10-34
Owner’s Manual/Service Manual order
information ................................... 10-35

ENGINE OIL AND OIL FILTER
RECOMMENDATIONS
Selecting the correct oil
It is essential to choose the correct grade,
quality and viscosity engine oil to ensure
satisfactory engine life and performance.
For additional information, refer to “Recom-
mended fluids/lubricants and capacities”
in this section. NISSAN recommends the
use of an energy conserving oil in order to
improve fuel economy.Select only engine oils that meet the
American Petroleum Institute (API) certifi-
cation or International Lubricant Standard-
ization and Approval Committee (ILSAC)
certification and SAE viscosity standard.
These oils have the API certification mark
on the front of the container. Oils which do
not have the specified quality label should
not be used as they could cause engine
damage.
Oil additives
NISSAN does not recommend the use of oil
additives. The use of an oil additive is not
necessary when the proper oil type is used
and maintenance intervals are followed.
Oil which may contain foreign matter or
has been previously used should not be
used.
Oil viscosity
The engine oil viscosity or thickness
changes with temperature. Because of
this, it is important to select the engine oil
viscosity based on the temperatures at
which the vehicle will be operated before
the next oil change. Choosing an oil viscos-
ity other than that recommended could
cause serious engine damage.
Selecting the correct oil filter
Your new NISSAN vehicle is equipped with a
high-quality Genuine NISSAN oil filter. When
replacing, use a Genuine NISSAN oil filter or
its equivalent for the reason described in
“Change intervals.”
LTI2051
Technical and consumer information10-7

Change intervals
The oil and oil filter change intervals for
your engine are based on the use of the
specified quality oils and filters. Using en-
gine oil and filters that are not of the speci-
fied quality, or exceeding recommended oil
and filter change intervals could reduce
engine life. Damage to the engine caused
by improper maintenance or use of incor-
rect oil and filter quality and/or viscosity is
not covered by the NISSAN New Vehicle
Limited Warranty.
Your engine was filled with a high-quality
engine oil when it was built. You do not have
to change the oil before the first recom-
mended change interval. Oil and filter
change intervals depend upon how you
use your vehicle.
Operation under the following conditions
may require more frequent oil and filter
changes:∙ repeated short distance driving at cold outside temperatures
∙ driving in dusty conditions
∙ extensive idling
∙ towing a trailer
∙ stop and go commuting For additional information, refer to the
“Maintenance and schedules” section of
this manual.
AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM
REFRIGERANT AND OIL
RECOMMENDATIONS
The air conditioner system in your
NISSAN vehicle must be charged with the
refrigerant HFC-134a (R-134a) and the oil,
NISSAN A/C system oil Type DH-PS or the
exact equivalents.
CAUTION
The use of any other refrigerant or oil
may cause severe damage to the air
conditioning system and will require
the replacement of all air conditioner
system components.
The refrigerant HFC-134a (R-134a) in your
NISSAN vehicle does not harm the earth’s
ozone layer. Although this refrigerant does
not affect the earth’s atmosphere, certain
government regulations require the recov-
ery and recycling of any refrigerant during
automotive air conditioner system service.
A NISSAN dealer has the trained techni-
cians and equipment needed to recover
and recycle your air conditioner system re-
frigerant.
It is recommended that you visit a NISSAN
dealer when servicing your air conditioner
system.
10-8Technical and consumer information

7. Have someone retrieve and store theblocks.
∙ While going downhill, the weight of the trailer pushing on the tow vehicle may
decrease overall stability. Therefore, to
maintain adequate control, reduce your
speed and shif t to a lower gear. Avoid
long or repeated use of the brakes
when descending a hill, as this reduces
their effectiveness and could cause
overheating. Shif ting to a lower gear in-
stead provides “engine braking” and re-
duces the need to brake as frequently.
∙ If the engine coolant temperature rises to a high temperature, refer to “If your
vehicle overheats” in the “In case of
emergency” section of this manual.
∙ Trailer towing requires more fuel than normal circumstances.
∙ Avoid towing a trailer for your vehicle’s first 500 miles (805 km).
∙ For the first 500 miles (805 km) that you do tow, do not drive over 50 mph
(80 km/h). ∙ Have your vehicle serviced more of ten
than at intervals specified in the recom-
mended Maintenance Schedule in the
“Maintenance and schedules” section of
this manual.
∙ When making a turn, your trailer wheels will be closer to the inside of the turn
than your vehicle wheels. To compen-
sate for this, make a larger than normal
turning radius during the turn.
∙ Crosswinds and rough roads will ad- versely affect vehicle/trailer handling,
possibly causing vehicle sway. When
being passed by larger vehicles, be pre-
pared for possible changes in cross-
winds that could affect vehicle han-
dling.
Do the following if the trailer begins to
sway: 1. Take your foot off the accelerator pedal to allow the vehicle to coast and steer
as straight ahead as the road condi-
tions allow. This combination will help
stabilize the vehicle.
– Do not correct trailer sway by steer- ing or applying the brakes. 2. When the trailer sway stops, gently ap-
ply the brakes and pull to the side of the
road in a safe area.
3. Try to rearrange the trailer load so it is balanced. For additional information,
refer to “Pre-towing tips” in this section.
∙ Be careful when passing other vehicles. Passing while towing a trailer requires
considerably more distance than nor-
mal passing. Remember, the length of
the trailer must also pass the other ve-
hicle before you can safely change
lanes.
∙ Use the Tow Mode or downshif t the transmission to a lower gear for engine
braking when driving down steep or
long hills. This will help slow the vehicle
without applying the brakes.
∙ Avoid holding the brake pedal down too long or too frequently. This could cause
the brakes to overheat, resulting in re-
duced braking efficiency.
∙ Increase your following distance to al- low for greater stopping distances
while towing a trailer. Anticipate stops
and brake gradually.
Technical and consumer information10-29

WARNING
A vehicle equipped with Four-Wheel
Drive (4WD) should never be tested us-
ing a two wheel dynamometer (such as
the dynamometers used by some
states for emissions testing), or similar
equipment. Make sure you inform the
test facility personnel that your vehicle
is equipped with 4WD before it is placed
on a dynamometer. Using the wrong
test equipment may result in transmis-
sion damage or unexpected vehicle
movement which could result in serious
vehicle damage or personal injury.
Due to legal requirements in some states
and Canadian Provinces, your vehicle may
be required to be in what is called the
“ready condition” for an
Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) test of the
emission control system.
The vehicle is set to the “ready condition”
when it is driven through certain driving
patterns. Usually, the ready condition can
be obtained by ordinary usage of the ve-
hicle. If a powertrain system component is re-
paired or the battery is disconnected, the
vehicle may be reset to a “not ready” condi-
tion. Before taking the I/M test, check the
vehicle’s inspection/maintenance test
readiness condition. Place the ignition
switch in the ON position without starting
the engine. If the Malfunction Indicator
Light (MIL) comes on steady for 20 seconds
and then blinks for 10 seconds, the I/M test
condition is “not ready”. If the MIL does not
blink af ter 20 seconds, the I/M test condi-
tion is “ready”. It is recommended that you
visit a NISSAN dealer to set the “ready con-
dition” or to prepare the vehicle for testing.
This vehicle is equipped with an Event Data
Recorder (EDR). The main purpose of an
EDR is to record, in certain crash or near
crash-like situations, such as an air bag
deployment or hitting a road obstacle, data
that will assist in understanding how a ve-
hicle’s systems performed. The EDR is de-
signed to record data related to vehicle dy-
namics and safety systems for a short
period of time, typically 30 seconds or less.
The EDR in this vehicle is designed to re-
cord such data as:
∙ How various systems in your vehicle were operating;
∙ Whether or not the driver and passen- ger safety belts were buckled/fastened;
∙ How far (if at all) the driver was depress- ing the accelerator and/or brake pedal;
and,
∙ How fast the vehicle was traveling.
∙ Sounds are not recorded.
READINESS FOR INSPECTION/
MAINTENANCE (I/M) TEST EVENT DATA RECORDERS (EDR)
10-34Technical and consumer information

Compass.....................2-8
Console box ..................2-59
Console light ..................2-72
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) .......................5-16
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) fluid ..................8-10
Driving with Continuously Variable
Transmission (CVT) ............5-16
Controls Heater and air conditioner controls . .4-33
Coolant Capacities and recommended
fuel/lubricants...............10-2
Changing engine coolant .........8-5
Checking engine coolant level ......8-5
Engine coolant temperature gauge . .2-6
Corrosionprotection..............7-7
Cruisecontrol ..............5-41,5-41
Cupholders ..................2-60
D
Daytime Running Light System .......2-41
Defroster switch Rear window and outside mirror
defrosterswitch..............2-38
Dimensions and weights ..........10-10
Dimmer switch for instrument panel . . .2-42
Door locks ....................3-5
Drivebelt ....................8-15
Drive positioner, Automatic ......3-48,3-51
Driving Coldweatherdriving...........5-80 Driving with Continuously Variable
Transmission (CVT)
............5-16
Precautions when starting and
driving.....................5-2
Drivingthevehicle...............5-16
Dual panel moonroof .............2-68
Dual power moonroof ............2-68
E
E-CALL (SOS) SWITCH .............2-53
Economy - fuel .................5-67
Emergency engine shutoff .......5-13,6-2
Emission control information label . . . .10-12
Emission control system warranty . . . .10-32
Engine Before starting the engine ........5-15
Capacities and recommended
fuel/lubricants...............10-2
Changing engine coolant .........8-5
Changing engine oil ............8-6
Changing engine oil filter .........8-6
Checking engine coolant level ......8-5
Checking engine oil level .........8-6
Engine compartment check
locations...................8-3
Engine coolant temperature gauge . .2-6
Engine cooling system ..........8-4
Engine oil ...................8-6
Engine oil and oil filter
recommendation .............10-7
Engine oil viscosity .............10-7
Engine serial number ..........10-12
Engine specifications ...........10-9 Starting the engine
............5-15
Engine Block Heater ..............5-81
Engine coolant temperature gauge ....2-6
EventDatarecorders............10-34
Exhaust gas (Carbon monoxide) .......5-2
Explanation of maintenance items .....9-3
Explanation of scheduled maintenance
items .......................9-5
Extended storage switch ..........2-56
Eyeglasscase.................2-60
F
Flashers
(Seehazardwarningflasherswitch)....6-2
Flattire......................6-3
Floormatpositioningaid...........7-6
Fluid Brakefluid..................8-11
Capacities and recommended
fuel/lubricants...............10-2
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
fluid......................8-10
Engine coolant ...............8-4
Engine oil ...................8-6
Powersteeringfluid............8-10
Windshield-washer fluid .........8-11
F.M.V.S.S. certification label .........10-12
F

oglightswitch................2-43
Front air bag system
(See supplemental restraint system) . . .1-60
Front-door pocket ...............2-57
Front power seat adjustment ........1-5
Frontseats....................1-2
11-2

FuelCapacities and recommended
fuel/lubricants...............10-2
Fuel economy ...............5-67
Fuel-filler door and cap ..........3-39
Fuel gauge ..................2-7
Fueloctanerating.............10-6
Fuel recommendation ..........10-4
Loose fuel cap warning .........2-30
Fuelefficientdrivingtips...........5-66
Fuel-filler door .................3-39
Fuel gauge ....................2-7
Fuses .......................8-19
Fusiblelinks...................8-20
G
Garage door opener, HomeLink® Universal
Transceiver .........2-73,2-74,2-76,2-77
Gascap.....................3-39
Gauge Engine coolant temperature gauge . .2-6
Fuel gauge ..................2-7
Odometer ..................2-5
Speedometer ..............2-4,2-5
Tachometer .................2-6
Trip odometer .............2-4,2-5
General maintenance .............9-3
Glovebox....................2-59
Gloveboxlock.................2-59
H
Hazard warning flasher switch ........6-2Headlight and turn signal switch
......2-39
Headlightcontrolswitch...........2-39
Headlights ...................8-24
Headrestraints.................1-12
Heated 2nd row seat switches .......2-46
Heatedseats..................2-44
Heated seat switches ............2-45
Heated steering wheel switch ....2-47,2-48
Heater Heater and air conditioner controls . .4-33
Heater operation .............4-34
Hill descent control switch .........2-49
Hill descent control system .........5-78
Hill start assist system ............5-78
HomeLink® Universal
Transceiver .........2 -73, 2-74, 2-76, 2-77
Hood .......................3-32
Hook Luggage hook ...............2-63
Horn.......................2-43
I
Ignition switch Push-button ignition switch .......5-11
Immobilizer system ...........2-34,5-14
Important vehicle information label . . .10-12
In-cabinmicrofilter..............8-16
Increasing fuel economy ...........5-67
Indicator lights and audible reminders
(See warning/indicator lights and audible
reminders) .................2 -11, 2-16
Inside automatic anti-glare mirror .....3-46
Instrument brightness control .......2-42
Instrument panel .............0-6,2-2 Instrument panel dimmer switch
.....2-42
Intelligent 4x4 (I-4x4) .............5-67
Intelligent Around View Monitor .......4-11
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) .......5-43
Intelligent Key system Key operating range .........3-9,3-22
Key operation ................3-11
Mechanical key ...............3-3
Remote keyless entry
operation ...............
3-14,3-22
Troubleshooting guide .......3-18,3-27
Warning signals ...........3-18,3-27
Interiorlight...................2-71
ISOFIX child restraints .............1-32
J
Jumpstarting..............6-10, 8-14
K
Key........................ .3-2
Key fob battery replacement ........8-22
Keyless entry With Intelligent Key system
(See Intelligent Key system) ....3-14,3-22
Keys NISSAN Intelligent Key® .......3-2,3-21
NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer System
keys......................3-4
11-3

L
Labels Air conditioner specification label . . .10-13
C.M.V.S.S. certification label .......10-12
Emission control information label . .10-12
Engine serial number ..........10-12
F.M.V.S.S. certification label .......10-12
Tire and Loading Information label . .10-13
Vehicle identification number (VIN) . .10-11
Vehicle identification number (VIN)
plate.....................10-11
Warning labels (for SRS) ..........1-71
LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for
CHildren)System............... .1-32
LED Daytime Running Lights (DRL) .....2-41
License plate Installing the license plate .......10-13
Liftgate .....................3-32
Liftgaterelease.................3-37
Light Airbagwarninglight........1-72, 2-16
Brakelight(Seestoplight)........8-25
Bulb check/instrument panel ......2-11
Bulb replacement .............8-25
Charge warning light ...........2-13
Console light ................2-72
ExteriorandInteriorlights........8-25
Foglights..................8-24
Foglightswitch..............2-43
Headlight and turn signal switch ....2-39
Headlightcontrolswitch.........2-39
Headlights .................8-24
Interiorlight.................2-71
Lightbulbs.................8-24 Low tire pressure warning light
.....2-13
Low windshield-washer fluid warning
light......................2-30
Passenger air bag and status light . . .1-63
Personal lights ...............2-72
Security indicator light ..........2-18
Spotlights(Seemaplight)........2-72
Warning/indicator lights and audible
reminders ...............2 -11, 2-16
Lights......................8-24 Maplights..................2-72
Lock Child safety rear door lock ........3-7
Door locks ..................3-5
Gloveboxlock...............2-59
Liftgaterelease...............3-37
Power door locks ............3-6,3-7
Loose fuel cap warning ...........2-30
Lowfuelwarninglight.........2-15,2-29
Low tire pressure warning light .......2-13
Low windshield-washer fluid warning
light........................2-30
Luggage hook .................2-63
Luggage rack (see roof rack) ........2-64
Luggage
(See vehicle loading information) .....10-14
M
Maintenance General maintenance ...........9-3
Insidethevehicle..............9-4
Maintenance precautions .........8-2
Outsidethevehicle.............9-3
Seat belt maintenance ..........1-27 Under the hood and vehicle
.......9-4
Maintenance log ................9-13
Maintenance requirements ..........9-2
Maintenance schedules ............9-7
Maintenance under severe operation
conditions....................9-12
Malfunctionindicatorlight..........2-17
Manual front seat adjustment ........1-3
Maplights................... .2-72
Map pocket ...................2-57
Memory Seat ...............3 -48, 3-51
Meters and gauges ...............2-4
Instrument brightness control .....2-42
Mirror Automatic anti-glare inside mirror . .3-46
Outsidemirrors ..............3-47
Rearview ..................3-45
Vanitymirror................3-45
Mirrors......................3-45
Moonroof .................2-68,7-5
Moving Object Detection (MOD) ......4-27
N
NissanConnect® Owner's Manual ......4-2
NISSAN Intelligent Key® .........
3-2,3-21
NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer
System ..................2-34, 5-14
O
Octane rating (See fuel octane rating) . .10-6
Odometer ....................2-5
11-4

OilCapacities and recommended
fuel/lubricants...............10-2
Changing engine oil ............8-6
Changing engine oil filter .........8-6
Checking engine oil level .........8-6
Engine oil ...................8-6
Engine oil and oil filter
recommendation .............10-7
Engine oil viscosity .............10-7
Outsidemirrors ................3-47
Overhead sunglasses holder ........2-60
Overheat Ifyourvehicleoverheats.........6-12
Owner's manual order form ........10-35
Owner's manual/service manual order
information..................10-35
P
Parking Parking brake operation .........5-21
Parking/parkingonhills.........5-72
Parkingbrake..................5-21
Personal lights .................2-72
Power Front seat adjustment ...........1-5
Power door locks ............3-6,3-7
Poweroutlet.............2-54,2-55
Powerrearwindows...........2-66
Powersteeringfluid............8-10
Power steering system ..........5-72
Powerwindows..............2-65
Rearpowerwindows...........2-66
Powerinverterswitch ............2-52 Poweroutlet...............2-54,2-55
Powersteering.................5-72
Powersteeringfluid..............8-10
Precautions
Maintenance precautions .........8-2
On-pavement and off-road driving
precautions .................5-7
Precautions on booster
seats............1-30, 1-37, 1-43, 1-49
Precautions on child
restraints.........1-30, 1-37, 1-43, 1-49
Precautions on seat belt usage .....1-18
Precautions on supplemental restraint
system ................... .1-53
Precautions when starting and
driving.....................5-2
Push starting ..................6-12
R
Radio Car phone or CB radio ..........4-41
Readiness for inspection maintenance
(I/M) test ....................10-34
RearCrossTrafficAlert(RCTA) .......5-32
Rear Door Alert .............2-32,2-50
Rearpowerwindows.............2-66
Rear Sonar System (RSS) ...........5-79
Rearviewmirror................3-45
RearViewMonitor................4-3
Rear window and outside mirror defroster
switch......................2-38
Rear window wiper and washer
switches .....................2-37
Recommended Fluids ............10-2 Recorders
EventData.................10-34
Refrigerant recommendation ........10-8
Registering a vehicle in another
country .....................10-11
Remote Engine Start ..........3-29,5-16
Reporting safety defects (US only) . . . .10-33
Roofrack....................2-64
S
Safety Child safety rear door lock ........3-7
Childseatbelts......1-30, 1-37, 1-43, 1-49
Reporting safety defects (US only) . .10-33
Seat adjustment Front manual seat adjustment ......1-3
Front power seat adjustment ......1-5
Rear seat adjustment ...........1-7
Second row bench seats .........1-9
Seatback pockets ...............2-57
Se
at beltChildsafety................ .1-27
Infants and small children ........1-28
InjuredPerson............... .1-21
Largerchildren.............. .1-28
Precautionsonseatbeltusage.....1-18
Pregnant women ..............1-21
Seat belt extenders ............1-26
Seat belt maintenance ..........1-27
Seatbelts................1-18, 7-7
Three-pointtypewithretractor.....1-21
Seat belt extenders ..............1-26
Seatbeltwarninglight.........1-21, 2-15
11-5

Seats2nd row bench seat adjustment .....1-9
Adjustment ..................1-2
Armrests...................1-10
Automatic drive positioner ....3-48,3-51
Frontseats..................1-2
Heatedseats................2-44
Manual front seat adjustment ......1-3
Security indicator light ............2-18
Security system (NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer
System), engine start ..........2-34,5-14
Security systems Vehicle security system .........2-33
Self-adjustingbrakes.............8-19
Service manual order form .........10-35
Servicing air conditioner ...........4-40
Sonar Rear system ................5-79
Spark plug replacement ...........8-15
Spark plugs ...................8-15
Specifications ..................10-9
Speedometer ................2-4,2-5
Speedometer and odometer ........2-4
Spotlights(Seemaplight)..........2-72
SRS warning label ...............1-71
Standard maintenance ............9-8
Starting Before starting the engine ........5-15
Jumpstarting............6-10,8-14
Precautions when starting and
driving .....................5-2
Push starting ................6-12
Starting the engine ............5-15
Starting the engine ..............5-15
Steering Powersteeringfluid............8-10 Powersteeringsystem..........5-72
Steering wheel .................3-42
Stoplight....................8-25
Storage .....................2-57
Storagebin...................2-62
Storagetray ..................2-58
Sunglasses case ................2-60
Sunglasses holder ..............2-60
Sunroof ...................2-68,7-5
Sunvisors....................3-43
Supplemental air bag warning labels . . .1-71
Supplemental air bag warning
light.................... .1-72, 2-16
Supplemental front impact air bag
system ..................... .1-60
Supplemental restraint system Information and warning labels .....1-71
Precautions on supplemental restraint
system ................... .1-53
Supplemental restraint system
(Supplemental air bag system) .......1-53
Switch Autolightswitch..............2-40
Automatic power window switch . . .2-66
Foglightswitch..............2-43
Hazard warning flasher switch ......6-2
Headlight and turn signal switch ....2-39
Headlightcontrolswitch.........2-39
Hill descent control switch .......2-49
Instrument brightness control .....2-42
Power door lock switch ........3-6, 3-7
Powerinverterswitch ..........2-52
Rear window and outside mirror
defrosterswitch..............2-38
Rear window wiper and washer
switches ...................2-37 Tow mode switch
.............2-53
Turn signal switch .............2-42
T
Tachometer ...................
2-6
Temperature gauge Engine coolant temperature gauge . .2-6
Thef t (NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer System),
engine start ...............2-34,5-14
Three-waycatalyst...............5-2
Tire Flattire....................6-3
Spare tire ...............6-5,8-38
Tire and Loading Information label . .10-13
Tire chains .................8-34
Tire pressure ................8-27
Tirerotation ................8-35
Tires of 4-wheel drive ...........8-37
Types of tires ................8-33
Uniform tire quality grading ......10-31
Wheels and tires ..........8-27,10-10
Wheel/tire size ...............10-10
Tire pressure Low tire pressure warning light .....2-13
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) . .5-3
Toptetherstrapchildrestraint.......1-34
Towing 2-wheel drive models ...........6-15
Flattowing.............10-30,10-31
Towing load/specification .......10-21
Towtrucktowing .............6-13
Trailertowing...............10-18
Towingatrailer................10-18
Tow mode switch ...............2-53
11-6