warning light NISSAN ROGUE SELECT 2015 Repair Manual

6-10In case of emergency
SCE0707
WARNING
Always follow the instructions below.
Failure to do so could result in damage
to the charging system and cause
personal injury.
1. If the booster battery is in another vehicle
*B, position the two vehicles (*Aand*B)
to bring their batteries into close proximity to
each other.
Do not allow the two vehicles to touch. 2. Apply the parking brake. Move the shift lever
to the P (Park) position. Switch off all
unnecessary electrical systems (lights, hea-
ter, air conditioner, etc.) .
3. Remove vent caps on the battery (if so equipped) . Cover the battery with a firmly
wrung out moist cloth to reduce explosion
hazard.
4. Connect jumper cables in the sequence as illustrated (
*1?*2?*3?*4).
CAUTION
.Always connect positive (+) to posi-
tive (+) and negative (í) to body
ground (for example, as illustrated) ,
not to the battery.
. Make sure the jumper cables do not
touch moving parts in the engine
compartment and that the cable
clamps do not contact any other
metal.
5. Start the engine of the booster vehicle
*Band let it run for a few minutes.
6. Keep the engine speed of the booster vehicle
*Bat about 2,000 rpm, and start
the engine of the vehicle
*Abeing jump started.
CAUTION
Do not keep the starter motor engaged
for more than 10 seconds. If the engine
does not start right away, turn the
ignition switch to the OFF position
and wait 10 seconds before trying
again.
7. After starting your engine, carefully discon- nect the negative cable and then the positive
cable (
*4?*3?*2?*1).
8. Replace the vent caps (if so equipped) . Be sure to dispose of the cloth used to cover
the vent holes as it may be contaminated
with corrosive acid.

7-4Appearance and care
TIRE DRESSING
NISSAN does not recommend the use of tire
dressings. Tire manufacturers apply a coating to
the tires to help reduce discoloration of the
rubber. If a tire dressing is applied to the tires, it
may react with the coating and form a com-
pound. This compound may come off the tire
while driving and stain the vehicle paint.
If you choose to use a tire dressing, take the
following precautions:
.Use a water-based tire dressing. The coat-
ing on the tire dissolves more easily with an
oil-based tire dressing.
. Apply a light coat of tire dressing to help
prevent it from entering the tire tread/
grooves (where it would be difficult to
remove) .
. Wipe off excess tire dressing using a dry
towel. Make sure the tire dressing is
completely removed from the tire tread/
grooves.
. Allow the tire dressing to dry as recom-
mended by tire dressing manufacturer. Occasionally remove loose dust from the interior
trim, plastic parts and seats using a vacuum
cleaner or soft bristled brush. Wipe the vinyl and
leather surfaces with a clean, soft cloth dam-
pened in mild soap solution, then wipe clean
with a dry soft cloth.
Regular care and cleaning is required in order to
maintain the appearance of the leather.
Before using any fabric protector, read the
manufacturer’s recommendations. Some fabric
protectors contain chemicals that may stain or
bleach the seat material.
Use a cloth dampened only with water, to clean
the meter and gauge lens.
WARNING
Do not use water or acidic cleaners (hot
steam cleaners) on the seat. This can
damage the seat or occupant classifica-
tion sensor. This can also affect the
operation of the air bag system and
result in serious personal injury.
CAUTION
.
Never use benzine, thinner, or any
similar material.
. For cleaning, use a soft cloth, dam-
pened with water. Never use a rough
cloth, alcohol, benzine, thinner or
any kind of solvent or paper towel
with a chemical cleaning agent.
They will scratch or cause discolora-
tion to the lens.
. Do not spray any liquid such as
water on the meter lens. Spraying
liquid may cause the system to
malfunction.
. Small dirt particles can be abrasive
and damaging to the leather sur-
faces and should be removed
promptly. Do not use saddle soap,
car waxes, polishes, oils, cleaning
fluids, solvents, detergents or am-
monia-based cleaners as they may
damage the leather’s natural finish.
. Never use fabric protectors unless
recommended by the manufacturer.
. Do not use glass or plastic cleaner
on meter or gauge lens covers. It
CLEANING INTERIOR

Lights*:Clean the headlights on a regular basis.
Make sure that the headlights, stop lights, tail
lights, turn signal lights, and other lights are all
operating properly and installed securely. Also
check headlight aim.
Road wheel nuts (lug nuts)*: When checking
the tires, make sure no wheel nuts are missing,
and check for any loose wheel nuts. Tighten if
necessary.
Tire rotation*: Tires should be rotated every
5,000 miles (8,000 km) .
Tires*: Check the pressure with a gauge often
and always prior to long distance trips. If
necessary, adjust the pressure in all tires,
including the spare, to the pressure specified.
Check carefully for damage, cuts or excessive
wear.
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
transmitter components: Replace the TPMS
transmitter grommet seal, valve core and cap
when the tires are replaced due to wear or age.
Wheel alignment and balance: If the vehicle
should pull to either side while driving on a
straight and level road, or if you detect uneven or
abnormal tire wear, there may be a need for
wheel alignment.
If the steering wheel or seat vibrates at normal
highway speeds, wheel balancing may be
needed. For additional information regarding tires, refer
to “Important Tire Safety Information” in the
Warranty Information Booklet.
Windshield:
Clean the windshield on a regular
basis. Check the windshield at least every six
months for cracks or other damage. Have a
damaged windshield repaired by a qualified
repair facility.
Windshield wiper blades*: Check for cracks
or wear if they do not wipe properly.
Inside the vehicle
The maintenance items listed here should be
checked on a regular basis, such as when
performing scheduled maintenance, cleaning
the vehicle, etc.
Accelerator pedal: Check the pedal for
smooth operation and make sure the pedal
does not catch or require uneven effort. Keep
the floor mat away from the pedal.
Brake pedal: Check the pedal for smooth
operation. If the brake pedal suddenly goes
down further than normal, the pedal feels
spongy or the vehicle seems to take longer to
stop, see a NISSAN dealer immediately. Keep
the floor mat away from the pedal.
Brakes: Check that the brakes do not pull the
vehicle to one side when applied. Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
P (Park) position mechanism:
On a fairly
steep hill, check that the vehicle is held securely
with the shift lever in the P (Park) position
without applying any brakes.
Parking brake: Check the parking brake
operation regularly. The vehicle should be
securely held on a fairly steep hill with only the
parking brake applied. If the parking brake needs
adjusted, see a NISSAN dealer.
Seat belts: Check that all parts of the seat belt
system (for example, buckles, anchors, adjusters
and retractors) operate properly and smoothly,
and are installed securely. Check the belt
webbing for cuts, fraying, wear or damage.
Seats: Check seat position controls such as
seat adjusters, seatback recliner, etc. to ensure
they operate smoothly and that all latches lock
securely in every position. Check that the head
restraints/headrests move up and down
smoothly and that the locks (if so equipped)
hold securely in all latched positions.
Steering wheel: Check for changes in the
steering conditions, such as excessive free play,
hard steering or strange noises.
Warning lights and chimes: Make sure that
all warning lights and chimes are operating
properly.
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-3

8-12Maintenance and do-it-yourself
SDI2130
Check the fluid level in the reservoir. If the fluid is
below the MIN line
*1or the brake warning
light comes on, add Genuine NISSAN Super
Heavy Duty Brake Fluid or equivalent DOT 3
fluid up to the MAX line
*2. If fluid must be
added frequently, the system should be checked
by a NISSAN dealer.
SDI2132
Fill the window washer fluid reservoir periodi-
cally.
To fill the window washer fluid reservoir, lift the
cap and pour the window washer fluid into the
reservoir opening.
Add a washer solvent to the water for better
cleaning. In the winter season, add a windshield
washer antifreeze. Follow the manufacturer’s
instructions for the mixture ratio.
Refill the reservoir more frequently when driving
conditions require an increased amount of
window washer fluid.
Recommended fluid:
Genuine NISSAN Windshield Washer Concen- trate Cleaner & Antifreeze or equivalent
CAUTION
.
Do not substitute engine anti-freeze
coolant for window washer solution.
This may result in damage to the
paint.
. Do not fill the window washer
reservoir tank with washer fluid
concentrates at full strength. Some
methyl alcohol based washer fluid
concentrates may permanently stain
the grille if spilled while filling the
window washer reservoir tank.
. Pre-mix washer fluid concentrates
with water to the manufacturer’s
recommended levels before pouring
the fluid into the window washer
reservoir tank. Do not use the
window washer reservoir tank to
mix the washer fluid concentrate
and water.
WINDOW WASHER FLUID

SDI1753
4. If the fuse is open*A, replace it with a new
fuse
*B.
5. If a new fuse also opens, have the electrical system checked and repaired by a NISSAN
dealer.
JVM0089X
Extended storage fuse switch (if so
equipped)
To reduce battery drain, the extended storage
fuse switch comes from the factory switched off.
Prior to delivery of your vehicle, the switch is
pushed in (switched on) and should always
remain on.
If the extended storage fuse switch is not
pushed in (switched on) , the “Shipping mode
on, Push storage fuse” warning may appear in
the vehicle information display. See “11. Ex-
tended storage fuse warning” (P.2-19) .
If any electrical equipment does not operate,
remove the extended storage switch and check for an open fuse.
NOTE:
If the extended storage fuse switch mal-
functions, or if the fuse is open, it is not
necessary to replace the switch. In this
case, remove the extended storage fuse
switch and replace it with a new fuse of the
same rating.
How to remove the extended storage fuse
switch:
1. To remove the extended storage fuse switch,
be sure the ignition switch is in the “OFF” or
“LOCK” position.
2. Be sure the headlight switch is in the “OFF” position.
3. Remove the fuse box cover.
4. Pinch the storage fuse switch and pull it in the direction illustrated.
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-21

If you have a flat tire, see “Flat tire” (P.6-2) .
TIRE PRESSURE
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
This vehicle is equipped with the Tire Pressure
Monitoring System (TPMS) . It monitors tire
pressure of all tires except the spare. When
the low tire pressure warning light is lit and the
CHECK TIRE PRESSURE warning appears on
the vehicle information display, one or more of
your tires is significantly under-inflated.
The TPMS will activate only when the vehicle is
driven at speeds above 16 MPH (25 km/h) .
Also, this system may not detect a sudden drop
in tire pressure (for example a flat tire while
driving) .
For more details, see “Low tire pressure warning
light” (P.2-12) , “Tire Pressure Monitoring Sys-
tem (TPMS)” (P.5-3) and “Tire Pressure Mon-
itoring System (TPMS)” (P.6-2) .
Tire inflation pressure
Check the pressure of the tires (including
the spare) often and always prior to long
distance trips. The recommended tire
pressure specifications are shown on the
Tire and Loading Information label under
the “Cold Tire Pressure” heading. The Tire
and Loading Information label is affixed tothe driver side center pillar. Tire pressures
should be checked regularly because:
.
Most tires naturally lose air over time.
. Tires can lose air suddenly when driven
over potholes or other objects or if the
vehicle strikes a curb while parking.
The tire pressures should be checked
when the tires are cold. The tires are
considered COLD after the vehicle has
been parked for 3 or more hours, or driven
less than 1 mile (1.6 km) at moderate
speeds.
Incorrect tire pressure, including un-
der inflation, may adversely affect tire
life and vehicle handling.
WARNING
. Improperly inflated tires can fail
suddenly and cause an accident.
. The Gross Vehicle Weight rating
(GVWR) is located on the F.M.V.
S.S. certification label. The ve-
hicle weight capacity is indi-
cated on the Tire and Loading
Information label. Do not load your vehicle beyond this capa-
city. Overloading your vehicle
may result in reduced tire life,
unsafe operating conditions due
to premature tire failure, or un-
favorable handling characteris-
tics and could also lead to a
serious accident. Loading be-
yond the specified capacity may
also result in failure of other
vehicle components.
. Before taking a long trip, or
whenever you heavily load your
vehicle, use a tire pressure
gauge to ensure that the tire
pressures are at the specified
level.
. For additional information re-
garding tires, refer to “Important
Tire Safety Information” in the
Warranty Information Booklet.
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-29
WHEELS AND TIRES

Replacing wheels and tires
When replacing a tire, use the same size, tread
design, speed rating and load carrying capacity
as originally equipped. (See “Specifications”
(P.9-7) for recommended types and sizes of
tires and wheels.)
WARNING
.The use of tires other than those
recommended or the mixed use of
tires of different brands, construc-
tion (bias, bias-belted or radial) , or
tread patterns can adversely affect
the ride, braking, handling, ground
clearance, body-to-tire clearance,
tire chain clearance, speedometer
calibration, headlight aim and bum-
per height. Some of these effects
may lead to accidents and could
result in serious personal injury.
. For 2WD models, if your vehicle was
originally equipped with 4 tires that
were the same size and you are only
replacing 2 of the 4 tires, install the
new tires on the rear axle. Placing
new tires on the front axle may
cause loss of vehicle control in
some driving conditions and cause an accident and personal injury.
. If the wheels are changed for any
reason, always replace with wheels
which have the same off-set dimen-
sion. Wheels of a different off-set
could cause premature tire wear,
degrade vehicle handling character-
istics and/or interference with the
brake discs/drums. Such interfer-
ence can lead to decreased braking
efficiency and/or early brake pad/
shoe wear. See “Wheels and tires”
(P.9-7) of this manual for wheel off-
set dimensions.
. When a spare tire is mounted or a
wheel is replaced, the TPMS will not
function and the low tire pressure
warning light will flash for approxi-
mately 1 minute. The light will
remain on after 1 minute. Contact
your NISSAN dealer as soon as
possible for tire replacement and/
or system resetting.
. Replacing tires with those not ori-
ginally specified by NISSAN could
affect the proper operation of the
TPMS.
. Do not install a damaged or de-
formed wheel or tire even if it has been repaired. Such wheels or tires
could have structural damage and
could fail without warning.
. The use of retread tire is not re-
commended.
. For additional information regard-
ing tires, refer to “Important Tire
Safety Information” in the Warranty
Information Booklet.
CAUTION
Always use tires of the same type, size,
brand, construction (bias, bias-belted
or radial) , and tread pattern on all four
wheels. Failure to do so may result in a
circumference difference between tires
on the front and rear axles which will
cause excessive tire wear and may
damage the transmission, transfer case
and differential gears (AWD models) .
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-37

9-22Technical and consumer information
Trailer brakes
If your trailer is equipped with a braking system,
make sure it conforms to federal and/or local
regulations and that it is properly installed.
WARNING
Never connect a trailer brake system
directly to the vehicle brake system.
Pre-towing tips
.Be certain your vehicle maintains a level
position when a loaded or unloaded trailer is
hitched. Do not drive the vehicle if it has an
abnormal nose-up or nose-down condition;
check for improper tongue load, overload,
worn suspension or other possible causes
of either condition.
. Always secure items in the trailer to prevent
load shift while driving.
. Keep the cargo load as low as possible in
the trailer to keep the trailer center of gravity
low.
. Load the trailer so approximately 60% of the
trailer load is in the front half and 40% is in
the back half. Also make sure the load is
balanced side to side. .
Check your hitch, trailer tire pressure,
vehicle tire pressure, trailer light operation,
and trailer wheel lug nuts every time you
attach a trailer to the vehicle.
. Be certain your rearview mirrors conform to
all federal, state or local regulations. If not,
install any mirrors required for towing before
driving the vehicle.
. Determine the overall height of the vehicle
and trailer so the required clearance is
known.Trailer towing tips
In order to gain skill and an understanding of the
vehicle’s behavior, you should practice turning,
stopping and backing up in an area which is free
from traffic. Steering stability, and braking
performance will be somewhat different than
under normal driving conditions.
.Always secure items in the trailer to prevent
load shift while driving.
. Lock the trailer hitch coupler with a pin or
lock to prevent the coupler from inadver-
tently becoming unlatched.
. Avoid abrupt starts, acceleration or stops.
. Avoid sharp turns or lane changes.
. Always drive your vehicle at a moderate
speed. Some states or provinces have
specific speed limits for vehicles that are towing trailers. Obey the local speed limits.
. When backing up, hold the bottom of the
steering wheel with one hand. Move your
hand in the direction in which you want the
trailer to go. Make small corrections and
back up slowly. If possible, have someone
guide you when you are backing up.
Always block the wheels on both vehicle and
trailer when parking. Parking on a slope is not
recommended; however, if you must do so:
CAUTION
If you move the shift lever to the P
(Park) position before blocking the
wheels and applying the parking brake,
transmission damage could occur.
1. Apply and hold the brake pedal.
2. Have someone place blocks on the downhill side of the vehicle and trailer wheels.
3. After the wheel blocks are in place, slowly release the brake pedal until the blocks
absorb the vehicle load.
4. Apply the parking brake.
5. Shift the transmission into P (Park) .

10 Index
A
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) ............................ 5-25
Advanced air bag system ......................................... 1-47
Air bag systemAdvanced air bag system .................................. 1-47
Front passenger air bag and status light ...... 1-48
Front-seat mounted side-impact
supplemental air bag system ............................ 1-51
Roof-mounted curtain side-impact and
rollover supplemental air bag system ............. 1-51
Air bag warning labels .............................................. 1-54
Air bag warning light ..................................... 1-54, 2-14
Air cleaner housing filter ........................................... 8-16
Air conditioner Air conditioner operation ...................................... 4-8
Air conditioner service ....................................... 4-11
Air conditioner specification label ................... 9-10
Air conditioning system refrigerant and
lubricant recommendations ...................... 4-11, 9-6
Alarm, How to stop alarm (see vehicle
security system) .......................................................... 2-26
Alcohol, drugs and driving ......................................... 5-7
All-wheel drive (AWD) .............................................. 5-20
All-wheel drive (AWD) warning light ..................... 2-10
Antenna ......................................................................... 4-38
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) ............................ 5-25
Anti-lock braking system (ABS) warning light .... 2-10
Appearance care Exterior appearance care ..................................... 7-2
Interior appearance care ....................................... 7-4
Audible reminders ...................................................... 2-16
Audio operation precautions ................................... 4-12
Audio system ............................................................... 4-12 Steering wheel audio controls ......................... 4-37 Automatic
Door locks ................................................................ 3-4
Average speed (MPH or km/h) .............................. 2-22
Avoiding collision and rollover .................................. 5-5
B
Back door (See lift gate) .......................................... 3-10
Battery ........................................................................... 8-13 Battery replacement, Key fob ........................... 8-22
Battery saver system .......................................... 2-30
Key fob battery replacement ............................ 8-22
Before starting the engine ....................................... 5-10
Belts (See drive belts) .............................................. 8-14
Bluetooth
ŠHands-Free Phone System ................ 4-40
Booster seats .............................................................. 1-37
Brake Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) ..................... 5-25
Brake fluid ............................................................. 8-11
Brake system ........................................................ 5-25
Parking brake operation ..................................... 5-16
Warning light ........................................................ 2-11
Break-in schedule ....................................................... 5-19
Brightness control Instrument panel ..................................................... 2-8
Bulb check/instrument panel ................................... 2-10
Bulb replacement ....................................................... 8-24
C
Capacities and recommended fluids/lubricants ... 9-2
Car phone or CB radio ............................................. 4-39
Cargo cover ................................................................. 2-36
Cargo light ................................................................... 2-44
Catalytic converter, Three way catalyst .................. 5-3
CD/CF/USB memory care and cleaning ............. 4-37 Ceiling light .................................................................. 2-43
Child restraints ............................................................ 1-21
Booster seats ....................................................... 1-37
LATCH system ..................................................... 1-23
Precautions on child restraints ........................ 1-21
Child safety .................................................................. 1-19
Child safety rear door lock ........................................ 3-5
Chimes, Audible reminders ...................................... 2-16
Circuit breaker, Fusible link ..................................... 8-20
Cleaning exterior and interior ........................... 7-2, 7-4
Clock ................................................................. 4-23, 4-30
Coat hooks ................................................................... 2-38
Cold weather driving ................................................. 5-28
Compact Disc (CD) player (See
audio system) .................................................. 4-24, 4-32
Console box ................................................................. 2-35
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) fluid .................................................................... 8-11
Controls, Steering wheel audio controls .............. 4-37
Coolant Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants ........................... 9-2
Changing engine coolant ..................................... 8-8
Checking engine coolant level ............................ 8-8
Corrosion protection .................................................... 7-6
Cover, Cargo cover ................................................... 2-36
Cruise control .............................................................. 5-17
Cup holders ................................................................. 2-32
CVT, Driving with CVT (Continuously
Variable Transmission) ..................................... 5-9, 5-12D
Defroster switch, Rear window
defroster switch .......................................................... 2-29
Dimensions and weights ............................................ 9-8

10-2
Drive belts .................................................................... 8-14
DrivingAll-wheel drive (AWD) ....................................... 5-20
Cold weather driving .......................................... 5-28
Distance (miles or km) ....................................... 2-23
Driving with CVT (Continuously
Variable Transmission) .............................. 5-9, 5-12
On-pavement and off-road driving ..................... 5-6
Precautions when starting and driving ............. 5-2
Safety precautions ................................................. 5-7
E
Economy, Fuel ............................................................. 5-20
Elapsed time ................................................................ 2-23
Electric power steering system .............................. 5-24
Electric power steering warning light .................... 2-11
Emission control information label ......................... 9-10
Emission control system warranty .......................... 9-26
EngineBefore starting the engine ................................ 5-10
Break-in schedule ................................................ 5-19
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants ........................... 9-2
Changing engine coolant ..................................... 8-8
Changing engine oil and filter ............................. 8-9
Checking engine coolant level ............................ 8-8
Checking engine oil level ..................................... 8-9
Coolant temperature gauge ................................. 2-6
Engine compartment check locations ............... 8-6
Engine cooling system .......................................... 8-7
Engine oil .................................................................. 8-9
Engine oil and oil filter recommendation .......... 9-5
Engine oil viscosity ................................................. 9-5
Engine serial number ............................................. 9-9
Engine specifications ............................................. 9-7
If your vehicle overheats .................................... 6-11 Starting the engine ............................................. 5-11
Event Data Recorders (EDR) .................................. 9-27
Exhaust gas (carbon monoxide) ............................... 5-2
Extended storage fuse warning .............................. 2-19
Exterior light indicator ................................................ 2-14
F
F.M.V.S.S. certification label ...................................... 9-9
Filter Air cleaner housing filter .................................... 8-16
Changing engine oil and filter ............................. 8-9
Flashers (See hazard warning flasher switch) ...... 6-2
Flat tire ............................................................................ 6-2
Flat towing .................................................................... 9-24
Floor mat cleaning ........................................................ 7-5
Fluid Brake fluid ............................................................. 8-11
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants ........................... 9-2
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) fluid ............................................................. 8-11
Engine coolant ........................................................ 8-7
Engine oil .................................................................. 8-9
Window washer fluid .......................................... 8-12
FM-AM radio with Compact Disc (CD) player .... 4-22
FM-AM-SAT radio with Compact Disc
(CD) player ................................................................... 4-29
Front manual seat adjustment ................................... 1-3
Front passenger air bag and status light ............. 1-48
Front seat, Front seat adjustment ............................ 1-3
Fuel Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants ........................... 9-2
Fuel economy ....................................................... 5-20
Fuel information ....................................................... 9-3
Fuel octane rating .................................................. 9-3 Fuel-filler cap ........................................................ 3-11
Fuel-filler door ...................................................... 3-11
Gauge ........................................................................ 2-7
Loose fuel cap warning .......................... 2-19, 3-12
Fuel efficient driving tips ........................................... 5-19
Fuses ............................................................................. 8-19
Fusible links ................................................................. 8-20G
Gas cap ........................................................................ 3-11
Gauge .............................................................................. 2-4 Engine coolant temperature gauge ................... 2-6
Fuel gauge ............................................................... 2-7
Tachometer ............................................................... 2-6
Trip computer ....................................................... 2-21
General maintenance .................................................. 8-2
Glove box ..................................................................... 2-34
H
Hands-Free Phone System, BluetoothŠ............... 4-40
Hazard warning flasher switch .................................. 6-2
Head restraints/headrests .......................................... 1-5
Headlights Bulb replacement ................................................ 8-24
Headlight switch .................................................. 2-29
Heater Heater and air conditioner operation ................ 4-8
Hood release ................................................................. 3-9
Hook Coat hooks ............................................................ 2-38
Luggage hook ...................................................... 2-37
Utility hook ............................................................. 2-38
Horn ............................................................................... 2-31