service Seat Exeo 2011 Workshop Manual

242Wheels and tyres
Rim diameter in inches
Load rating code
Speed rating
The tyres could also have the following information:
● A direction of rotation symbol
● “Reinforced” denotes heavy-duty tyres.
The manufacturing date is also indicated on the tyre sidewall (possibly only
on the inner side of the wheel).
“DOT ... 1103...” means, for example, that the tyre was produced in the 11th
week of 2003.
We recommend that work on tyres and wheels be carried out by an Author-
ised Service Centre. They are familiar with the procedure and have the nec-
essary special tools and spare parts as well as the proper facilities for dis-
posing of the old tyres.
Any Authorised Service Centre has full information on the technical require-
ments when installing or changing tyres, wheels or wheel trims.
WARNING
● We recommend that you use only wheels and tyres which have been
approved by SEAT for your model. Failure to do so could impair vehicle
handling. Risk of accident.
● Avoid running the vehicle on tyres that are more than 6 years old. If
you have no alternative, you should drive slowly and with extra care at all
times.
● Never use old tyres or those with an unknown history of use.
● If wheel trims are retrofitted, you must ensure that the flow of air to
the brakes is not restricted. This could cause them to overheat.
● All four wheels must be fitted with radial tyres of the same type, size
(rolling circumference) and the same tread pattern.
15
91
TFor the sake of the environment
Old tyres must be disposed of according to the laws in the country con-
cerned.
Note
● For technical reasons, it is not generally possible to use the wheels from
other vehicles. This can also apply to wheels of the same model. The use of
wheels or tyres which have not been approved by SEAT for use with your
model may invalidate the vehicle's type approval for use on public roads.
● If the spare tyre is not the same as the tyres that are mounted on the
vehicle (e.g. winter tyres) you should only use the spare tyre for a short peri-
od of time and drive with extra care. Refit the normal road wheel as soon as
possible. 
Wheel bolts
Wheel bolts must be tightened to the correct torque.
The design of wheel bolts is matched to the rims. If different wheel rims are
fitted, the correct wheel bolts with the right length and correctly shaped
bolt heads must be used. This ensures that wheels are fitted securely and
that the brake system functions correctly.
In certain circumstances, you should not use wheel bolts from a different
vehicle, even if it is the same model ⇒ page 215.
After the wheels have been changed, the tightening torque of the wheel
bolts should be checked as soon as possible with a torque wrench. ⇒ 
The tightening torque for steel and alloy wheels is 120 Nm. 

243
Wheels and tyres
WARNING
If the wheel bolts are not tightened correctly, the wheel could become
loose while driving. Risk of accident.
● The wheel bolts must be clean and turn easily. Never apply grease or
oil to them.
● Use only wheel bolts which belong to the wheel.
● If the torque of the wheel bolts is too low, they could loosen whilst
the vehicle is in motion. Risk of accident! If the tightening torque is too
high, the wheel bolts and threads can be damaged.
CAUTION
The prescribed torque for wheel bolts for steel and alloy wheels is 120 Nm. 
Winter tyres
Winter tyres will improve the vehicles handling on snow and
ice.
In winter conditions winter tyres will considerably improve the vehicle's han-
dling. The design of summer tyres (width, rubber compound, tread pattern)
gives less grip on ice and snow.
Winter tyres must be inflated to a pressure 0.2 bar higher than the pres-
sures specified for summer tyres (see sticker on tank flap).
Winter tyres must be fitted on all four wheels.
Information on permitted winter tyre sizes can be found in the vehicle's reg-
istration documents. Use only radial winter tyres. All tyre sizes listed in the
vehicle documentation also apply to winter tyres.
Winter tyres lose their effectiveness when the tread is worn down to a depth
of 4 mm. The speed rating code ⇒ 
page 241, New tyres and wheels determines the
following speed limits for winter tyres: ⇒ 
max. 160 km/h
max. 180 km/h
max. 190 km/h
max. 210 km/h
In some countries, vehicles which can exceed the speed rating of the fitted
tyre must have an appropriate sticker in the driver's field of view. These
stickers are available from your Authorised Service Centre. The legal require-
ments of each country must be followed.
Do not have winter tyres fitted for unnecessarily long periods. Vehicles with
summer tyres handle better when the roads are free of snow and ice.
If you have a flat tyre, please refer to the notes on the spare wheel
⇒ page 241, New tyres and wheels.
WARNING
The maximum speed for the winter tyres must not be exceeded. Other-
wise, this could lead to tyre damage and risk of accident.
For the sake of the environment
Fit your summer tyres again as soon as possible. They are quieter, do not
wear so quickly and reduce fuel consumption. 
Snow chains
Snow chains may be fitted only to the front wheels, and only to certain tyre
sizes ⇒ page 289.

Q
S
T
H
Safety FirstOperating InstructionsPractical TipsTechnical Specifications

244Wheels and tyres
205/55 R1615 mm chains225/45 R179 mm chains225/40 R187 mm chains
Remove wheel hub covers and trim rings before fitting snow chains. For
safety reasons cover caps, available in any Authorised Service Centre, must
then be fitted over the wheel bolts.
WARNING
Observe the fitting instructions provided by the snow chain manufactur-
er.
CAUTION
Remove the snow chains to drive on roads without snow. Otherwise they
will impair handling, damage the tyres and wear out very quickly.
Note
● In some countries, the speed limit for using snow chains is 50 km/h.
The legal requirements of the country should be followed.
● We recommend that you ask your Authorised Service Centre for informa-
tion about appropriate wheel, tyre and snow chain size. 

251
If and when
Removing and fitting the wheel
For removal and fitting the wheel, the following tasks must
be completed.
After loosening the wheel bolts and raising the vehicle with the
jack, change the wheel as described below:
Removing a wheel
– Unscrew the wheel bolts using the box spanner and place them
on a clean surface.
Fitting a wheel
– Screw on the wheel bolts in position and tighten them loosely
with a box spanner.
The wheel bolts should be clean and easily screwed. Before fitting the spare
wheel, inspect the wheel condition and hub mounting surfaces. These sur-
faces must be clean before fitting the wheel.
If tyres with a specific direction of rotation are fitted, note the direction of
rotation. Anti-theft wheel bolts*A special adapter is required to turn the anti-theft wheel
bolts.
Fig. 182 Anti-theft
wheel bolt
– Insert the adapter onto the wheel bolt and push it on as far as it
will go ⇒ fig. 182.
– Fit the box spanner as far as it will go over the adapter.
– Loosen or tighten the wheel bolt as appropriate.
Code
The code number of the anti-theft wheel bolt is stamped onto the front part
of the adaptor.
The code number should be noted and kept in a safe place, as it is only by
using the code number that a duplicate adaptor can be obtained from an
Authorised Service Centre. 
Safety FirstOperating InstructionsPractical TipsTechnical Specifications

253
If and when
The sealing compound must not be used in the following cases:
● If the cuts and punctures on the tyre are longer than 4 mm ⇒ fig. 183 1
●
If the wheel rim has been damaged 2●
If you have been driving with very low pressure or a completely flat tyre
3
How to use the TMS (tyre mobility system) is described in the section Re-
pairing a tyre ⇒ page 254 and in the instructions supplied with the tyre
sealant can.
The TMS (tyre mobility system) can be used at outside temperatures down
to -20 °C.
WARNING
After repairing a tyre please note the following points:
● Do not drive faster than 80 km/h.
● Avoid heavy acceleration, hard braking and fast cornering.
● Vehicle handling could be impaired.
● Tyres which have been sealed using the Tyre Mobility System are only
suitable for temporary use over a short period.
● After using the tyre sealant the tyre pressure monitoring system* may
malfunction. Therefore, please drive carefully to the next available quali-
fied workshop.
● The Tyre Mobility System must NOT be used:
– If the cuts and punctures on the tyre are longer or wider than
4 mm.
– if the wheel rim has been damaged.
– if you have been driving with very low pressure or a completely flat
tyre.
● Seek professional assistance if the repair of a tyre puncture is not
possible with the sealing compound.
WARNING (Continued)
● Do not allow the sealant to come into contact with your eyes, skin or
clothing.
● If you do come into contact with the sealant immediately rinse the
eyes or skin affected with clean water.
● Change clothing immediately if it becomes soiled with the tyre seal-
ant.
● Make sure you do not breathe in the fumes!
● If any of the tyre sealant is accidentally ingested, immediately rinse
the mouth thoroughly and drink lots of water.
–Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical assistance if needed.
● If any allergic reactions should occur get medical help immediately.
● Keep the sealant away from children.
For the sake of the environment
If you have to dispose of a sealant can, go to a specialised waste service or
to a SEAT Technical Service, where the product can be recycled in an appro-
priate waste container.
Note
● If sealant should leak out, leave it to dry. This way you can pull it off like
a piece of foil.
● Observe the expiry date stated on the sealing compound can. Have the
sealing compound exchanged by a specialised workshop. 
Safety FirstOperating InstructionsPractical TipsTechnical Specifications

258If and when
Note
Please note that the above list contains all data at the time of going to
press, so it is subject to modifications. If discrepancies should occur,
please refer to the sticker on the inside of the fuse cover for the correct in-
formation for your model. 
Bulbs
General information
You can change the following bulbs for exterior lights yourself:
● Main headlights: all bulbs (except xenon headlights)
● Tail lights: all bulbs
● Side turn signal bulb
The following bulbs can only be changed by a qualified workshop:
● Main headlights: Xenon* bulb ⇒ page 265
● Front fog lights: Bulb
As a rule, you require a certain degree of practical skill to change defective
bulbs. This applies in particular to those bulbs which are only accessible
from the engine compartment.
If in doubt, we recommend that you have defective bulbs changed by a
qualified workshop or qualified mechanic.
If you do decide to change bulbs in the engine compartment yourself, be
aware of the safety risks involved ⇒ page 221 ⇒ 
in Types of bulbs on
page 259. The name of many of the lamps fitted by SEAT ends in "LL". This means Long
Life. These lamps are used for functions with a long service time (dipped
beam, side lights, daylight driving, etc.). This does not apply to lamps with
a shorter service time (turn signals, etc.). A lamp with the same name ex-
cept for the last two letters, "LL“ or “SLL”, is compatible, but will have a
service life of approximately half of the LongLife lamps.
When replacing lamp bulbs, the same type of bulb as originally fitted
should always be used where possible.


289
Description of specifications
Drawbar load
The maximum permitted drawbar load on the ball joint of the towing bracket
must not exceed 75 kg.
In the interest of road safety, we recommend that you always tow approach-
ing the maximum drawbar load. The response of the trailer on the road will
be poor if the drawbar load is too small.
If the maximum permissible drawbar load cannot be met (e.g. with small,
empty and light-weight single axle trailers or tandem axle trailers with a
wheelbase of less than 1 metre), a minimum of 4% of the actual trailer
weight is legally required for the drawbar load.
WARNING
● For safety reasons, do not exceed the 80 km/h limit. This is also valid
in countries where higher speeds are permitted.
● Never exceed the maximum trailer weights or the drawbar load. If the
permissible axle load or the permissible total weight is exceeded, the
driving characteristics of the vehicle may change, leading to accidents,
injuries and damage to the vehicle.

Wheels
Tyre pressure, snow chains, wheel bolts
Tyre pressures
The sticker with the tyre pressure values can be found on the inside of the
tank flap. The tyre pressure values given there are for cold tyres. The slightly
raised pressures of warm tyres must not be reduced. ⇒ 
Snow chains
Snow chains may be fitted only to the front wheels. Consult the chapter “wheels” of this manual.
Wheel bolts
After the wheels have been changed, the
tightening torque of the wheel
bolts should be checked as soon as possible with a torque wrench ⇒ 
.
The tightening torque for steel and alloy wheels is 120 Nm.
WARNING
● Check the tyre pressure at least once per month. Checking the tyre
pressure is very important. If the tyre pressure is too high or too low,
there is an increased danger of accidents, particularly at high speeds.
● If the torque of the wheel bolts is too low, they could loosen while the
vehicle is in motion. Risk of accident! If the tightening torque is too high,
the wheel bolts and threads can be damaged.
Note
We recommend that you ask your Authorised Service Centre for information
about appropriate wheel, tyre and snow chain size. 
Safety FirstOperating InstructionsPractical TipsTechnical Specifications

290Technical specifications
Technical specifications
Engine specifications Checking fluid levels
From time to time, the levels of the different fluids in the ve-
hicle must be checked. Never fill with incorrect fluids, other-
wise serious damage to the engine may be caused.
Fig. 229 Diagram for the location of the various elements Vehicle battery
Engine oil filler cap
Brake fluid reservoir
Engine oil dipstick
1
234
Coolant expansion tank
Windscreen washer fluid container
Hydraulic fluid reservoir for power steering
The checking and refilling of service fluids are carried out on the compo-
nents mentioned above. These operations are described in the ⇒ page 221.
Overview
You will find further explanations, instructions and restrictions on the tech-
nical specifications as of ⇒ page 286.
Note
The layout of parts may vary depending on the engine. 
567

Safe driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Aspects to take into account . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Before setting off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Driving safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Safety equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Safety instructions Engine compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Safety notes Airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Deactivating front passenger airbag . . . . . . 45
Front airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Seat belt tensioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Side airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Using child seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Using seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Seat adjustment Lumbar support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Seat belt cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Seat belt position Pregnant women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Seat belt protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Seat belt release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Height adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Incorrectly fastened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Not worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Safety notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 68 Seat belt tensioner
Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Seat belt tensioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Seat belt warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Seat heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Seats Electric adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Electric backrest adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Manual adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Manual adjustment of lumbar support . . . 134
Manual backrest angle adjustment . . . . . 134
Moving the seat forwards and backwards 133
Seat height adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Selector lever positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Service indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Servotronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Side airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Safety notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Side lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sitting position Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Front passenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Sitting position, occupants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ski bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Sliding/tilting sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Automatic close function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Emergency activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Manual operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Snow chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243, 289
Solar-powered blower/sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Solar sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Spare keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Spare parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Spare wheel
Steel rim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Speed warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82
Speed warning function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Steam jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Steering Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Manual steering wheel adjustment . . . . . 165
Steering wheel controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Stopping the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Sun visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Switches on the driver door Electric windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Symbols Red symbols in central display . . . . . . . . . . 77
Yellow symbols on central display . . . . . . . 79
T Tailgate Central locking system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
TCS Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Technical modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
The danger of not using the seat belt . . . . . . . . 20
307
Index

The environmentHeated rear window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Warming up the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Tightening torque of wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . 289
tiptronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
tiptronic mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Tow-starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 283 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Notes on towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 197
Removable towing bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Technical requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Towing a trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Towing bracket, fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Towing eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Towing eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Tow starting General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Traction control system Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Trailer weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Trip recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Turn signal lamps Hazard warning lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Trailer turn signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Turn signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Turn signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Tyre mobility system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Tyre Mobility System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Tyre pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 90, 235
Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Tyre pressure monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Tyre pressure monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Tyre pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Tyre repair kit Tyre Mobility System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Tyres and wheels Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Tyres service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Tyres tread depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Tyres with directional tread pattern . . . . . . . . 235
U Underbody protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
V Vehicle data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Vehicle identification data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Vehicle identification number . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Vehicle keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Vehicle modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Vehicle paintwork Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Products for vehicle maintenance . . . . . . . 206
Vehicle washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Ventilation slits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 W
Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Warning lamps Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Anti-lock brake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Electronic differential lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Electronic Stability Programme . . . . . . . . . . 68
Engine management (EPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exhaust emission control system . . . . . . . . 66
Handbrake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Red symbols in central display . . . . . . . . . . 77
Seat belt warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Yellow symbols on central display . . . . . . . 79
Warning lamps - overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Washer fluid level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Washing by hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Washing the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Washing with high pressure cleaners . . . . . . . 208
Wear indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Wearing suitable shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Tightening torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 289 Changing a wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Why assume the correct sitting position? . . . . . 28
Why should head restraints be correctly adjus- ted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Why wear seat belts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19, 28
Windows Defrosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
308 Index