tow Seat Ibiza ST 2016 Owner's Guide

Operation
●
If pos s
ible, use the rear vision mirror to es-
timate distances to vehicles behind you.
● Make sure that you do not get your finger
trapped between the mirr
or and the mirror
base when folding back the mirrors. Risk of
injury! For the sake of the environment
The exterior mirror heating should be switch-
ed off when it i s

no longer needed. Other-
wise, it is an unnecessary fuel waste. Note
● If the electric a

l adjustment ever fails to op-
erate, the mirrors can be adjusted by hand by
lightly pressing the edge of the mirror glass.
● In vehicles with electric exterior mirrors,
the follo
wing points should be observed: if,
due to an external force (e.g. being knocked
while manoeuvring), the adjustment of the
mirror housing is altered, the mirror will have
to be fully folded electrically. Do not readjust
the rear vision mirror housing by hand, as
this will interfere with the mirror adjuster
function.
● The rear vision mirrors can be adjusted sep-
arately or s
imultaneously, as described
above.
● The fold-in function on the exterior mirrors
will
not activate at speeds over 40 km/h
(25 mph). Seats and head restraints
Adju
s
tin g the se

at and head re-
straints
Adjusting the front seats Read the additional information carefully
›››
 p

age 12 WARNING
The safe driving chapter contains important
information, tip s, s

uggestions and warnings
that you should read and observe for your
own safety and the safety of your passengers
››› page 56. WARNING
● Never adju s

t the driver or front passenger
seat while the vehicle is in motion. While ad-
justing your seat, you will assume an incor-
rect sitting position. Risk of accidents. Adjust
the driver or front passenger seat only when
the vehicle is stationary.
● To reduce the risk of injury to the driver and
front pa
ssenger in case of a sudden braking
or an accident, never drive with the backrest
tilted towards the rear. The maximum protec-
tion of the seat belt can be achieved only
when the backrests are in an upright position
and the driver and front passenger have prop-
erly adjusted their seat belts. The further the backrests are tilted to the rear, the greater
the risk of
injur

y due to improper positioning
of the belt web!
● Exercise caution when securing the seat
height into for
wards/backwards position. In-
juries can be caused if the seat height is ad-
justed without due care and attention.
● To move the seat forwards and backwards,
pull
upwards and not sideways on the lever,
as the force exerted on it in that direction
could damage it. Folding and lifting the backrest of the
fr
ont
seat

s 3 Applies to vehicles with 3 doors:
Fig. 140
Front seats: lever for folding down
the b ac
kr

est. Read the additional information carefully
› ›
›
 p

age 12
128

Transport and practical equipment
CAUTION
Always use the correct type of plugs to avoid
damagin g the soc
kets.Note
● The power soc k

ets will only work with the
ignition on.
● The use of electrical appliances with the
engine switc
hed off will cause a battery dis-
charge. Luggage compartment
Lo
adin

g the luggage compartment Fig. 156
Position heavy items as far forward
a s
po s

sible. All luggage and other loose objects must be
s
af
ely sec

ured in the luggage compartment.
Unsecured objects which shift back and forth could affect safety or driving characteristics
of the vehic

le by shifting the centre of gravity.
– Distribute the load evenly in the luggage
compartment

.
– Place heavy objects as far forward as possi-
ble in the lugg

age compartment
››› Fig. 156.
– Place the heavy objects first.
– Secure heavy objects to the fitted fastening
rings* ››

› page 136.
– Secure loose loads with a luggage net* or
with non-elas

tic straps secured to the fas-
tening* rings ››› page 136. WARNING
● Loose lug g

age and other objects in the lug-
gage compartment could cause serious inju-
ries.
● Always stow objects in the luggage com-
partment and sec
ure them with the fastening
rings*.
● During sudden manoeuvres or accidents,
loose obj
ects can be thrown forward, injuring
vehicle occupants or even third parties. This
increased risk of injury will be further in-
creased if a loose object is struck by an inflat-
ing airbag. If this happens, objects may
shoot outward like a missile. Risk of fatal in-
jury.
● Always keep all objects in the luggage com-
partment and u
se appropriate grips to secure them, particularly in the case of heavy ob-
jects.
●
Nev er e

xceed the allowed axle weights or
allow
ed maximum weight. If said weights are
exceeded, the driving characteristics of the
vehicle may change, leading to accidents, in-
juries and damage to the vehicle.
● Please note that the centre of gravity may
shift when tran
sporting heavy objects; this
may affect vehicle handling and lead to an ac-
cident. Therefore, it is essential to adjust
your speed and driving style accordingly, to
avoid accidents.
● Never leave your vehicle unattended, espe-
cial
ly when the rear lid is open. Children
could climb into the luggage compartment,
closing the door behind them; they will be
trapped and run the risk of death.
● Never allow children to play in or around
the vehicl
e. Close and lock all the doors and
rear lid when you leave the vehicle. Before
you lock the vehicle, make sure that there are
no adults or children in the vehicle.
● Please observe the notes on the ››› p
age 56. CAUTION
Hard objects on the rear shelf could chafe
agains t

the wires of the heating element in
the heated rear window and cause damage. » 135
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety

Operation
Air distributionSymbol ››› page 142
CMain air output through out-
lets 
1, 2

5

1, 2, 5

3, 4
Outlets
3 and
4 can be closed or opened
separat ely

using the slats and the air flow di-
rected as required.
Heating and fresh air
Contro l

s Fig. 165
Heating controls on the dash panel. ●
Use t
urn c ontr

ols A ,
B and
C
› ››
Fig. 165
t o a dju
st the temperature, blower speed and
air distribution.
● Press the D button to switch air recircula-
tion mode on or off .
When the f u

nction is ac-
tivated, a warning light on the button is
turned on.
Temperature
Switch A adjusts temperature. The desired
t emper
atur

e inside the vehicle cannot be
lower than the ambient temperature. Maxi-
mum heat output, which is needed to defrost
the windows quickly, is only available when
the engine has reached its operating temper-
ature.
Blower
The air flow can be set at four speeds with
switch B . The blower should always be set
at the lo
we

st speed when driving slowly.
Air distribution
Control C for setting the flow of air in the re-
quir ed dir
ection.
 – Air di

stribution towards the windscreen
in order to demist. For safety reasons, it is
not recommended to switch air recirculation
on.
 – Air distribution to upper body.
 – Air distribution to footwell  – Air distribution to the windscreen and
the footwel

l. WARNING
● For y our s

afety, the windows should never
be fogged up or covered with snow or ice.
This is essential to ensure good visibility.
Please familiarise yourself with the correct
operation of the heating and ventilation sys-
tem, including the demist/defrost functions
for the windows. Note
● Plea se c

onsider the general notes
››› page 140. Air recirculation 
Air recirculation prevents unpleasant smells
fr
om ent
ering the int

erior.
Connecting the recirculation
In any position of rotary switch C except
th a
w:
● Pr e

ss button D
› ›
›
Fig. 165
and the lamp in
the button will illuminate.
Disconnecting the recirculation
● If the lamp is on, press button D and the
l amp w
il

l go off, indicating that the entry of
outside air has been activated.
142

Air conditioning
If the rotary switch C
› ››
Fig. 165
is
in the
thaw position, the recirculation flap will al-
ways be open and air will always enter from
the outside.
If the rotary switch C is switched from any
po s
ition t o the th

aw position, recirculation
will be automatically deactivated. WARNING
● In air recir c

ulation mode, no cold air from
the outside enters the vehicle interior. The
windows can quickly fog over if the heating is
switched off. Therefore, never leave the air re-
circulation mode switched on for a long time
(risk of accident). Vehicle ventilation or heating
Ventilating the vehicle interior
– Turn the temperature selector ››
›
Fig. 165
A anticlockwise.
– Turn blower switch B to any of the head
settin g
s 1 -4.
– Set

the airflow to the desired direction us-
ing air distrib
ution control C .
– Open the relevant air outlets. Interior heating
– Turn the temperature selector ››
›
Fig. 165
A clockwise to select the desired tempera-
t ur
e.
– Turn b

lower switch B to any of the head
settin g
s 1 -4.
– Set

the airflow to the desired direction us-
ing air distrib
ution control C .
– Open the relevant air outlets.
D efr
os

ting the windscreen
– Turn the temperature selector ››› Fig. 165
A clockwise to reach the maximum tem-
per at
ur e.
– T

urn the blower switch B to setting 4.
– Turn air distribution control to .
– Close outlet 3 .
– Open and turn outlet 4 towards the side
w indo
ws.
K

eeping the windscreen and the side win-
dows demisted
– Turn the temperature selector ››› Fig. 165
A to the heating area.
– Turn blower switch B to any of the head
settin g
s 2 -3.
– T

urn air distribution control to .
– Close outlets 3 –
Open and t urn outl
ets 4 towards side win-
do w
s.
Onc e the w

indows are demisted and as a pre-
ventive measure, the control C can be set in
po s
ition 

, thus obtaining greater comfort
while preventing the windows from misting
again.
Heating
Maximum heat output, which is needed to
defrost the windows quickly, is only available
when the engine has reached its operating
temperature. Note
Remember that the temperature of the engine
cool ant

should be optimum to ensure that the
heating system functions correctly (except in
vehicles fitted with additional heating*). 143
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety

Operation
Air conditioning* C ontr
ol
s Fig. 166
Air conditioning controls on the
d a
sh p anel

. Temperature selector
››
›
p
age 144
Blower control. There are four speed set-
tings for the blower. At low speed, it is
recommended to set the blower to a mini-
mum of 1 to improve the intake of fresh
air.
Air distribution control ››› page 144
Air recirculation button 
› ›
› p age 145
A/C button – Switches on the cooling
sy s
tem
›

›› page 144
The air conditioning system only works when
the engine is running and the fan is switched
on. A B
C
D
E ●
Us
in g the r

otary switches A ,
B and
C ›››
Fig. 166 y ou c
an a dju
st temperature, blow-
er speed and air distribution.
● To switch a function on or off, press the ap-
propriate b
utton D or
E . When the function
i s
activ at
ed, a red warning light on the but-
ton is turned on.
To demist the windscreen
● Turn air distribution to .
● Turn the fan control to one of the two levels
depending on the speed requir
ed.
● Rotate the temperature control to the de-
sired lev
el of comfort.
● Close outlets 3 ●
Open and turn outlets 4 towards side win-
do w
s. WARNING
For your safety, the windows should never be
fogg ed up or c

overed with snow or ice. This is
essential to ensure good visibility. Please fa-
miliarise yourself with the correct operation
of the heating and ventilation system, includ-
ing the demist/defrost functions for the win-
dows. Note
Please consider the general notes. Vehicle interior heating or cooling
sy
s
tem Interior heating
– Turn off the cooling system using the
››› Fig. 166

A/C button (the button light
turns off).
– T
urn the temperature selector A to set the
desir ed t

emperature inside the vehicle.
– Turn the blower switch to any of the set-
tings 1-4.
– Set

the air distribution control C to the air
flo w c
onfigur ation de

sired:  (towards the
w ind
sc
reen),  (towards the chest),
 (towards the footwell) and
 (towards the
w ind
sc

reen and footwell areas).
Interior cooling
– Turn off the cooling system using the A/C button (the button light turns on).
– Turn the temperature control switch until
the de s
ir ed int

erior temperature is reached.
– Turn the blower switch to any of the set-
tings 1-4.
– Set

the air distribution control to the air
flow configuration de
sired:  (towards the
w ind
sc
reen),  (towards the chest),
 (towards the footwell) and
 (towards the
w ind
sc

reen and footwell areas).
144

Operation
It is possible, however, to set the blower
s peed t
o suit
requirements.
● Turn control 10
› ››
Fig. 167
cou

nter-clock-
wise (to lower the speed) or clockwise (to in-
crease the speed).
Climatronic will switch off when the blower
switches off. WARNING
Read and observe the safety warnings ››› in
General not

es on page 140. Windscreen defrost
Switching on windscreen defrosting
●
Press the button 

12
› ›
›
Fig. 167
.
Switching off windscreen defrosting
● Press button 
12
› ›
›
Fig. 167
several
times or press the AUTO button.
The t emper
atur
e is regulated automatically.
The air output is increased from vents 1 and
2 ›››
page 141. Driving
Ad dr
es

s
Introduction The power steering is not hydraulic but elec-
tromech
anic

al. The advantage of this steer-
ing is that it foes not need flexible hydraulic
pipes, hydraulic oil, pump, filter or other
parts. The electromechanical system saves
fuel. Whereas a hydraulic system needs con-
tinuous oil pressure, electromechanical
steering only needs power when it is used.
In vehicles with electromechanical steering,
the assisted steering function automatically
adjusts according to vehicle speed, steering
wheel torque and wheel orientation. The
power steering only works when the engine
is running. WARNING
If the power steering does not work, you will
need much more s tr

ength to turn the wheel.
This has a considerable effect on vehicle
safety.
● The power steering only works when the
engine is ru
nning.
● Never allow the vehicle to move when the
engine is sw
itched off.
● Never remove the key from the ignition
while the v
ehicle is moving. The steering lock could be engaged and vehicle steering would
not work.
Note
The ignition of the vehicle being towed must
be sw itched on t

o prevent the steering wheel
from locking and also to allow the use of the
turn signals, horn, windscreen wipers and
washers. Control lamp
The control lamp should light up for a few
sec
ond
s when the ignition i

s switched on. It
should go out once the engine is started. 
It lights up red
The electromechani-
cal steering is dam-
aged.Have the steering checked im-
mediately by a specialised work-
shop.

It lights up yellow
Electromechanical
steering operation
is limited.See a specialised workshop im-
mediately and have the steering
checked.
If the yellow warning lamp does
not light up again after the en-
gine is restarted and the vehicle
has travelled a short distance,
you do not need to take it to a
specialised workshop. 148

Driving
Note
A perfect operation of the vehicle is ensured
if genuine S
EAT keys are used.Starting petrol engines
The engine can only be started using a genu-
ine SEA
T k

ey with its correct code.
– Move the gearbox lever to the neutral posi-
tion and depress

the clutch pedal thor-
oughly and hold it in this position for the
starter to turn the engine on.
– Turn the ignition key to the starting posi-
tion ›››

p

age 150.
– Let go of the ignition key as soon as the en-
gine starts; the s

tarter motor must not run
on with the engine.
After starting a very hot engine, you may
need to slightly press down the accelerator.
When starting a cold engine, it may be a little
noisy for the first few seconds until oil pres-
sure has built up in the hydraulic valve com-
pensators. This is quite normal, and no cause
for concern.
If the engine does not start immediately,
switch the starter off after 10 seconds and try
again after half a minute. If the engine still
does not start, the fuel pump fuse should be
checked ›››
page 81, Fuses. WARNING
● Never st ar

t or run the engine in unventila-
ted or closed rooms. The exhaust gases con-
tain carbon monoxide, an odourless and col-
ourless poisonous gas. Risk of fatal acci-
dents. Carbon monoxide can cause loss of
consciousness and result in death.
● Never leave the vehicle unattended if the
engine is ru
nning.
● Never use “cold start sprays”, they could
explode or cau
se the engine to run at high
revs. Risk of injury. CAUTION
● When the engine is c

old, you should avoid
high engine speeds, driving at full throttle
and over-loading the engine. Risk of engine
damage.
● The vehicle should not be pushed or towed
more than 50 metre
s to start the engine. Un-
burnt fuel could enter the catalytic converter
and damage it.
● Before attempting to push-start or tow a ve-
hicle in order t
o start it, you should first try to
start it using the battery of another vehicle.
Please observe and follow the notes on the
›››  page 52, How to jump start. For the sake of the environment
Do not warm-up the engine by running the
engine with the v

ehicle stationary. Start off
immediately, driving gently. This helps the engine reach operating temperature faster
and reduce
s

emissions. Starting diesel engines
The engine can only be started using a genu-
ine SEA
T k

ey with its correct code.
– Move the gearbox lever to the neutral posi-
tion and depress

the clutch pedal thor-
oughly and hold it in this position for the
starter to turn the engine on.
– Turn the ignition key to position ››› Fig. 168
2 . The warning lamp
 wi
ll

light for en-
gine pre-heating.
– When the lamp turns off, turn the ignition
key to po

sition 3 to start the engine. Do
not pr
es
s the accelerator.
– Release the ignition key as soon as the en-
gine starts.

The starter motor should not
turn at the same time.
When starting a cold engine, it may be a little
noisy for the first few seconds until oil pres-
sure has built up in the hydraulic valve com-
pensators. This is quite normal, and no cause
for concern.
If there are problems starting the engine, see
the ›››
 page 52. »
151
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety

Operation
Glow plug system for the diesel engine
T o av
oid u nnec
essary discharging of the bat-
tery, do not use any other major electrical
equipment while the glow plugs are pre-heat-
ing.
Start the engine as soon as the glow plug
warning lamp goes out.
Starting a diesel engine after the fuel tank
has been completely run dry
If the fuel tank has been completely run dry,
it may take longer than normal (up to one mi-
nute) to start a diesel engine after refuelling.
This is because the fuel system must elimi-
nate air first. WARNING
Observe the safety warnings ››› in Starting
petrol en

gines on page 151. CAUTION
● When the engine is c

old, you should avoid
high engine speeds, driving at full throttle
and over-loading the engine. Risk of engine
damage.
● The vehicle should not be pushed or towed
more than 50 metre
s to start the engine. Un-
burnt fuel could enter the catalytic converter
and damage it.
● Before attempting to push-start or tow a ve-
hicle in order t
o start it, you should first try to
start it using the battery of another vehicle. Please observe and follow the notes on the
›››
 p

age 52, How to jump start. For the sake of the environment
Do not warm-up the engine by running the
en gine with the v

ehicle stationary. You
should drive off as soon as you start the en-
gine. This helps the engine reach operating
temperature faster and reduces emissions. Switching off the engine
–
Stop the vehicle.
– Turn the ignition key to position ››
›
Fig. 168
1 .
Af t
er sw it

ching the engine off, the radiator
fan may run on for up to 10 minutes. It is also
possible that the fan turns itself on once
more if the coolant temperature increases
due to the heat accumulated in the engine
compartment or due to its prolonged expo-
sure to solar radiation. WARNING
● Never swit c

h the engine off until the vehi-
cle is completely stationary.
● The brake servo works only when the en-
gine is runnin
g. With the engine switched off,
more strength is needed to brake. As normal brake operation cannot be performed, risk of
accident
s

and serious injury may exist.
● The steering lock can be immediately
blocked onc
e the key is removed from the ig-
nition. The vehicle cannot be steered. Risk of
accident.
● Power-assisted steering does not work
when the engine is off
, and more strength is
needed to turn the wheel.
● If the key is removed from the ignition lock
the steering loc
k could be engaged and vehi-
cle steering would not work. CAUTION
When the engine has been running under a
heavy lo a

d for a long period, heat can accu-
mulate in the engine compartment and cause
engine damage. For this reason, idle the en-
gine for approximately 2 minutes before
switching it off. Braking and parking
Br ak
ing c

apacity and braking distance The efficiency of the brakes depends directly
on the br
ak
e p a

d wear. This wear depends to
a great extent on the conditions under which
the vehicle is operated and the way the vehi-
cle is driven. If you often drive in town, drive
short distances or have a sporty driving style,
we recommend that you have the thickness
152

Driving
Braking and stability systems El ectr
onic
Stability Control (ESC)*This Electronic Stability System reduces the
risk of
sk

idding and improves the vehicle's
stability and ability to hold the road.
The Electronic Stability Control (ESC) contains
the electronic differential lock (EDL) and the
traction control system (ASR). The ESC works
together with the ABS. Both control lamps
will light up if the ESC or ABS systems are
faulty.
The ESC system is started automatically
when the engine is started.
The ESC system is always active and cannot
be switched off. With the Easy Connect sys-
tem it is only possible to deactivate the ASR
or else select Sport mode.
The ASR can be deactivated when wheel spin
is desirable ›››
page 156.
For example:
● When driving with snow chains.
● When driving in deep snow or on loose sur-
face s.
● When the

vehicle is stuck, to rock it back-
wards
and forwards.
Press the button to switch the ASR back on
when you no longer need wheel spin. Electronic Stability Control (ESC)*
The ESC reduc

es the risk of skidding by brak-
ing the wheels individually.
The system uses the steering wheel angle
and road speed to calculate the changes of
direction desired by the driver, and constant-
ly compares them with the actual behaviour
of the vehicle. When irregularities occur, for
example, if the vehicle begins to skid, the
ESC brakes the appropriate wheel automati-
cally.
The forces acting on the braked wheel bring
the vehicle back to a stable condition. If the
vehicle tends to oversteer (the rear end
slides out), the system will act on the front
wheel on the outside of the turn.
Control lamp
There are two control lamps for the electronic
stability control. The lamp  provides infor-
mation concerning function and  disconnec-
tion status.
Both control lamps light up together when
the ignition is switched on and should turn
off after approximately 2 seconds. This is the
time taken for the function check.
This programme includes the ABS, EDL and
ASR. It also includes emergency braking as-
sistance (BAS). The control lamp
 has the f ollowing func-
tions:
● It flashes whilst driving when the ASR/ESC
is activat
ed.
● It will light up if there is a fault in the ESC.
● As the ESC operates in conjunction with the
ABS, the ESC light w
ill also come on if a fault
should occur in the ABS.
If the ESC control lamp  lights up and stays
on after the engine is started, this may mean
that the control system has temporarily
switched off the ESC. In this case the ESC can
be reactivated by switching the ignition off
and then on again. If the control lamp goes
out, this means the system is fully functional.
The  lamp provides information about the
disconnection status of the system:
● It stays lit when the ASR is disconnected on
press
ing the switch  or if we select ESC
Sport mode, only by means of Easy Connect. WARNING
● Do not for g

et that the electronic stability
control ESC cannot defy the laws of physics.
This should be kept in mind, particularly on
slippery and wet roads and when towing a
trailer.
● Always adapt your driving style to suit the
condition of the ro
ads and the traffic situa-
tion. The greater safety provided by the ESC
should not encourage you to run any risks. » 155
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety

Operation
CAUTION
● To ens ur
e that the ESC works correctly, all
four wheels must be fitted with the same
tyres. Any differences in the rolling radius of
the tyres can cause the system to reduce en-
gine power when this is not desired.
● Any modifications made to the vehicle (for
exampl
e, to the engine, brake system, run-
ning gear or to the combination of wheels
and tyres) may affect the operation of the
ABS, EDL, ESC and ASR. Traction control system (ASR)*
The traction control system prevents the driv-
en wheel
s
fr om s

pinning when the vehicle is
accelerating. This system always includes
ABS.
Description and operation of the traction
control system during acceleration (ASR)
On front-wheel drive vehicles, the ASR sys-
tem intervenes, reducing engine power and
preventing the driven wheels from slipping
during acceleration. The system works in the
entire speed range in conjunction with ABS.
If a failure occurs in the ABS, the ASR will al-
so stop working.
TCS helps the car to start moving, accelerate
and climb a gradient in slippery conditions
where this may otherwise be difficult or even
impossible. The ASR automatically switches on when the
engine is s

tarted. If necessary, it could be
connected or disconnected by means of the
Easy Connect system.
When the ASR is off, the warning lamp lights
up . The ASR should normally be left on.
Only in exceptional circumstances, when
wheel spin is required, can they be turned off
using the ESC button, for example:
● With compact temporary spare wheel.
● When using the snow chains.
● When driving in deep snow or on soft ter-
rain.
● When the vehic

le is bogged-down, to free it
“by roc
king it.”
The ASR should be switched on again as
soon as possible.
Control lamp
There are two control lamps for the traction
control system:  and . Both control lamps
light up together when the ignition is switch-
ed on and should turn off after approximately
2 seconds. This is the time taken for the func-
tion check.
The  lamp has the following function:
● It flashes when the ASR is working if the ve-
hicle is
moving. If the system is deactivated or if it has any
fault, the warnin

g lamp will remain lit. The
warning lamp will also light up if a fault
should occur in the ABS because the ASR op-
erates in conjunction with the ABS. For fur-
ther information, see ››› page 156.
The  lamp provides information about the
disconnection status of the system:
● It stays lit when the ASR is disconnected
via Ea
sy Connect.
By means of Easy Connect, the ASR function
is reactivated and the warning lamp switched
off. WARNING
● Remember that not

even the ASR can defy
the laws of physics. This should be kept in
mind, particularly on slippery and wet roads
and when towing a trailer.
● Always adapt your driving style to suit the
condition of the ro
ads and the traffic situa-
tion. The greater safety provided by the ASR
should not encourage you to run any risks. CAUTION
● To ens ur

e that the ASR works correctly,
identical tyres should be fitted on all four
wheels. Any differences in the rolling radius
of the tyres can cause the system to reduce
engine power when this is not desired. 156