start system TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 1986 Factory Repair Manual

2004 LAND CRUISER (EWD548U)
362Air Conditioning (Front)
1. Heater Blower Operation
Manual operation
When the blower speed is set ant any speed by the blower control SW, the A/C control assembly sends a signal to the
blower motor controller, and controls the blower motor speed.
Auto operation
When the auto SW is operated, the A/C control assembly sends signals to the blower motor controller, according to the
signals from respective sensors, commands from the temperature SW etc., and controls the blower motor automatically.
2. Air Inlet Control Servo Motor Control
When the FRESH/RECIRC select SW is switched to RECIRC, the motor in the air inlet control servo motor rotates to move
the damper to the RECIRC side. The damper position is recognized by the A/C control assembly TERMINAL TPI, and
rotates the motor until the damper reaches its position.
When the FRESH/RECIRC select SW is switched to FRESH, the motor in the air inlet control servo motor rotates to move
the damper to the FRESH side. The damper position is recognized by the A/C control assembly TERMINAL TPI, and rotates
the motor until the damper reaches its position.
When the FRESH/RECIRC select SW is set to auto, the exhaust gas sensor in the engine room detects the ingredient of the
exhaust emission, and switches the FRESH/RECIRC mode automatically.
3. Air Vent Mode Control Servo Motor
When the mode select SW in the A/C control assembly is pushed, a signal is sent from the A/C control assembly, and
activates the air vent mode control servo motor. This causes the servo motor to rotate to the position selected using the
mode select SW (FACE, BI-LEVEL, FOOT, FOOT/DEF, DEF), and moves the damper.
4. Air Mix Control Servo Motor
When the temperature control SW in the A/C control assembly is pushed, a signal is sent from the A/C control assembly, and
activates the air mix control servo motor. The motor and damper is moved until it reaches the temperature set by the
temperature control SW.
5. Air Conditioning Operation
The A/C control assembly receives various signals, i. e., the engine RPM from the crankshaft position sensor, outlet
temperature from the A/C ambient temp. sensor, coolant temperature from the engine coolant temp. sensor, and the lock
signal from the A/C compressor, etc. When the engine is started and the A/C SW is turned on, a signal is sent to the A/C
control assembly. As a result, the magnetic clutch is turned on and operates the compressor.
In addition, when the engine control module detects that the magnetic clutch is on and the A/C compressor is operating, it
controls the engine in the direction to avoid lowering the engine RPM during A/C operation.
When any of the following signals are sent to the A/C control assembly, the A/C is turned off.
*Coolant temp. is high.
*Outlet air temp. is low.
*Large difference between the engine speed and compressor speed.
*The refrigerant pressure is abnormally high or low.
A45 (A), A47 (C) A/C Control Assembly
(C)11-Ground : Always approx. 12 volts
(C)22-Ground : Approx. 12 volts with ignition SW at ON or ST position
(A)27-Ground : Approx. 12 volts with ignition SW at ON or ST position (w/o navigation system)
(C) 12, (C) 14, (C) 15, (C) 17, (C) 18-Ground : Always continuity
C28 Center Cluster Integration Panel (w/ Navigation System)
2-Ground : Approx. 12 volts with ignition SW at ON or ST position
16-Ground : Always continuity
System Outline
Service Hints

2004 LAND CRUISER (EWD548U)
93 SYSTEM CIRCUITS H
2004 LAND CRUISER
ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM
SYSTEM CIRCUITS
Page
Air Conditioning (Front) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
356
Air Conditioning (Rear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Auto Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Automatic Glare-Resistant EC Mirror with Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Automatic Light Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Back-Up Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Center Differential Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Cigarette Lighter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Combination Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Door Lock Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Electronically Controlled Transmission and A/T Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Engine Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Engine Immobiliser System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Front Fog Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Front Wiper and Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Garage Door Opener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Headlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Interior Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Key Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Light Auto Turn Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Mirror Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Moon Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Multi-Display (w/o Navigation System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Multiplex Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Multiplex Communication System (Communication Bus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Navigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Power Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Power Rear Quarter Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Power Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Power Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Power Tilt and Power Telescopic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Power Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Radio and Player (w/ Navigation System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Radio and Player (w/o Navigation System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Rear Window Defogger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Rear Wiper and Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Remote Control Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Seat Belt Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Seat Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Shift Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
SRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Stop Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Taillight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Theft Deterrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
TOYOTA Parking Assist (Rear View Monitor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Trailer Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Turn Signal and Hazard Warning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
VSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Wireless Door Lock Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

IN0JF-01
BO4111
Negative Cable
IN-10
- INTRODUCTIONFOR ALL OF VEHICLES
10 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
FOR ALL OF VEHICLES
PRECAUTION
1. FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH SRS AIRBAG AND
SEAT BELT PRETENSIONER
(a) The LAND CRUISER is equipped with an SRS (Supple-
mental Restraint System), such as the driver airbag, front
passenger airbag assembly and seat belt pretensioner.
Failure to carry out service operations in the correct se-
quence could cause the supplemental restraint system to
unexpectedly deploy during servicing, possibly leading to
a serious accident.
Further, if a mistake is made in servicing the supplemental
restraint system, it is possible the SRS may fail to operate
when required. Before servicing (including removal or
installation of parts, inspection or replacement), be sure
to read the following items carefully, then follow the cor-
rect procedure described in this manual.
(b) GENERAL NOTICE
(1) Malfunction symptoms of the supplemental re-
straint system are difficult to confirm, so the diag-
nostic trouble codes become the most important
source of information when troubleshooting. When
troubleshooting the supplemental restraint system,
always inspect the diagnostic trouble codes before
disconnecting the battery (See page DI-692).
(2) Work must be started after 90 seconds from the
time the ignition switch is turned to the ºLOCKº posi-
tion and the negative (-) terminal cable is discon-
nected from the battery.
(The supplemental restraint system is equipped
with a back-up power source so that if work is
started within 90 seconds of disconnecting the neg-
ative (-) terminal cable from the battery, the SRS
may deploy.)
When the negative (-) terminal cable is discon-
nected from the battery, memory of the clock and
audio systems will be cancelled. So before starting
work, make a record of the contents memorized by
the each memory system. Then when work is fin-
ished, reset the clock and audio systems as before.
To avoid erasing the memory of each memory sys-
tem, never use a back-up power supply from anoth-
er battery.

- INTRODUCTIONFOR ALL OF VEHICLES
IN-17
17 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
(i) AIRBAG SENSOR ASSEMBLY
(1) Never reuse the airbag sensor assembly involved
in a collision when the SRS has deployed.
(2) The connectors to the airbag sensor assembly
should be connected or disconnected with the sen-
sor mounted on the floor. If the connectors are con-
nected or disconnected while the airbag sensor as-
sembly is not mounted to the floor, it could cause
undesired ignition of the supplemental restraint sys-
tem.
(3) Work must be started after 90 seconds from the
time the ignition switch is turned to the ºLOCKº posi-
tion and the negative (-) terminal cable is discon-
nected from the battery, even if only loosing the set
bolts of the airbag sensor assembly.
(j) WIRE HARNESS AND CONNECTOR
The SRS wire harness is integrated with the instrument
panel wire harness assembly. The wires for the SRS wire
harness are encased in a yellow corrugated tube and all
the connectors in the system are a standard yellow color.
If the SRS wire harness becomes disconnected or the
connector becomes broken due to an accident, etc., re-
pair or replace it as shown on page RS-96.

F02201N09214F05476
E1
DLC1
CG Ts
DLC3
Ts
B04696
Center Differential Lock
Indicator Light
Center Differential
Switch
Transfer Select
Lever
IN-18
- INTRODUCTIONFOR ALL OF VEHICLES
18 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
2. FOR VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH VEHICLE SKID CON-
TROL (VSC) SYSTEM
(a) Precaution when using drum tester:
When using a drum tester, make sure that the ignition
switch is OFF, start the engine with the diagnosis connec-
tor short-circuited between Ts and E
1 (CG) and take a
measurement.
NOTICE:
Check that VSC warning light is blinking.
Ensure that the vehicle does not move using wires.
After the measurement, disconnect the short circuit
and check that the VSC warning light is turned off
when restarting the engine.
(b) Precaution during VSC operation:
(1) Since VSC may be affected by the removal/installa-
tion of the VSC-related parts, do not remove/install
those parts unless absolutely necessary.
(2) When operating on VSC, follow the instructions in
BR section in this manual to surely make prepara-
tions or check after operations.
3. WHEN SERVICING FULL-TIME 4WD VEHICLES
The Full-time 4WD LAND CRUISER is equipped with the me-
chanical lock type center differential system.
During tests using a brake tester or chassis dynamometer, such
as braking force tests or speedometer tests, if only the front or
rear wheels are to be rotated, it is necessary to set the position
of the center differential to FREE or LOCK depending on the
type of the test being performed.

B04698
B04696
Center Differential Lock
Indicator Light
Center Differential
Switch
Transfer Select
Lever
F08296
IN-20
- INTRODUCTIONFOR ALL OF VEHICLES
20 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
Transfer gear ºHº e ºLº gear shifting procedure:
When shifting, always put the shift lever of the transmis-
sion in N position. In other positions, the gears of the
transfer clash, and switching cannot be performed.
4. WHEN TESTING BRAKES, SPEEDOMETER, ETC.
(a) When carrying out any kind of servicing or testing on a
Full-time 4WD in which the front or rear wheels are to be
rotated (braking test, speedometer test), be sure to ob-
serve the precautions given below.
Incorrect preparations or test procedures may cause dan-
ger as well as unsuccessful test results.
Before starting any such servicing or test, be sure to
check the following items:
Center differential mode position (FREE or LOCK)
Vehicle skid control (VSC) system (with or without):
If the vehicle is equipped with the system, the slip
indicator light, the VSC/TRAC indicator light and the
VSC OFF indicator light come on with the ignition
key turned to ºONº. They will go off after about a few
seconds.
Whether wheels should be touching ground or
jacked up
Transmission gear position (N position)
Transfer gear position (H or L position)
Maximum testing vehicle speed
Maximum testing time
HINT:
w/o Vehicle skid control (VSC) system:
When the transfer select lever is put in ºLº position, the center
differential is put in LOCK condition regardless of the position
of the center differential lock switch.

B04201
B04202
- INTRODUCTIONFOR ALL OF VEHICLES
IN-21
21 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
(b) Using Braking Tester:
Measure by low-speed type (Vehicle Speed: Below 0.5
km/h or 0.3 mph) brake tester and observe the following
instructions before performing the test.
(1) Position the wheels to be tested (front or rear) on
the tester.
(2) Put the center differential in FREE position.
(3) If the vehicle is equipped with Vehicle Skid Control
(VSC) system, prohibit the system from the activa-
tion (See step 2.).
(4) Shift the transmission shift lever to ºNº position.
HINT:
Do not forget to change the Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) & Trac-
tion Control (TRAC) system to operational condition after the
test. Check that the VSC warning indicator light goes off when
restarting the engine.
(c) Using Speedometer Tester:
Observe the following instructions and then measure with
the rear wheels.
(1) Position the rear wheels on the tester roller.
(2) Position the front wheels on the free roller or jack
them up.
(3) Put the center differential in FREE position.
(4) If the vehicle is equipped with Vehicle Skid Control
(VSC) & Traction Control (TRAC) system, prohibit
the system from the activation (See step 2.).
(5) Ensure that the vehicle does not move using wires.
CAUTION:
The maximum speed should be less than 60 km/h (37 mph)
and maximum driving time should be 1 minute.
HINT:
Sudden shifting, braking, acceleration or deceleration is
not allowed.
Do not forget to change the Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) &
Traction Control (TRAC) system to operational condition
after the test. Check that the VSC warning indicator light
goes off when restarting the engine.

B04203
B04204
IN-22
- INTRODUCTIONFOR ALL OF VEHICLES
22 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
(d) Using Chassis Dynamometer:
Observe the following instructions and then measure with
the rear wheels.
(1) Remove the front propeller shaft.
(2) Put the center differential in LOCK position.
(3) If the vehicle is equipped with Vehicle Skid Control
(VSC) & Traction Control (TRAC) system, prohibit
the system from the activation (See step 2.).
(4) Ensure that the vehicle is securely fixed.
HINT:
Sudden shifting, braking, acceleration or deceleration is
not allowed.
Do not forget to change the Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) &
Traction Control (TRAC) system to operational condition
after the test. Check that the VSC warning indicator light
goes off when restarting the engine.
(e) On-V ehicle Wheel Balancing:
When doing on-vehicle wheel balancing on a full-time
4WD vehicle, to prevent each wheel from being rotated at
different speed in different directions (which could dam-
age the center differential), always be sure to observe the
following precautions.
(1) All of 4 wheels should be jacked up, being apart
from the ground completely.
(2) Put the center differential in LOCK position.
(3) If the vehicle is equipped with Vehicle Skid Control
(VSC) & Traction Control (TRAC) system, prohibit
the system from the activation (See step 2.).
(4) The parking brake lever should be fully released.
(5) None of the brakes should be applied.
(6) The wheels should be driven on the wheel balancer
with the engine running.
(7) Carry out the wheel balancing with the transmission
position in D position.
HINT:
When doing this balancing, pay attention to the other
wheels rotating at the same time.
Sudden acceleration, deceleration or braking is not al-
lowed.
Do not forget to change the Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) &
Traction Control (TRAC) system to operational condition
after the test. Check that the VSC warning indicator light
goes off when restarting the engine.

Important Points in the Customer Problem Analysis

What ----- Vehicle model, system name

When ----- Date, time, occurrence frequency

Where ----- Road conditions

Under what conditions? ----- Running conditions, driving conditions, weather conditions

How did it happen? ----- Problem symptoms
(Sample) Engine control system check sheet.
ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM Check Sheet
Customer's Name
Driver's Name
Data Vehicle
Brought in
License No.
Model and Model
Year
Frame No.
Engine Model
Odometer Reading
km
miles
Problem Symptoms
Engine does
not Start
Difficult to
Start
Poor Idling
Poor
Drive ability
Engine Stall
Others
Engine does not crankNo initial combustionNo complete combustion
Engine cranks slowly
Other
Incorrect first idleIdling rpm is abnormalHigh ( rpm)Low ( rpm)
Rough idling
Other
HesitationBack fireMuffler explosion (after-fire)Surging
Knocking
Other
Soon after startingAfter accelerator pedal depressed
After accelerator pedal released
During A/C operation
Shifting from N to D
Other
Data Problem
ConstantSometimes ( times per day/month)
Inspector's
Name
CUSTOMER PROBLEM ANALYSIS CHECK
- INTRODUCTIONHOW TO TROUBLESHOOT ECU CONTROLLED
SYSTEMSIN-27
27 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
1. CUSTOMER PROBLEM ANALYSIS
In troubleshooting, the problem symptoms must be confirmed accurately and all preconceptions must be
cleared away in order to give an accurate judgment. To ascertain just what the problem symptoms are, it is
extremely important to ask the customer about the problem and the conditions at the time it occurred.
Important Point in the Problem Analysis:
The following 5 items are important points in the problem analysis. Past problems which are thought to be
unrelated and the repair history, etc. may also help in some cases, so as much information as possible should
be gathered and its relationship with the problem symptoms should be correctly ascertained for reference
in troubleshooting. A customer problem analysis table is provided in Diagnostics section for each system
for your use.

V07268
VIBRATION METHOD: When vibration seems to be the major cause.
CONNECTORS
WIRE HARNESS
PARTS AND SENSOR1
Slightly shake the connector vertically and horizontally.
Slightly shake the wire harness vertically and horizontally.
The connector joint, fulcrum of the vibration, and body
through portion are the major areas to be checked thorough-
ly.
Apply slight vibration with a finger to the part of the sensor
considered to be the problem cause and check that the mal-
function occurs.Shake Slightly
Swing Slightly
Vibrate Slightly
HINT:
Applying strong vibration to relays may result in open relays. IN-30
- INTRODUCTIONHOW TO TROUBLESHOOT ECU CONTROLLED
SYSTEMS
30 Author
: Date
:
2004 LAND CRUISER (RM1071U)
3. SYMPTOM SIMULATION
The most difficult case in troubleshooting is when there are no problem symptoms occurring. In such cases,
a thorough customer problem analysis must be carried out, then simulate the same or similar conditions and
environment in which the problem occurred in the customer's vehicle. No matter how much experience a
technician has, or how skilled he may be, if he proceeds to troubleshoot without confirming the problem
symptoms he will tend to overlook something important in the repair operation and make a wrong guess
somewhere, which will only lead to a standstill. For example, for a problem which only occurs when the en-
gine is cold, or for a problem which occurs due to vibration caused by the road during driving, etc., the prob-
lem can never be determined so long as the symptoms are confirmed with the engine hot condition or the
vehicle at a standstill. Since vibration, heat or water penetration (moisture) is likely cause for problem which
is difficult to reproduce, the symptom simulation tests introduced here are effective measures in that the ex-
ternal causes are applied to the vehicle in a stopped condition.
Important Points in the Symptom Simulation Test:
In the symptom simulation test, the problem symptoms should of course be confirmed, but the problem area
or parts must also be found out. To do this, narrow down the possible problem circuits according to the symp-
toms before starting this test and connect a tester beforehand. After that, carry out the symptom simulation
test, judging whether the circuit being tested is defective or normal and also confirming the problem symp-
toms at the same time. Refer to the problem symptoms table for each system to narrow down the possible
causes of the symptom.