engine coolant VOLKSWAGEN TRANSPORTER 2012 User Guide

A WARNING (Continued)
-Remove the vehicle key from the igni-tion lock.
-Always keep children away from the en-gine compartment and never leave the ve-hicle unattended.
• The engine cooling system Is under pres-sure when the engine Is hot. Never open the cap of the coolant expansion tank when the engine Is hot. Coolant may spray out and cause serious burns and other Injuries.
-Turn the cap slowly and very carefully anti-clockwise while exerting gentle down-ward pressure on the cap.
-Always protect the face, hands and arms from hot coolant or steam with a large, thick cloth.
• When refilling, do not spill any service flu-ids on engine components or on the exhaust system. The spilt service fluids can start a fire.
A WARNING
High voltages in the electrical system can cause electric shocks, burns, serious injuries and death!
• Never short circuit the electric system. The vehicle battery could explode.
• Please note the following guidelines to help reduce the risk of an electric shock and serious Injuries while the engine is running or being started:
-Never touch the electrical wiring of the Ignition system.
A WARNING
There are rotating components in the engine compartment that can cause serious injury.
• Never place your hand near these compo-nents or In the radiator fan. Touching the ro-tary blades can result in serious injuries. The fan Is temperature-controlled and can start automatically, even if the engine has been switched off and the vehicle key has been re-moved from the ignition lock.
• If any work has to be performed when the engine Is started or with the engine running, there is an additional, potentially fatal, safety risk from the rotating parts, such as the drive belts, alternator, radiator fan, etc., and from the high-voltage ignition system. Always be particularly careful.
A WARNING (Continued)
-Always ensure that no body parts, jew-ellery, ties, loose items of clothing or long hair can be caught up in rotating engine components. Before starting work, re-move any jewellery and ties, tie up long hair and pull clothes In tightly to avoid them getting caught In the engine com-partment.
-Always depress the accelerator careful-ly and never without due consideration. The vehicle can start to move even if the handbrake is applied.
• Always ensure that you have not left any objects, such as cleaning cloths and tools, in the engine compartment. Any forgotten items can cause malfunctions, engine damage and fires.
A WARNING
Additional insulating materials such as cov-ers in the engine compartment could disrupt the operation of the engine, cause damage and lead to severe Injuries.
• Never cover the engine with any Insulating materials.
A WARNING
Service fluids and some materials In the en-glne compartment are highly flammable and can cause fires and serious Injuries!
• Never smoke while working on the vehl-cl e.
• Never work near naked flames or sparks .
• Never spill fluids onto the engine. They could Ignite on hot engine components and hence cause injuries.
• Please note the following when carrying out any work on the fuel system or the elec-trlcal system:
-Always disconnect the vehicle battery. Ensure that the vehicle Is unlocked when the vehicle battery Is disconnected as oth-erwlse the anti-theft alarm will be activa-ted.
-Never work in the direct proximity of heating systems, water heaters or any oth-er open flames.
• Always have a fully functional and tested fire extinguisher to hand.
In the engine compartment I 351
...

A WARNING (Continued)
• Always allow the engine to cool down completely to avoid burns.
• Avoid raising your arms when removing the oil drain plug with your fingers to help prevent oil from running down your arm.
• Use a suitable container when draining the used oil. it must be at least large enough to hold the entire quantity of engine oil re-quired for refilling.
• Never store engine oil in empty food con-tainers, bottles or any other non-original con-tainers as people finding these containers may not know that they contain engine oil.
Coolant
o:::n Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
Warning lamp and coolant temperature display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Coolant specification . . . . . 360 Checking the coolant level and refilling coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Never carry out any work on the engine coolant system if you are not familiar with the requisite pro-cedures, or if you do not have access to the cor-rect tools, operating equipment and fluids &. The work should be carried out by a qualified work-shop if you are uncertain. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends using a Volkswagen Com-mercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
Serious injuries can be caused if work is carried out incorrectly.
Additional information and warnings:
• Towing a trailer 139
• Preparation for working in the engine compart-ment 350
• Accessories, modifications, repairs and renewal of parts =>page 394
358 I Cleaning and maintenance
A WARNING (Continued)
• Engine oil is toxic and must be stored out of the reach of children.
r:Q:.. Before changing the engine oil, first find out W where old oil can be disposed of properly near you.
Used oil must be disposed of in accordance W with regulations governing the protection of the environment. Never dispose of old oil in loca-tions such as gardens, woods, sewerage systems, on streets and roads, or in rivers and waterways. A WARNING
Engine coolant is poisonous and can cause serious Injuries.
• Engine coolant should only be kept in sealed original containers In a safe place.
• Never store engine coolant In empty food containers, bottles or any other non-original containers as people finding these containers may then drink the engine coolant.
• The engine coolant must be stored out of the reach of children.
• Please note that the amount of correct coolant additive used must be sufficient for the lowest ambient temperature that you ex-pect the vehicle to be exposed to.
• Coolant can freeze at extremely cold out-side temperatures, causing the vehicle to break down. Vehicle occupants with Inade-quate winter clothing could then freeze to death as the heating will also no longer func-tion.
Coolant and coolant additives can pollute the W environment. Spilt service fluids must be col-lected then disposed of properly and in an environ-mentally responsible way.

Warning lamp and coolant temperature display
Fig. 276 In the instrument cluster: coolant temper-ature display with cold range @, normal range ® warning range @.
Needle posi-Lit up tion Possible cause =>Fig. 276
© Coolant temperature too Warning area high.
® Coolant level too low. Normal area
r-f"n First read and observe the introductory L,....J.:.lJ Information and safety warnings & on page 358.
In normal driving conditions, the needle will be in the middle section of the scale. The temperature may also rise when the engine is working hard, es-pecially at high ambient temperatures.
Several warning and indicator lamps will light up briefly as a functional check when the ignition is switched on. They will go out after a few seconds.
Solution
t Do not drive on! Stop the vehicle as soon as possible and when safe to do so. Stop the engine, let the engine cool down until the needle is back in the normal area. Check the coolant level =>page 361.
After the engine has cooled down, check the coolant level and refill engine coolant if the level is too low =>page 361. There is a fault if the coolant level is correct.
Fault in the coolant system. ·t Do not drive on! --Seek expert assistance.
--® Cold area --
Flashes Possible cause
Fault in the coolant system.
A WARNING
Failure to observe illuminated warning lamps and text messages can lead to your vehicle breaking down In traffic, and can cause acci-dent and serious injury.
• Always heed illuminated warning lamps and text messages.
Avoid high engine revs and heavy engine loads until the engine is warm.
Solution
Seek expert assistance.
A WARNING (Continued)
• Never ignore any illuminated warning lamps or text messages.
• Stop the vehicle as soon as possible and when safe to do so.
CD
Failure to observe illuminated indicator lamps and text messages can lead to your vehicle be-ing damaged. In the engine compartment I 359

Coolant specification
r-l"'n First read and observe the Introductory l..-J,::,U Information and safety warnings & on page 358.
The cooling system is filled at the factory with a mixture of specially prepared water and at least 40% coolant additive G 13 (fl-VW 774 J). The coolant additive is dyed purple. This mixture of wa-ter and coolant additive gives the necessary frost protection down to -2s•c (-13.F) and protects the alloy parts of the cooling system against corrosion. The mixture also prevents scaling and raises the boiling point of the coolant.
In order to protect the coolant system, the propor-tion of coolant additive must always be at least 40%, even if anti-freeze is not required in warm weather and warm climates.
If greater frost protection is required in very cold climates, the proportion of anti-freeze additive can be increased. However, the percentage of coolant additive should not exceed 60%, as this would re-duce the frost protection and the cooling effect.
When refilling the coolant, a mixture of distilled water and at least 40% coolant additive G 13 or G 12 plus-plus (TL-VW 774 G) (both of which are dyed purple) must be used in order to obtain the optimum corrosion protection =>(]). Mixing G 13 with the coolant additives G 12 plus (Tl-VW774 F), G 12 (dyed red) orG 11 (dyed blue-green) will significantly decrease the level of corro-sion protection and should therefore be avoided => A WARNING
Insufficient anti-freeze In the coolant system can cause the engine to break down and cause serious Injuries.
• Please note that the amount of correct coolant additive used must be sufficient for the lowest ambient temperature that you ex-pect the vehicle to be exposed to.
• Coolant can freeze at extremely cold out-side temperatures, causing the vehicle to break down. Vehicle occupants with Inade-quate winter clothing could then freeze to death as the heating will also no longer func-tion.
360 I Cleaning and maintenance
CD
Never mix genuine coolant additives with other coolants that have not been approved by Volks-wagen. Mixing other coolants could cause seri-ous damage to the engine and cooling system.
• If the liquid in the coolant expansion tank is brown instead of purple, for example, G 13 has been mixed with another unsuitable engine coolant. The coolant must be changed as soon as possible if this Is the case. Failure to ob-serve this point can result In serious faults or engine damage.
Coolant and coolant additives can pollute the "7!1:5 environment. Spilt service fluids must be col-lected then disposed of properly and in an environ-mentally responsible way.

Checking the coolant level and refilling coolant
Fig. 277 In the engine compartment: markings on the coolant expansion tank.
r--f'n First read and observe the Introductory information and safety warnings & on page 358.
The warning lamp for the engine coolant will light up if the engine coolant level is too low.
Preparation
• Park the vehicle on a firm and level surface.
• Allow the engine to cool down &.
• Open the bonnet&. 350.
• The coolant expansion tank has the all. symbol on its cap 278.
Checking the coolant level
• When the engine is cold, check the coolant lev-el on the side markings of the engine coolant ex-pansion tank 277.
• Refill the coolant if the liquid level is below the minimum marking ("min"). When the engine is warm, the coolant level may be slightly above the top end of the marked area.
Refilling coolant
• Always protect your face, hands and arms from hot coolant or steam by placing a suitable cloth on the cap of the coolant expansion tank.
• Unscrew the cap carefully &.
• Refill only new coolant according to the Volks-wagen specification 360)
• Only top up coolant if there is coolant residue in the expansion tank. If this is not observed, the en-gine could be damaged. If you cannot see any coolant in the expansion tank do not drive on. Seek professional assistance.
Fig. 278 In the engine compartment: coolant ex-pansion tank cap.
• If you can see coolant residue in the expansion tank, top up coolant until the level remains stable.
• The coolant level must be between the marks on the engine coolant expansion tank 277. Do not fill up over the top line of the marked area
• Close the cap tightly.
• If in an emergency you do not have access to the coolant of the required specification 360), do not use any other coolant addi-tive. Instead, initially refill with distilled water only. Then add the correct proportion of coolant ad-ditive as soon as possible 360.
A WARNING
Hot steam or engine coolant can cause seri-ous burns.
• Never open the bonnet if you can see or hear steam or engine coolant coming out of the engine compartment. Always wait until no escaping steam or coolant can be seen or heard.
• Always allow the engine to cool down completely before carefully opening the bon-net. Hot components can burn the skin.
• The following points should be noted be-fore opening the bonnet once it has cooled down.
-Apply the handbrake fully and move the selector lever to position P or move the manual gear lever to the neutral position.
-Remove the vehicle key from the lgni-
In the engine compartment I 361

A WARNING (Continued)
-Always keep children away from the en-gine compartment and never leave the ve-hicle unattended.
• The engine cooling system is under pres-sure when the engine is hot. Never open the cap of the coolant expansion tank when the engine is hot. Coolant may spray out and cause serious burns and other injuries.
-Turn the cap slowly and very carefully anti-clockwise while exerting gentle down-ward pressure on the cap.
-Always protect the face, hands and arms from hot coolant or steam with a large, thick cloth.
• When refilling, do not spill any service flu-ids on engine components or on the exhaust system. The spilt service fluids can start a fire. In certain circumstances, the ethylene glycol in the engine can catch fire.
CD
• Refill only with distilled water. All other types of water can cause corrosion in the en-gine due to the chemical components con-
Vehicle battery
CQJ Introduction
This chapter conlains information on the following subjects:
Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Checking the electrolyte level of the vehicle battery ................................. 364 Charging, replacing, disconnecling and connecting the vehicle battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
The vehicle battery is a component of the electrical system in the vehicle.
Never carry out any work on the electrical system if you are not familiar with the necessary procedures and the general safety requirements and only un-suitable tools are available => &. The work should be carried out by a qualified workshop if you are uncertain. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles rec-ommends using a Volkswagen Commercial Vehi-cles dealership for this purpose. Serious injuries can be caused if work is carried out incorrectly.
3621 Cleaning and maintenance
(j)
tained therein. This can also lead to engine fail-ure. If any other type of water is refilled, the flu-id in the engine cooling system should be com-pletely replaced immediately by a qualified workshop.
• Do not fill coolant above the top of the marked area =>Fig. 277. Otherwise the excess coolant will be pressed out of the cooling sys-tem when the engine is hot and could cause damage.
• If a large amount of coolant has been lost, do not refill the coolant until the engine has cooled completely. Heavy coolant loss is an in-dication of leaks in the engine cooling system. The engine cooling system should be checked by a qualified workshop as soon as possible. Failure to do so can result in engine damage.
• Do not top up with coolant if there is no more coolant in the coolant expansion tank. Air could enter the cooling system. Do not drive on! Seek expert assistance. Failure to do so can result in engine damage.
• When refilling service fluids, please ensure that the correct container is filled. The use of incorrect service fluids can result In serious faults and engine damage. Number and location of the vehicle battery
The vehicle battery is located on the left of the en-gine compartment.
Depending on the vehicle equipment level, the ve-hicle could have two vehicle batteries. Camper vans can have up to three vehicle batteries. The second vehicle battery is located under the left front seat: the third battery in camper vans is loca-ted in the wardrobe on the rear left of the vehicle. •

Accessories, modifications, repairs and renewal of parts
o::n Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
Running-in 394
Accessories and replacement parts 395 Service fluids and consumables . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Repairs and technical modifications . . . . . . . . 396
Repairs and faults in the airbag system . . . . . 397
Retrofitting two-way radios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Information stored in the control units . . . . . . . 398 Using a mobile telephone in the vehicle without a connection to the external aerial . . 399
Vehicle lifting points 401
Additional information and warnings:
• Seat belts '*page 79
• Airbag system '*page 87
• Towing a trailer 139
• Ashtray and cigarette lighter 161
• Electrical sockets 163
• Braking, stopping and parking '*page 269
• Pull-away assist systems 282
• ParkPilot 287
• Reversing camera (Rear Assist) '*page 291
• Cruise control system (CCS) 295
• Driver Alert System 315
• Tyre monitoring system 318
• Preparation for working in the engine compart-ment page 350
• Engine oil 353
• Engine coolant '*page 358
• Battery 362
Running-in
r--('n First read and observe the introductory L-J.:.lJ information and safety warnings & on page 394.
Please follow the regulations concerning running-in new parts.
394 I Cleaning and maintenance
• Cleaning and caring for the vehicle exterior 380
• Cleaning and caring for the interior 388
• Consumer information 404
• Radio, provision for mobile tele-phone, infotainment system, navigation system
A WARNING
Unsuitable spare parts and accessories, In-correctly carried out work, modifications and repairs can lead to damage to the vehicle and cause accidents and serious Injuries.
• Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles strongly recommends you use only approved Volks-wagen accessories and Volkswagen Genuine Parts®. These parts and accessories have been specially tested by Volkswagen Com-mercial Vehicles for suitability, reliability and safety.
• Repairs and modifications to your vehicle should only be carried out by a qualified workshop. Qualified workshops have the nec-essary tools, diagnostic equipment, repair In-formation and qualified personnel.
• Never fit parts to your vehicle that are In any way different from the factory-fitted parts.
• Never secure or mount objects such as drink holders or telephone holders on or next to the airbag covers or within the deployment zone of the airbag.
• Only use rim/tyre combinations which have been approved by Volkswagen Commer-cial Vehicles for your vehicle type. Running in a new engine
Any new engine has to be run in during the first 1 ,500 kilometres. During its first few hours of run-ning, the internal friction in the engine is greater than later on when all the moving parts have bed-ded down.
The style of driving during the first 1 ,500 kilometres will also affect the engine quality. Even after this time-and especially with a cold engine-drive the .,.

vehicle at moderate speeds in order to reduce en-gine wear and to increase the mileage that the en-gine can cover. Do not drive at engine speeds that are too low. Always shift down gear if the engine is not running smoothly. The following applies up to 1,000 kilometres:
• Do not depress the accelerator fully.
• Do not drive the vehicle at more than 2/3 of the top engine speed.
• Do not drive with a trailer attached.
Accessories and replacement parts
r-1'11 First read and observe the introductory l-J,:::JJ information and safety warnings & on page 394.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends that you seek advice from a Volkswagen Commer-cial Vehicles dealership before purchasing acces-sories, spare parts or service fluids. For example, if the vehicle is to be retrofitted with accessories or if parts have to be renewed. Volkswagen Commer-cial Vehicle dealerships can recommend accesso-ries, parts and service fluids which are suitable for your requirements. They can also answer any questions you might have regarding official regula-tions.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends you use only approved Volkswagen accessories and Volkswagen Genuine Parts®. These parts and accessories have been specially tested by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles for suitability, re-liability and safety. A Volkswagen Commercial Ve-hicles dealership is also qualified for correct instal-lation.
Although the market is constantly scrutinised, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles cannot assume responsibility for the reliability, safety and suitability of products Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles has not approved. Volkswagen Commercial Vehi-cles can therefore assume no responsibility for these parts, even if they have been approved by an official testing agency or are covered by an offi-cial approval certificate.
Service fluids and consumables
r-1'11 First read and observe the introductory l-J,:::JJ information and safety warnings & on page 394.
From 1,000 to 1,500 kilometres, gradually in-crease driving performance to top speed and high-est engine speed.
Running in new tyres and brake pads
• New wheels and tyres =>page 367
• Information on the brakes =>page 272
r:lib If the engine is run in gently, the life of the en-W gine will be increased and its oil consumption
Any retro-fitted equipment which has a direct ef-fect on the vehicle and/or the way it is driven must be approved by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles for use in your vehicle and bear the e mark (the European Union's authorization symbol). These devices include cruise control systems or an elec-tronically controlled suspension.
Any additional electrical components fitted that do not serve to control the vehicle itself must bear the ,A WARNING
Incorrectly performed repairs or modifica-tions to your vehicle can impair the effective-ness of the airbags, cause faults, accidents and fatal injury.
• Never secure or mount objects such as drink holders, telephone holders either on or next to the airbag covers or within the de-ployment zone of the airbag.
• Objects either on or next to the airbag module covers or are in the deployment zone of the airbags can cause serious or even fatal injuries should the airbags be activated.
All service fluids and consumables, e.g. toothed belts, tyres, coolant, engine oil, spark plugs and vehicle batteries, are being constantly developed. For this reason, service fluids and consumables
Vehicle care and maintenance I 395

should be replaced at a qualified workshop. Volks-wagen Commercial Vehicles dealers are kept up to date with regard to any changes.
A WARNING
Unsuitable service fluids and consumables, and the Incorrect use of these fluids and con-sumables, can cause accidents, serious inju-ries, burns or poisoning.
• Service fluids must be kept In their origi-nal sealed container.
• Never store service fluids In empty food containers, bottles or any other non-original containers as people finding these containers could drink them.
• Keep children away from all service fluids and consumables.
• Always read and follow the Information and warnings on the service fluid packaging.
Repairs and technical modifications
.....-T'n First read and observe the Introductory l-J,::JJ Information and safety warnings & on page 394.
Repairs and modifications must always be car-ried out according to Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles specifications =:ob:,!
Unauthorised modifications to the electronic com-ponents or software in the vehicle may cause faults. As the electronic components are linked to-gether in networks. other systems may be affected by the faults. This can seriously impair safety, lead to excessive wear of components, and also invalid-ate the type approval for the vehicle.
The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealer can-not be held liable for any damage caused by tech-nical modifications and/or work performed incor-rectly.
The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealer can-not be held liable for any damage caused by tech-nical modifications and/or work performed incor-rectly. This is also not covered by the Volkswagen guarantee.
3961 Clt!aning and maintenance
A WARNING (Continued)
• When using products that give off harmful fumes, always work outdoors or In a well-ventilated area.
• Never use fuel, turpentine, engine oil, nail varnish remover or other volatile fluids for vehicle care. They are toxic and highly flam-mable. They could cause fires and explo-sions.
CD
• Only use suitable service fluids for refilling. Never use the wrong service fluid. Failure to observe this warning can result In serious mal-functions and engine damage.
• Optional equipment and other accessories In front of the air Inlet reduce the cooling effect of the coolant. The engine may overheat at high ambient temperatures and high engine loads.
Leaking service fluids can pollute the envi-C!IS ronment. Spilt service fluids must be collec-ted in suitable containers and disposed of properly and with respect for the environment. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends that all repairs and technical modifications be per-formed by an authorised Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles workshop using Volkswagen Genuine Parts®.
Vehicles with special auxiliary equipment or body parts
The manufacturer of these components must en-sure that these parts (fittings) adhere to the stipula-ted environmental laws and regulations, particular-ly the EU directive 2000/53/EC concerning end-of-life vehicles and EU directive 2003/11/EC concern-ing the restriction on the marketing and use of cer-tain dangerous substances and preparations.
The vehicle owner should keep all assembly docu-mentation for these auxiliary fittings, and pass it on to any scrapping company later engaged. This is to facilitate environmentally responsible disposal for all vehicles, Including refitted vehicles.
Windscreen repairs
To function properly, some items of equipment re-quire a camera or sensor, which Is located on the inside of the windscreen near the interior mirror. If the windscreen in the viewing field of the camera ,..

Technical data
Technical data
Vehicle data
COJ Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
Vehicle identification data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Dimensions ........................... . 452
Unless otherwise specified, the technical data of the basic model apply. The values quoted here may differ if additional equipment is fitted, for differ-ent models, for special vehicles or if country-specif-ic equipment is fitted. All data in the official vehicle documents take precedence over these data.
Engine
The vehicle data sticker and the official vehicle documents show which engine is installed in your vehicle.
Weight
The values for the kerb weight in the following ta-bles apply for the road-ready vehicle with driver (75 kg), service fluids including fuel tank carrying 90% of its capacity and, if applicable, toolkit and spare tyre =>&.Additional equipment and retrofit-ted accessories increase the stated kerb weight and reduce the maximum permitted load accord-ingly.
The load comprises the weights of the following:
• Passengers
• Allluggage
• Roof load including the mounts or roof bars and the load carrier system
• Drawbar load when towing a trailer
Performance figures
The performance figures were measured without equipment which may influence performance, such as a roof carrier or mud flaps.
Gross combination weight rating
The gross combination weight ratings listed are on-ly applicable for altitudes up to 1 ,000 m above sea level. The maximum weight of the car and trailer must be reduced by approximately 10% for every further 1 ,000 m in altitude.
450 I Tcchn1cal data
Descriptions of the tables
Gearbox abbreviations: MG = manual gearbox, DSG® = dual clutch gearbox DSG®.
Additional information and warnings:
• Transporting =:o page 125
• Driving with respect for the environment =:.page 278
• Fuel =:.page 343
• Engine oil =:o page 353
• Engine coolant =:o page 358
• Wheels and tyres =>page 367
• Consumer information =>page 404
,A WARNING
Exceeding the maximum permissible weights, payload, dimensions, vehicle speed and axle weight rating could cause damage to the vehicle, accidents and serious Injuries.
• Do not exceed the permitted weights, loads, dimensions and maximum speeds.
• The actual axle loads must never exceed the maximum permissible axle loads.
• The payload and the distribution of the load In the vehicle have an effect on the driv-ing response and braking distance of the ve-hicle. Adjust your speed accordingly.
,A WARNING
Accidents and severe injuries can occur if the maximum permitted gross combination weight Is exceeded.
• Never exceed the specified gross combi-nation weight rating.
The payload should be distributed as evenly as possible in the vehicle. When transporting heavy objects in the luggage compartment, they should be placed either in front of or over the rear axle in order to minimise the effect on the vehicle's handling.