service indicator VOLKSWAGEN TRANSPORTER 2015 Owner´s Manual

Colour dis-Action play
Light yellow The electrolyte level of the vehicle
or without is too low. The vehicle battery
colour should be checked and replaced by a qualified workshop if necessary.
Black The electrolyte level of the vehicle battery is correct.
A WARNING
Any work on the vehicle battery can cause serious chemical burns, explosions and elec-trlc shocks.
• Always wear eye protection and protective gloves.
A WARNING (Continued)
• Electrolyte is very aggressive. lt can burn the skin and can cause blindness. When working with the battery, ensure that your hands, arms and face in particular are protec-ted from acid spillages.
• Never tilt the vehicle battery. Electrolyte may spill out of the battery vents and cause chemical burns.
• Never open a vehicle battery.
• if acid is spilt in your eye or on your skin, rinse immediately for several minutes with cold water. Then consult a doctor immediate-ly.
• If acid is swallowed, consult a doctor im-mediately. Charging, replacing, disconnecting and connecting the vehicle battery
r-"f'n First read and observe the introductory L-Jo:.l.l information and safety warnings & on page 362.
Charging the battery
The vehicle battery should always be charged by a qualified workshop, as the technology used in fac-tory-fitted batteries requires voltage-limited charg-ing => &. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recom-mends using a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
If the battery cannot be charged in a qualified workshop, the charging cables of a suitable battery charger must be connected as described in =>page 443, Jump starting for vehicles with a Start/Stop system.
Replacing a vehicle battery
The battery has been developed to suit the condi-tions of its location and has special safety features. If a vehicle battery has to be replaced, discuss the electromagnetic compatibility, size and necessary servicing, output and safety requirements for the new vehicle battery with a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealer before purchase. The vehicle bat-tery should be replaced by a qualified workshop. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends us-ing a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
Only maintenance-free vehicle batteries compliant with the standards TL 825 06 and VVV 7 50 73 should be used. These standards must be dated July 2012 or later.
Vehicles with a Start/Stop system =>page 282 or auxiliary heater =>page 332 are fitted with a special vehicle battery. These vehicle batteries may only be replaced by a vehicle battery with the same specifications.
Disconnecting the vehicle battery
Please note the following if the vehicle battery has to be disconnected from the electrical system in the vehicle:
• Switch off all electrical consumers and the igni-tion.
• Unlock the vehicle before disconnecting the battery in order to avoid triggering the alarm.
• First disconnect the negative cable and then the positive cable => &.
Connecting the vehicle battery
• Switch off all electrical consumers and the igni-tion before reconnecting the vehicle battery.
• First reconnect the positive cable and then the negative cable=>&.
Various indicator lamps may light up after the vehi-cle battery has been connected and the ignition is switched on. They will go out if you drive a short distance at a speed of 15-20 kmlh (10-12 mph). If the indicator lamps remain lit up, the vehicle should be checked by a qualified workshop.
if the vehicle battery was disconnected for long pe-riods, the system may not able to calculate or cor-rectly display the time when the next service is due =>page 19. Comply with the maximum permissible service intervals =>Booklet Service schedule. ""
In the engine compartment 365

Retrofitting two-way radios
.--m First read and observe the introductory L-.lc.U information and safety warnings & on page 394.
You will need an external aerial to use a two-way radio in the vehicle.
Any retrofit installation of electrical or electronic equipment in the vehicle will affect its vehicle type approval. Under certain circumstances, this can negate the type approval for the vehicle.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles has approved the vehicle for use with two-way radios providing the following conditions are observed:
• Correct installation of external aerial.
• A maximum transmitting power of 10 watts.
The equipment can only operate at maximum range with an external aerial.
Check first with a qualified workshop if you wish to use a two-way radio with a transmitting power of over 10 watts. Qualified workshops are familiar with the technical options for retrofitting. Volkswa-gen Commercial Vehicles recommends using a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
Information stored in the control units
.--m First read and observe the introductory L-.lc.U Information and safety warnings & on page 394.
Your vehicle is factory fitted with electronic control units which are responsible for engine and gearbox management. The control units also monitor the function of the exhaust system and the airbags.
These electronic control units continuously evalu-ate data relevant to the vehicle while the vehicle is being driven. Only these data will be stored if there are any faults recorded or any deviations from the specified values. This is generally displayed by the indicator lamps on the instrument cluster.
Special units are required to read and evaluate da-ta stored in the control units.
These data are stored so that specialist workshops can diagnose and solve problems. The following data may have been stored:
• Engine and gearbox-relevant data.
• Speed.
• Direction of travel.
398 Cleaning and maintenance
Please comply with relevant legislation and the in-structions and information given in the operating manuals for radio equipment.
A WARNING
If radio equipment is not secured or not prop-erly secured in the vehicle, it could be flung though the interior during a sudden driving or braking manoeuvre, or In the event of an accident. This can cause Injuries.
• While the vehicle is in motion, always se-cure radio equipment properly outside the airbag deployment zone or stow them away safely.
A CAUTION
If you use two-way radios in the car without an external aerial, electromagnetic radiation in the vehicle could exceed limit values. This also applies to external aerials which have not been correctly installed.
• Two-way radios should only be used In the vehicle If an external aerial Is properly connected.
• Braking power.
• Seat belt monitor.
The control units never record conversations that take place in the vehicle. it is neither possible nor permitted to use the stored data to create move-ment profiles.
When the vehicle is being used, situations may arise in which the stored data (alone or in conjunc-tion with other information such as accident re-ports, vehicle damage, witness statements etc.) can become assignable to a particular person, whereby consultation of an expert and use of the expert's information may be necessary.
In vehicles with an emergency call function via a mobile telephone or other units, the current loca-tion can be transmitted. In the event of an accident in which the control units register that an airbag has been triggered, the system can automatically send out a signal. This depends on your service provider. Transmission is possible only in areas
with a sufficiently strong mobile telephone signal. .,..

Index
Numbers and Symbols
12-volt socket California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
2-seat arrangement Stowage compartment in armrest . . . . . . 184
2-seat arrangement, Business . . . . . . . . . . 182 Adjusting armrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Adjusting seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Ash tray . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . • . .. . .. .. . 186 Centre console . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Cigarette lighter . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . 186 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Drink holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Front stowage compartment . . . . . . . . . . 186 Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Refrigerator box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Seat heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Upper stowage compartment . . . . . . . . . . 186 230-volt Euro socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
230-volt grounded safety socket . . . . . . . . 246
230-volt power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Residual current circuit breaker . . . . . . . . 247
3-seat bench
A
Folding out the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Setting up the bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 74
Abroad Extended trips with your vehicle 405 Selling the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
ABS see Brake support systems . . . . . . . . . . . 275
ACC see Adaptive cruise control (ACC) . . . . . . 298
Accessing a service message . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Acoustic warnings Seat belt not fastened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Adaptive chassis control Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317, 318 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Adaptive chassis control (DCC) . . . . . . . . . 317 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) . . . . . . . . . . 298 Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Operating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Radar sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Special driving situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Switching off temporarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . 300
Ad Blue Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 347 Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Refilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Tank capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Additional battery California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Adjust Electrically adjustable front seat . . . . . . . . 66 Single seats in the passenger compartment .7.3
Adjusting Correct sitting position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Headlight range ..................... 113 Head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Mechanical front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Memory seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Single seats in the passenger compartment .73 Steering wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Adjusts Electric lumbar support adjustment . . . . . . 66
Aerial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.406
AGM battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
........................ Cleaning the dash panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Combined curtain and side airbags . . . . . . 94 Curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Differences between front passenger front airbag systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Front airbags . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . 92 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Switching off the front passenger front air-bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Switching off with the key switch . . . . . . . . 93 Using child seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Vehicle care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Air conditioning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Air recirculation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Climatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Climatronic . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323, 325 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Indirect ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Information . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . 328 Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Things to note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Index 465

Belt height adjuster . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Belt tensioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Service and disposal . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 87
Bench seaUbed Drawer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Bench seaUbed, California Load-through hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Removing and installing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Setting up the bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Black ice warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Entering password for rear-seat telephony .1.90 Establishing a connection for rear-seat tel-ephony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Bonnet Closing . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 352 Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Boot lid see Tail gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bottle holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Brake Assist system (BAS) see Brake support systems . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Brake fluid level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Brake pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 272 Brake servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Brake support systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Changing the brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Emergency brake lights for hard braking . 412 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Handbrake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Running in brake pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Brake servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 274
Brake support systems . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 ABS ............................. 274 BAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 EDL ............................. 274 ESC ............................. 274 TCS ............................. 274 Brake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 see Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Breakdown Vehicle safety...................... 412
Breakdown set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Inflating the tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 More than one damaged tyre . . . . . . . . . . 425 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Sealing the tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Storing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Test after driving for 10 minutes . . . . . . . . 429 When not to use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Buckle straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Bulb defect see Changing bulbs . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 432 Business
c
2-seat arrangement . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . 182 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Rear-seat telephony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Seat functions. rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Seat heater in the 2-seat arrangement 183 Vehicle overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
California 12-volt socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 230-volt power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Additional batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Air conditioning system . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 250 Awning ........................... 226 Battery charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Central control panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Darkening the interior of the vehicle . . . . 215 Drink holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Electric pop-up roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Gas system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Interior lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Manual pop-up roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Power supply in the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Practical tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Seat functions, rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 193 Stowage areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Supplementary heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Tables and camping chairs . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Vehicle overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Water supply and disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Camera ............................. 293 Camping chairs, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Camping equipment, California Camping chairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Work table . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 230, 231
Capacities Ad Blue tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 346 Fuel tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Washer fluid reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Car-Net see Volkswagen Car-Net . . . . . . . . . • . . . 402
Care see Vehicle care . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . 380 Car telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 408 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Index 467

Gear-change Indicator . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 268
Glasses compartent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Glove compartment Lights ............................. 114 see Stowage areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Gross vehicle weight rating . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Guide rail system In the rear vehicle floor Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Multivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
H
Handbrake
Hands-free system in the passenger com· partment
271
See Rear-seat telephony . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Hazard warning lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Headlight range control ............. 11,113 Dynamic headlight range control . . . . . . . . 113
Headlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Cleaning system . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Driving abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Headlight (LED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Heat-insulating glass windscreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Heated seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Heating and fresh air system Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
High-pressure cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
High-visibility waistcoat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Hill Descent Assist . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . 285
Hill Hold Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Horn ................•................ 11
Hubcaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 420 Centre cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Wheel bolt caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 419 Wheel cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
ICC 173
Identification number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
If and when.......................... 410
Ignition see Engine and ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Ignition key see Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Ignition lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Non-authorised vehicle key . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Withdrawal lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Fault ............................. 257 In-car communication system . . . . . 173
Indicator lamp Adaptive chassis control (DCC) 317 Adaptive cruise control (ACC) . . . . • . . . . 300 AdBiue . . . . . . ............. 347 Airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Brake pad wear indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Brake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Changing bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Changing gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Checking the oil level . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 354 Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 359 Cruise control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Depress brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Diesel particulate filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Engine management system . . . . . . . . . . 407 Engine oil sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Exhaust purification system . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Filling the tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Fuel level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 In the driver door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Lane change assist system . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Remote control key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Seat belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Tyre monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Windscreen washer fluid level . . . . . . . . . . 117
Indirect ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Information stored in the control units . . . 398 Infrared-reflecting windscreen . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Instrument cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 25 Indicator lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Menu structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Service interval display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Symbols ........................... 16 Using menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Warning lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 20
Integrated child seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Seat belt routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05
Interior lights ................ , ........ 114
Interior lights, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Living area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Pop-up roof . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . 21 0 Interior mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Interior monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ISOFIX.............................. 100 see Child seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 96
Index 473

Selecting a gear DSG dual clutch gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Manual gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Selective Catalytic Reduction see Emission control system for diesel vehi-cles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Selector lever lock Dual clutch gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Selling the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 In other countries/continents . . . . . . . • . . 405 Volkswagen Car-Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Service fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Service interval display Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Oil change service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Service position for the front wipers ...... 119
Settings Air conditioning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Setting up Integrated child seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Setting up the bed 3-seat bench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Bench seaVbed, California . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Side airbags see Airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Side Assist Lane change assist system . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Side lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 109
Signal tones Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Warning and indicator lamps . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Single door opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Single seats in the passenger compartment Folding out the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Sink Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Sitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sitting position Correct sitting position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Incorrect sitting position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Sliding/tilting roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Convenience closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Manual closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Roll-back function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sliding doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Childproof lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 48 Opening and closing electrically 47 Opening and closing manually . . 46 Sliding windows Closing ............................ 58 Opening . . . ...................... 58
Snow chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Four-wheel drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Socket 12-volt sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 230-volt Euro socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 230-volt grounded safety socket 246 External socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Sockets 12-volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 230-volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Spanner symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Spare fuel canister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Spares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Spare wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Driving tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 Removing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Speed index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 377
Start/stop system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 When towing a trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Starting with jump leads see Jump starting . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 443 Static cornering light ..........•........ 110
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Power steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 281 Pulling to one side . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 373
Steering wheel Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Sterilising agent . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 239
Stickers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Storing vehicle data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Stowage Stowage compartment in the headliner . . 214 Stowage areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Armrest, 2-seat arrangement, Business . 184 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Drawers ........................... 76 Front passenger side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Glove compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Lockable stowage compartment . . . . . . . 214 Stowage compartment lights ........... 114 Vehicle wallet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Stowage box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Stowage compartment in the headliner . . 214 Stowage compartment lights on the front passenger side ...................... 114 Stowing Centre console . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 151 Dash panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Integrated child seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Other stowage compartments . . . . . . . . . 152 Stowing cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Stowing items of luggage . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sunbllnd Side windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Index I 479

Sun visors ........................... 115
Supplementary heater . . . . . . • . . . . . . 332, 345 Automatic switch-off . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 341
Supplementary heaters Remote control: range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Supplementary heater, California . . . . . . . 251 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Supplementary heating system Activating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 338 Automatic switch-off . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Child proof lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Programming . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . 338 Remote control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Switching off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Switching on . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . 333, 334 Things to note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Supposed faults...................... 410
Switch-off of electrical consumers . . . . . . 366
Switching off consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Symbols see Warning and indicator lamps . . . . . . . . 16
Systems
T
ASS ............................. 275 Anti-lock brake system (ABS) . . . . . . . . . 275 Automatic headlight control . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 0 BAS ............................. 275 Brake Assist system (BAS) . . . • . . . . . . . 275 ccs ............................. 295 Cruise control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 EDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Electronic differential lock (EDL) . . . . . . . 275 Electronic stability control (ESC) . . . . . . . 274 ESC ............................. 274 Hill Hold Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Lane change assist system . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Parking aid (front and rear) . . . • . . . . . . . 289 Parking aid (only at rear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 ParkPilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . 287 ParkPilot (front and rear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 ParkPilot (only at rear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Rear Assist (reversing camera) . . . . . . . . 291 Reversing camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Side Assist (lane change assist system) . 312 Start/stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 TCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275, 276 Traction control system (TCS) . . . . . 275, 276 Tyre monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . 318, 321
T-shaped fastening ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 155 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Central table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
480 I Index
Folding table in the side panel . . . . . . . . . 155 Folding table in the sliding door . . . . . . . . 229
Tachograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 172
Tallgate . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 49 Child proof lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 52 Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 50 Drivlng with an open tallgate . . . . . . . . . . 129 Locking............................ 40 Locking from the inside . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 51 Manual opening and closing . . . . . . . . . . 414 Opening ........................... 50 Power closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 50 see Tailgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 40 Unlocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Unlocking from the inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 50
Tall lights (LED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Tank cap Closing . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Diesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Petrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
TCS see Brake assist system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 see Brake support systems . . . • . . . . . . . 275 Switching on and off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Technical data Axle weight rating . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . 450 Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 121. 343 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Drawbar load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Engine oil specification . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 354 Engine specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 450 Factory plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 451 Gross vehicle weight rating . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Kerb weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Living area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Maximum speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Output ........................... 450 Performance figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Roof load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Trailer weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Type plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Tyre pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Vehicle data sticker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Technical modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Lifting platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Plates ............•............... 405 Stickers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Telematlc services see Volkswagen Car-Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Telephone handset, rear-seat telephony, Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Service position . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 119 Things to note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381. 382 Undersea! . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Washing by hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Washing the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 381 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Wooden trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 392
Vehicle data sticker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Vehicle identification data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Vehicle ldentiflcatlon number . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Vehicle Interior Centre console, comfort version . . . . . . . . 13 Centre console, standard version . . . . . . . 12 Driver door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Driver side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 10 Front passenger side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Headliner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Vehicle jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Vehicle key see Key . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Vehicle key set . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 36
Vehicle overview California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Centre console, comfort version . . . . . . . . 13 Centre console, standard version . . . . . . . 12 Driver door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Driver side . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 Front passenger side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Front view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 6 Headliner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Rear view (with tailgate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Rear view (with wing doors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Side view ...................•....... 5
Vehicle toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Stowage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Vehicle wallet stowage . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . 151
Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 329
Voice enhancement................... 173
Volkswagen Car-Net Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Exchanging your system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Lending or selling the vehicle to others . . 403 Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Volkswagen Information system . . . . . . . . . 24 Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Menu structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
w
Warning lamp Adaptive cruise control (ACC) . . . . . . . . . 300 AdBiue ........................... 347 Alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Brake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Changing gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Coolant . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Depress brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270, 300, 308 Doors ............................. 45 Engine oil pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . 16 Rear axle differential lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Tailgate . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Vehicle battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Wing doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Warning messages Central control panel, California . . . . . . . . 206
Warning triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Washing the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380, 381 By hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Folding in the mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 High-pressure cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Things to note . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Waste bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Waste water tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Water disposal, California . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Water supply, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Waxing ............................. 384
Wear Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
What happens to vehicle occupants who have not fastened their seat belts . . . . . . . 82
Wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Caps............................. 419 Tightening torque. . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . 421
Wheels and tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 All-terrain tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Asymmetrical tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Avoiding damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 373 Changing a wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Foreign bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Handling wheels and tyres . . . . . . . • . . . . 368 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Incorrect wheel alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 More than one damaged tyre . . . . . • . . . . 420 New tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Old tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Replacing tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Rims ............................. 369 Rotating wheels front to rear . . . • . . . . . . 368 Running in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Serial number . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Snow chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Spare wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 374 Speed index ...............•... 376,377 Storing the removed wheel . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Storing tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 375 Tread depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . 372
Index 483

Tyre damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Tyre identification number (TIN) . . . . . . . . 376 Tyre lettering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Tyre load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Tyre pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Tyres with directional tread pattern . . . . . 377 Tyre wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Valve caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 372 Wear indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Wheel balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 373 Winter tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . 378 With directional tread pattern . . . . . . . . . . 368 Windows electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Window winders mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Windscreen Checking for damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Repairing stone chips (note) . . . . . . . . . . 396 Repairing (note) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 396 Replacing (note) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Windscreen heating . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 326 Windscreen washer .............•...... 116
Windscreen washer fluid Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Indicator lamp ...................... 117 Refilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Windscreen wash . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 121
Wing doors Child proof lock . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . 55 Closing ............................ 54 Door arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 54 Driving with open doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Locking from the inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Opening .................•......... 53 Unlocking from the inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Winter conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Anti-freeze for windscreen washer fluid . . 121 Auxiliary air heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Camera's field of view ................ 111
484 I Index
Filter preheater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Headlight washer system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Menu settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Salt deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Sliding/tilting roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Snow chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Supplementary heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Towing ........................... 140 Tread depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 372 Tyre pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Washer fluid reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Winter diesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Winter tyres ......• ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Winter diesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Winter tyres . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Four-wheel drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Speed limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Wiper blades Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Wipers ............................... 116 Folding back the wiper blade ........... 119 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Headlight cleaning system ............. 118 Heated windscreen washer jets ......... 118 Lifting the wiper blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Rain sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Service position . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Things to note ...................... 118 Wiper lever . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Wireless heated windscreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Wireless heated and Infrared-reflecting windscreen ......................... 116
Workshop visits...................... 410 Work table California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Work table, California Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231