lights VOLKSWAGEN TRANSPORTER 2016 Service Manual

Do not attach external navigation devices to the windscreen or near interior automatic anti-dazzle
Manual anti-dazzle interior mirror
• Basic position: the lever on the lower part of the mirror is pointing towards the windscreen.
• Pull the lever to the back to select the anti-daz-zle function 99.
Exterior mirrors
Fig. 100 in the driver door: rotary knob for the ex-terior mirrors.
First read and observe the introductory L..-Jr:.U information and safety warnings & on page 121.
Electric exterior mirrors
Turn the rotary knob to the desired position:
g
L
R
Fold exterior mirrors into the body electri-
Switch on the exterior mirror heating.
Tap and hold the rotary knob to set the left exterior mirror to the front, rear, right or left. In this position the exterior mirror heater is switched off.
Tap and hold the rotary knob up or down or left or right to set the right exterior mir-ror. In this position the exterior mirror heater is switched off.
Depending on the model, electrical control ele-ments can be combined with mechanically adjusta-ble exterior mirrors.
A WARNING
The illuminated display from an external navi-gation device can lead to functional impair-ment of the Interior automatic anti-dazzle mir-ror and cause accidents or serious injuries.
• You may not be able to precisely deter-mine the distance from vehicles travelling be-hind you or from other objects if the automat-ic anti-dazzle function is Impaired. Mechanical exterior mirrors
• To adjust, press the edge of the mirror it until it reaches the desired position.
• To fold in, pull the mirror housing back until it engages.
• To fold back, carefully fold the mirror housing back.
A WARNING
Injuries can be sustained if you do not take care when folding the exterior mirrors in and out.
• Only fold the exterior mirrors in or out when there is nobody in the path of the mir-ror.
• Always ensure that no fingers are caught between the exterior mirror and the foot of the mirror when the exterior mirror is moved.
A WARNING
If you estimate the distance from traffic be-hind you Incorrectly, you can cause acci-dents and serious injuries.
• Curved mirrors (convex or aspheric) en-large the field of vision and can make objects in the mirror seem smaller and further away than they actually are.
• Using curved mirrors to estimate the dis-tance from other vehicles behind you when changing lanes can provide inaccurate re-sults and can lead to accidents and severe in-juries.
• Whenever possible, use the interior mirror to check the exact distance between your ve-hicle and following traffic or other objects.
• Ensure that you have a good view to the rear of the vehicle. .,..
Lights and vision 123

Transporting items
Driving notes
ClJl Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
Stowing items of luggage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Stowing cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Buckle straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Ratchet straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Driving with an open tailgate or open wing doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Driving a loaded vehicle .... 130
Always secure the load transported in the luggage compartment or load compartment, on the roof car-rier, on the load surface or trailer. Always use suita-ble securing straps with the fastening rings to se-cure heavy items. Never exceed the vehicle's max-imum payload. Both the payload and the distribu-tion of the load in the vehicle will have an effect on the driving response and braking distance &.
Using securing straps
• Follow the instructions for the securing straps.
• Observe specifications for maximum load rat-ing.
• The securing straps must be long enough for the item you wish to secure.
Damaged securing straps
Never use the securing straps if:
• Damage to the warp and weft of the webbing (cuts or fraying) accounts for more than 10% of the webbing.
• The seams are damaged.
• The webbing is deformed by friction or heat.
• The securing straps are cracked, especially if cracked across the strap, or if the straps have notches.
• The securing straps have splits or corrosion damage.
• There is damage to the tightening device and connection elements.
Additional information and warnings:
• Tailgate 49
• Wing doors 52
• Lights 106
• Luggage compartment 130
• Roof carrier 137
• Towing a trailer 139
• Wheels and tyres 367
• Vehicle weight and axle weight rating 450
A WARNING
Objects that are not secured, or are secured incorrectly, can cause serious injuries in the event of a sudden driving or braking manoeu-vre or accident. This applies particularly if objects are struck by the airbag when activa-ted and then flung through the vehicle interi-or. To reduce the risk of accidents, please ob-serve the following guidelines:
• Always stow all objects in the vehicle se· curely.
• Always use suitable straps to prevent ob-jects entering the deployment zones of the curtain alrbag, the combined curtain and side airbag or the front airbag during a sudden driving or braking manoeuvre.
• Objects should be stowed in the vehicle interior In such a way that they can never en-ter the alrbag deployment zones while the ve-hicle is In motion.
• Always keep stowage compartments closed while the vehicle is In motion.
• The front airbag must be switched off and the indicator lamp PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF 'Ji; must light up for as long as the front passenger seat backrest is folded forwards.
• Stowed objects must never cause passen-gers to assume an incorrect sitting position.
• If an item is being stowed on a seat, this seat must not be used by any passengers.
A WARNING
Transporting heavy objects changes the vehi-cle driving characteristics and increases the braking distance. Heavy loads which are not properly stowed or secured in the vehicle can lead to a loss of vehicle control and cause se-rious injury. .,..
Transporting items 125

Additional information and warnings:
• Airbag system =:.page 87
• Lights =:.page 106
• Transporting =:.page 125
• Towing a trailer=> page 139
• Luggage net, California =>page 192
• Wheels and tyres =>page 367
A WARNING
When the vehicle is not in use or is not being supervised, always lock the doors and tail-gate to reduce the risk of severe or fatal inju-ries.
• Never leave children unattended, especial-ly when the tailgate is open. Children could make their way into the luggage compart-ment, close the tailgate and be unable to get out. This can cause severe or fatal injuries.
• Never let children play in or around the ve-hicle.
• Do not travel with people in the luggage compartment.
A WARNING
Objects that are not secured, or are secured Incorrectly, can cause serious injuries in the event of a sudden driving or braking manoeu-vre or accident. This applies particularly if objects are struck by the alrbag when activa-ted and then flung through the vehicle interi-or. To reduce the risk of accidents, please ob-serve the following guidelines:
• Always stow all objects In the vehicle se· curely. Always stow luggage and heavy ob-jects in the luggage compartment.
• Always use suitable straps to prevent lug-gage from being thrown through the vehicle Interior and entering the deployment zones of
A WARNING (Continued)
the curtain alrbag, the combined curtain and side airbag or the front airbag In the event of a sudden driving or braking manoeuvre.
• Always keep stowage compartments closed while the vehicle is In motion.
• Do not stow any hard, heavy or sharp ob· jects loose in any of the vehicle's open stow-age areas, on the luggage compartment cov-er or on the dash panel.
• Remove any hard, heavy or sharp objects from items of clothing and bags Inside the vehicle and stow them securely.
A WARNING
Transporting heavy objects changes the vehi-cle's handling and increases the braking dis-tance. Heavy loads that are not properly stowed or secured in the vehicle can lead to a loss of vehicle control and can cause serious injury.
• Transporting heavy objects changes the vehicle's handling and the centre of gravity.
• The payload should be distributed as evenly as possible in the vehicle.
• Always secure heavy objects In the lug-gage compartment as far in front of the rear axle as possible.
CD
Hard objects on the shelf can chafe against the wires of the heating element in the rear window and cause damage.
m Always ensure that the venlilalion openings L!J between the rear window and the stowage area are uncovered to allow stale air to escape from the vehicle. Transporting items 131

Additional information and warnings:
• Lights 106
• Transporting 125
• Driving with respect for the environment 278
• Wheels and tyres 367
• Accessories, modifications, repairs and renewal of parts 394
A wARNING
When transporting heavy or bulky objects in the roof carrier, the vehicle's handling will change due to a shift in the centre of gravity and an increased susceptibility to cross-winds.
• Always secure loads properly using suita-ble and undamaged securing straps.
• Cargo that is large, heavy, bulky, long or flat will have a negative effect on the vehicle aerodynamics, centre of gravity and overall handling.
Attaching the mounts and roof carrier
r-Y'n First read and observe the introductory L-J,:.JJ information and safety warnings &. on page 137.
Your vehicle has special roof rails on the right and left for fitting the mounts. Therefore, standard roof carriers cannot be used. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends using only mounts and roof carriers that have been approved by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles.
The mounts are the basis of a complete roof carrier system. Special fixtures must then be added to transport luggage, bicycles, skis, surfboards or boats safely on the roof. All components of this system are available at a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealership.
The roof carrier system must always be installed exactly according to instructions and should be kept with the vehicle wallet.
138 I Before the journey
A WARNING (Continued)
• Avoid abrupt and sudden driving and braking manoeuvres.
• Always adapt your speed and driving style to suit visibility, weather, road and traffic con-ditions.
CD
• Always remove the roof carrier before driv-ing through an automatic car wash.
• The height of the vehicle is changed by the installation of a carrier system and the load se-cured to it. Check and compare the height of the vehicle with clearance heights, e.g. for un-derpasses and garage doors.
• The roof carrier system and its load must not obstruct you from opening and closing the sliding/tilting roof and tallgate. The roof aerial must also remain unaffected.
• When opening the tallgate, take care not to let it hit the roof load.
Driving with a fitted roof carrier will increase W air resistance and thus increase fuel con-sumption. A WARNING
Incorrectly attaching the mounts and roof carrier, and using them Inappropriately, can cause the whole system to fail off the roof. This can cause accidents and injuries.
• Always observe the manufacturer's in-structions.
• Only use mounts and roof carriers when they are undamaged and fitted correctly.
• Fit mounts and roof carriers correctly.
• Check the bolts and anchorage points be-fore starting your journey and adjust as nec-essary after driving a short distance. During a long trip, check ail bolts and fasteners at each stop.
• Special fixtures for items such as bicy-cles, skis, surfboards, etc. should always be properly Installed.
• Do not carry out any alterations or repairs to the mounts and roof carrier.
W Read and observe the instructions provided L!J for the fitted roof carrier system and carry them in the vehicle at all times.

In low temperatures, fit winter tyres to both the ve-hicle and the trailer.
Drawbar load
The drawbar load is the weight that the towing bracket exerts on the ball coupling vertically from above. The maximum permitted weight exerted by the trailer drawbar on the ball coupling of the tow-ing bracket must not exceed 100 kg.
The figures for the draw bar weights that are given on the type plate of the towing bracket are for cer-tification purposes only. The correct values for your specific model, which may be lower than these fig-ures, are given in the vehicle registration docu-ments. All data in the official vehicle documents take precedence over these data &.
In the interest of road safety, Volkswagen Commer-cial Vehicles recommends that you always trans-port the maximum drawbar load. The response of the trailer on the road will be poor if the drawbar load is too small.
The drawbar load increases the weight on the rear axle and reduces the maximum load level as a re-sult.
Vehicles with starUstop system
• If a factory-fitted towing bracket or a towing bracket retro-fitted by Volkswagen Commercial Ve-hicles is used, the Start/Stop system remains ac-tive when towing a trailer 283.
• If towing brackets that were not retrofitted by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles are used, the StarUStop system must be switched off manually using the button in the dash panel before you start towing a trailer and must remain switched off as long as a trailer is being towed &.
Tachograph
For vehicles whose gross vehicle weight rating, in-cluding trailer exceeds 3,500 kg, and those used commercially to transport goods, use of a tacho-graph is required by law. This is irrespective of whether the vehicle or the trailer or both are used for commercial transportation of goods.
Additional information and warnings:
• Exterior views 5
• Lights 106
• Tachograph 172
• Braking, stopping and parking 269
• Driving with respect for the environment 278
• Wheels and tyres 367
• Accessories, modifications, repairs and renewal of parts 394
140 Before the journey
• Maximum permitted trailer weights =>page 450
• Maximum permitted gross combination weight rating =>page 450
A WARNING
it is dangerous to transport people In a trailer and it may also be illegal.
A WARNING
Improper use of the towing bracket can cause Injury and accidents.
• Only use the towing bracket if it Is fitted properly and Is not damaged.
• Do not carry out any alterations or repairs to the towing bracket.
• To reduce the risk of Injury In rear-end col· lis ions, and to pedestrians and cyclists when the vehicle Is parked, always remove the ball coupling when a trailer Is not being used.
• Never Install a weight-distributing or load-balancing towing bracket to the vehicle. The vehicle Is not constructed for these kinds of towing brackets. The towing bracket can fall, causing the trailer to tear loose from the vehl· cl e.
A WARNING
Towing a trailer and transporting heavy or bulky Items can change the way the vehicle's handling. This can lead to accidents.
• Always secure loads properly using suita-ble and undamaged securing straps.
• Always adapt your speed and driving style to suit visibility, weather, road and traffic con-ditions.
• Trailers with a high centre of gravity are more likely to tip over than trailers with a low centre of gravity.
• Avoid abrupt and sudden driving and braking manoeuvres.
• Take special care when overtaking.
• Reduce your speed Immediately if the trailer shows even the slightest sign of snak-Ing.
• Never drive faster than 80 km/h (50 m ph) when towing a trailer or 100 km/h (62 mph) In exceptional cases. This also applies to coun-tries where higher speeds are permitted. AI· ways obey speed limits. In some areas speed limits for vehicles that are towing trailers are lower than for vehicles without trailers. .,.

A WARNING (Continued)
• Never try to stop a trailer from snaking by Increasing your speed.
A WARNING
Accidents and severe injuries can occur if the maximum permitted draw bar weight is ex-ceeded.
• Never exceed the specified values.
A WARNING
The start/stop system must always be switch-ed off manually when a trailer Is to be towed with towing brackets that were not retrofitted by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. Other-wise faults can occur In the brake system, possibly resulting In accidents and serious Injuries.
Technical requirements
,...-.('n First read and observe the introductory 1--J,:.U information and safety warnings & on page 139.
If the vehicle is supplied with a factory-fitted tow-ing bracket it will already have the necessary tech-nical modifications and meet the statutory require-ments for towing a trailer.
Only use a towing bracket which is approved for the gross weight of the trailer you want to tow as a retrofit solution. The towing bracket must be suit-able for the vehicle and trailer and be securely bol-ted to the vehicle's chassis. Only a towing bracket with a removable ball coupling should be used. Al-ways check and follow the data provided by the towing bracket manufacturer. Never install a weight-distributing or load-balancing towing brack-et on the vehicle.
Towing brackets fitted to the rear bumper
Never fit a towing bracket to the rear bumper or to its fastenings. The towing bracket must not prevent the rear bumper from functioning correctly. Do not
A WARNING (Continued)
• Always switch off the start/stop system manually If a trailer is attached to a towing bracket that was not retrofitted by Volkswa-gen Commercial Vehicles.
m Always switch off the anti-theft alarm when a L!J trailer is being hitched or unhitched 43. The tilt sensor could otherwise trigger an alarm unnecessarily.
m In new vehicles, do not tow a trailer during L!J the first 1,000 km 394.
m Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recom-L!J mends removing the ball coupling before driving without a trailer. The level of damage sus-tained during a rear-end collision could be greater for vehicles with a fitted ball coupling than for those without.
m By law, the ball coupling must be removed if L!J a trailer is not being towed if it obscures the number plate.
m In some models, the towing bracket is re-L!J qui red for towing vehicles. For this reason, the towing bracket ball coupling should be stored in the vehicle at all times. carry out any alterations to the exhaust or brake systems. Check regularly to see if the towing bracket is fitted securely.
Engine cooling system
There is an increased load on the engine and the cooling system when towing a trailer. The cooling system must contain sufficient coolant and be able to cope with the extra load added by the trailer.
Trailer brake
If the trailer is equipped with its own brake system, comply with the relevant regulations. The trailer's brake system must never be connected to the ve-hicle brake system.
Emergency breakaway cable
Always use safety chains between your vehicle and the trailer 144.
Trailer rear lights
The rear lights on the trailer must meet legal re-quirements 144.
Transporting items 1141

Never connect the trailer lights directly to the elec-trical system of your vehicle. If you are uncertain whether the trailer has been connected correctly, please contact a qualified workshop. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends using a Volks-wagen Commercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
Exterior mirrors
If you are unable to see the traffic behind the trailer in the vehicle's standard exterior mirrors, additional exterior mirrors should be fitted in accordance with any country-specific regulations. Before setting off, adjust the mirrors so that you have a sufficient view of the rear.
Maximum power consumption of the trailer
Electrical consumers Maximum output
All brake lights 84 watts
Turn signal per side 42 watts
All side lights 100 watts
All tail lights 42 watts
Rear fog light 42 watts
Never exceed the specified values.
A wARNING
If the towing bracket is unsuitable or is in cor-rectly fitted, the trailer can become detached from the vehicle and cause serious Injury.
Fitting the removable ball coupling
Fig. 113 Overview of removable ball head.
r-f1t First read and observe the introductory L-J,::,JJ information and safety warnings & on page 139.
1421 Before the journey
• The vehicle electronics may be damaged if the trailer lights are not connected properly.
• The vehicle electronics may be damaged If the trailer uses too much electricity.
• Never connect the trailer's electrical system directly to the electrical connections of the tail lights or to other sources of electricity. Only use suitable connectors to provide power to the trailer.
If trailers with anti-snaking coupling are used, the electrical system can be damaged In certain circumstances. In order to avoid this, ensure equipotential bonding at the trailer. To do this, consult the manufacturer of the trailer or of the anti-snaking coupling.
m Towing a trailer places additional demands L!J on the vehicle. Volkswagen Commercial Ve-hicles recommends additional services between the normal inspection intervals if the vehicle is used frequently for towing a trailer.
m In certain countries, an additional fire extin-L!J guisher must be carried if the gross weight of the trailer exceeds 2,500 kg. <1
an.ons
The removable ball coupling is located in the vehi-cle tools 416. ..,.

Key to diagram Fig. 114:
Pin Meaning
8 Reversing light
9 Permanent live
10 Charging cable plus
11 Earth pin 10, charging cable
12 Not assigned
13 Earth pin 9, permanent live
Trailer socket
A 13-pin trailer socket makes the electrical connec-tion between the towing vehicle and the trailer. When the engine is running, electrical consumers in the trailer are supplied with voltage (charging ca-ble) via the electrical connection (pin 10 of the trail-er socket). If required, the charging cable charges the caravan's battery.
When a trailer is electrically detected, electrical consumers in the trailer are supplied with voltage (permanent live) via the electrical connection (pin 9). Permanent live supplies a trailer's interior lighting for example. Electrical consumers such as a caravan refrigerator are supplied with voltage on-ly when the engine is running (pin 1 0).
To avoid overloading the electrical system, do not inter-connect the three earth wires (pins 3, 11 and 13).
If the trailer has a 7 -pin plug you will need to use a suitable adapter cable. Pin 10 (charging cable) is then without function.
Emergency breakaway cable
Always fasten the trailer's emergency breakaway cable properly to the towing vehicle. Leave enough slack in the emergency breakaway cable so that the vehicle can still drive around corners. However the emergency breakaway cable should not drag along the ground while you are driving.
Trailer rear lights
Ensure that the trailer lights work properly and meet legal requirements. Do not exceed the maxi-mum power consumption for the trailer 142.
Connection to the anti-theft alarm
The trailer is integrated in the anti-theft system if the following conditions are fulfilled:
• When the vehicle has a factory-fitted anti-theft alarm and a factory-fitted towing bracket.
• When the trailer is electrically connected to the towing vehicle via the trailer socket.
• When the vehicle and trailer electric systems are functional, fault-free and undamaged.
• When the vehicle is locked with the vehicle key and the anti-theft alarm is active.
When the vehicle is locked, the alarm will be trig-gered as soon as the electrical connection to the trailer is interrupted.
Always switch off the anti-theft alarm when a trailer is being hitched or unhitched. The tilt sensor could otherwise trigger an alarm unnecessarily.
Trailer with LED rear lights
For technical reasons, trailers with LED tail lights cannot be integrated into the anti-theft alarm sys-tem.
When the vehicle is locked, the alarm is not trig-gered as soon as the electrical connection to the trailer with LED rear lights is interrupted.
A WARNING
Any electrical cables that are not connected properly could cause a power surge to the trailer. This could cause faults tn the entire vehicle electronics system and also lead to accidents and serious Injuries.
• All work on the electric system should be carried out by a qualified workshop.
• Never connect the trailer's electrical sys-tem directly to the electrical connections of the tail lights or to other sources of electrici-ty.
CD
If you park the trailer using the support wheel or other trailer supports, disconnect the trailer from the vehicle. The vehicle could rock up and down if the load changes or if there is damage to the tyres. If this happens, a great deal of force will be exerted on the towing bracket and trailer, which could lead to damage to the vehi-cle and trailer.
CD
Maximum power consumption of the trailer should not be exceeded. Otherwise, the vehicle electrical system could be damaged.
m If there is a fault in the vehicle or trailer elec-L.:!.J trical systems or in the anti-theft alarm, have the systems checked by a qualified workshop.
m If the engine is not running and electrical L.:!.J equipment is switched on in the trailer via the trailer socket, the vehicle battery will discharge. .,.
Transporting Items 145

Retrofitting a towing bracket
Fig. 115 Dimensions and attachment points for retrofitting a towing bracket.
r-1"'11 First read and observe the Introductory L-J,:.U Information and safety warnings & on page 139.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends having the towing bracket retrofitted by a qualified workshop. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles rec-ommends using a Volkswagen Commercial Vehi-cles dealership for this purpose. Electronic compo-
nents also have to be retro-fitted and, for example, the cooling system may need to be modified or heat shields may need to be fitted. For this and other work, specialist knowledge and tools are re-quired.
=>Fig. 115 shows the dimensions and attachment points which must be observed if you have a tow-ing bracket retro-fitted. Always observe the mini-mum distance given from the middle of the ball coupling to the surface of the road. This also ap-plies when the vehicle Is fully laden, including max-imum drawbar load.
The attachment points ® are underneath the vehi-cle.
The trailer stabilisation system can be activated if a towing bracket is retrofitted, provided compatible electronic components are fitted. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends using a Volks-wagen Commercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
A WARNING
Electrical accessories that are not connected properly can cause faults In the entire vehicle electronics system and also cause accidents and serious Injuries.
• Never connect the trailer's electrical sys-tem directly to the electrical connections of the tall lights or to other unsuitable sources of electricity. Only a suitable connector may be used to connect the trailer.
• A towing bracket should be retrofitted to the vehicle by a qualified workshop.
A WARNING
The trailer can become detached from the towing vehicle if the towing bracket Is unsuit-able or Incorrectly fitted. This can cause seri-ous accidents and fatal injuries.
r::l Only use towing brackets which have been W approved by Volkswagen Commercial Vehi-cles for your vehicle type. Transporting items 149

Switching the cool box on and off
Fig. 127 Controls on the cool box
r-f'n First read and observe the Introductory Information and safety warnings & on page 158.
The interior temperature of the cool box is dependent on the temperature in the vehicle. In cooling mode, the interior temperature can be max. 20•c (68°F) below the temperature in the vehicle. In heating mode it can be max. 35•c (95.F) de-grees above the temperature in the vehicle. If you switch directly from cooling to heating (or vice ver-sa) it will take a relatively long time for the interior to reach the desired temperature.
Switching the cool box on
• Connect the 12-volt power supply.
• Press the red Fig. 127 G) to turn on the heating mode. An indicator lamp in the but-ton lights up above the button which was pressed.
• OR: press the blue button (!)®to switch on the cooling mode. An indicator lamp in the button lights up above the button which was pressed.
Ashtray and cigarette lighter
o:n Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
Ashtray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Removable ashtray in the drink holder 162
Cigarette lighter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Additional information and warnings:
• Drink holder 153
• Electrical sockets 163
Switching cooling and heating mode off
• Press the red button(!) or the blue button (!). The corresponding warning lamp goes out.
Switching the cool box completely off
• Press the@) button @.
• OR: disconnect the 12-volt power supply.
Faults
If the cool box does not work, proceed as follows:
• Check whether the plug is securely in the sock-et.
• Check the connecting cable for damage.
• Check the 12-volt socket fuses.
• Run the engine to recharge the vehicle battery.
If these steps do not help, contact a qualified work-shop. • Accessories, modifications, repairs and renewal of parts 394
• Consumer information 404
A WARNING
Improper use of the ashtray and cigarette lighter could cause fires, burns and other se-rious Injuries.
• Never put paper or any other combustible materials In the ashtray. Practical equipment 161