steering AUDI A8 2015 Workshop Manual

212 Trailertowing
drive at the maximum permissible speed. Re­
duce your speed even more if load, weather or
wind condit ions are unfavorable -part icu larly
when going downhill.
Reduce vehicle speed
immedi atel y if the trail ­
er shows the slightest sign of swaying .
Do not
tr y to stop th e sway ing by acceler ating .
Observe speed limi ts. In some areas, speeds
for vehicles towing trailers are lower than for
regular vehicles .
A lways apply brakes early. When driv ing
downhill, shift into a lower gear to use the en­
gine braking effect to slow the vehicle . Use of
the brakes a lone can cause them to overheat
and fail.
Coolant t emperature
The coolant temperature gauge¢ page 10
must be observed carefully. The coolant tem­
perat ure can increase if you drive on long in ­
clines in a low gear at high engine speeds. Re­
duce your speed immediate ly if the L EDs in
the top part of the display turn on.
F or more in formation about indicator lights,
referto .¢page
15 .
A WARNING
Anyone not properly restrained in a mov­
ing veh icle is at a much greater risk in an
accident . Never let anyone ride in your car
who is not properly wear ing the restra ints
provided by Aud i.
Trailer towing tips
Important to know
Your vehicle hand les different ly when towing
-
a trailer because of the addit ional weight and
d ifferent weight distribution . Safety, perform­
ance and economy w ill greatly depend on how
carefully you load your trailer and operate
your ng.
Before you actually tow your trailer, practice
turning, stopp ing and back ing up in an area
away from traffic . Keep practicing until you have become completely familiar with the way
your vehicle-trailer combination behaves and responds .
Backing up is diffi cult and requ ires practice .
Backing up with a trailer gene rally req uires
steering action opposite to that when backing
up your vehicle without a tra iler.
Maintain a greater d ista nce between you r ve­
hicle and the one in front of you . You wi ll need
more room to stop. To compensate for the
trailer, you w ill need a larger than normal
turning rad ius.
When passing, remember that you cannot ac ­
ce lerate as fast as you norma lly would be­
ca use of the added load. Make sure yo u have
enough room to pass. After passing, allow
plenty of room for your trailer be fore chang­
ing lanes again .
Avoid jerky starts, sharp turns or rapid lane changes.
(D Tips
- Do not tow a trailer during the break-in
period of your vehicle .
- If you tow a trailer, your Audi may re ­
quire more frequent maintenance due to
the extra load¢
page 290.
Parking on a slope
Do not park on a slope with a trailer. If it can­
not b e avoided, do so only after doing th e fol­
lowing:
When par king:
.,. App ly the foot brake.
.,. Have someone p lace chocks under both the
vehicle and the tra iler wheels .
.,. With chocks in place, slowly release the
brakes unt il the wheel chocks absorb the
load .
.,. Turn the whee ls towards the curb .
.,. Apply the parking brake .
.,. Select the P se lector lever posit ion.
When re starting after parking:
.,. App ly the foot brake.

24 6 T ire s and whee ls
- Never mount used tires on yo ur vehicle if
you are not sure of their "previous histo­
ry." Old used tires may have been dam­
aged even though the damage cannot be
seen that can lead to sudden tire failure
and loss of vehicle control.
- If you notice unusual vibration or if the
vehicle pulls to one side when driving, al­
ways stop as soon as it is safe to do so and check the wheels and tires for dam­
age.
(D Note
- Please note that summer and winter
tires are designed for the cond itions that
a re typ ica l in those seasons. Aud i recom­
mends using w inter t ires d uring the win-
Glossary of tire and loading terminology
Accessory weight
means t he comb ined weight (in excess of
those standard items which may be rep laced)
of automatic transmission, power steering,
power brakes, power windows, power seats,
radio, and heater, to the extent that these
items are available as factory-installed equip­
ment (whether installed or not).
Aspect ratio
means t he ratio of the height to the width of
the tire in percent. Numbers of 55 or lower in­
d icate a low sidewall for improved steer ing re­
sponse and better overall handling on dry pavement .
Bead
means the pa rt of the tire t hat is made of
steel wires, wrapped or reinforced by ply cords
and that is shaped to fit the r im.
Bead separation
means a breakdown of the bond between
components in the bead.
Cord
means t he strands forming the plies in the
tire. ter months.
Low tempe ratu res signifi­
cantly decrease the elasticity of summer
tires, which affects traction and braking ability. If summer tires are used in very
co ld temperatures, cracks can form on
the tread bars, resu lting in permanent
tire damage that can cause loud driving noise and unbalanced tires. Aud i is not
responsib le for this type of damage.
- Burn ished, polished or chromed rims
must not be used in winter weather. The
surface of the rims does not have suff i­
c ien t corrosion protect io n for this and
cou ld be pe rmanently damaged by road
salt or simi lar substances. This damage
is not covered by war ranty.
Cold tire inflat ion pre ssure
means the t ire press ure recommended by the
vehicle manufacturer for a tire o f a des ignated
size that has not been driven for more than a
coup le of miles (ki lometers) at low speeds in
the three hour period before the tire press ure
is measured or adjusted.
Curb weight
means the weight of a motor vehicle w ith
standard equipment including the maximum
capacity of fuel, o il, and coolant, air cond i­
tion ing and additional weight of optiona l
equipment.
E x tra load tire
means a tire design to operate at higher loads
and at higher inflation pressures than the cor­
responding standard tire. Extra load tires may
be identified as "XL", "xl", "EXTRA LOAD", or
"RF" on the sidewall.
Gross A xle Weight Rating ("GAWR ")
means the load-carrying capacity of a single
axle system, measured at the tire-ground in -
terfaces.
IJ>,

.... N .... N
0 J:
"". .... I.O
"' ....
"' ....
vehicle. Con sult thi s manu al
t o de ter min e how th is re ­
d uce s the avail abl e c argo
a nd lug gage loa d ca pacity of
yo ur vehicle.
,.. Chec k th e tir e s idewa ll
( q page 256 , fig . 212 ) to de­
t e rmine the d esignat ed lo ad
ra ting f or a spec ific ti re .
Tire service life
The service life of tires depends on a lot of
different things including proper installation
and balan cing, correct tire pressure and driv­
ing style.
F ig . 2 10 T ire tread: tread wea r ind ic a tors (TWil
( r------
F ig. 211 Rotating tires for more ev en wea r
Tread W ear Indicator (TWI)
The origina l tires on your vehicle have
1/16 inch (1.6 mm) high "wear indicators"
c::> fig . 210 runn ing across the tread. Depend ­
ing on the make, there will be six to eight of
them evenly placed around the t ire. Marks on
the t ire s idewall (for example " TWI" or other
Tires and wheels 255
symbols) indicate the positions of the t read
wear indicato rs . Worn tires must be replaced .
D ifferent f igures may apply in other countr ies
<=> ,&. .
Tire pressure
Incor rect t ire pressure ca uses p remature wea r
and can cause sudden tire blow -out . For this
reason, tire pressure must be checked at least
once a month
c:> page 251.
Driving style
Drivi ng fast around curves, heavy acce lerat ion
and hard brak ing increase tire wear .
Rotating tires for more even w ear
Fo r all four tires on your vehicle to have the
same service life, we recommend that the
front and rear tires a re rotated ac cord ing to
the tire man ufact urer's suggested tire ro ta­
tion intervals . Please remembe r the follow­
ing:
- Tire rotation in tervals may differ from the
veh icle servi ce interv als outlined in your
Warra nty & Maintena nce booklet.
- The longe r one tire is used in one lo cation
on the vehi cle, the more it wears at certain
points ; there fore, we recommend that you
follow the tire manufact urer's suggested
tire rotation intervals.
- Ve hi cles with front-wheel drive exper ience
more tread wear on the front w heels com­
pared to a ll-wheel dr ive (quattro) .
- Please rotate tires as shown
c::> fig . 211.
- Extra care must be taken when rotating di-
rection-specific tires
c::> page 2 75.
Wheel balancing
The wheels on new ve hicles are balanced.
However, various s ituations dur ing everyday
driv ing ca n cause them to become unba l­
anced, resulting in vib rat ions you can usually
feel t hrough the steer ing whee l.
U nbalanced wheels must be rebalanced to
avo id excessive wear on steering, s uspension
and tires . A whee l must also be reba lanced
when a new tire is insta lled .
Ill-

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A WARNING ,~
- If the tire pressure indicator appears in
the instrument cluster display, one or
more of your tires is significantly under­
inflated. Reduce your speed immediately
and avoid any hard steering or braking
maneuvers. Stop as soon as possible and
check the tires and their pressures. In­
flate the tire pressure to the proper pres­
sure as indicated on the vehicle's tire
pressure label¢
page 249. Driving on a
signif icantly under-inflated tire causes
the tire to overheat and can lead to tire
failure. Under-inflation also is likely to impair the vehicle's handling and stop­
ping ability .
- The driver is responsible for maintaining the correct tire pressures. You must check the tire pressures regularly.
- Under certain conditions (such as a spor­
ty driving style, winter conditions or un­ paved roads), the pressure monitor indi­
cator may be delayed.
-Ask your authorized Audi dealer if run­
flat tires may be used on your vehicle.
.
(0 Tips
- The tire pressure monitoring system may
stop working when there is an ESC mal­
function.
- Using snow chains may result in a system
malfunction .
- The tire pressure monitoring system on your Audi was developed using tires with
the "AO" or "RO" identification on the
tire sidewall
¢page 256. We recom­
mend using these tires.
Reset tire pressure monitoring system
If the tire pressure is adjusted, wheels are ro­
tated or changed, the TPMS must be reset via
MMI.
.,. Before storing the new tire pressures, check
that the current pressures on all four tires
correspond to the specified values and
Tires and wheels 265
adapt the pressures to the current load
¢page 249 .
.,. Switch on the ignition.
.,. Select in the MMI:
ICARI function button >
Car systems control button > Servicing &
checks > Tire pressure monitoring > Store
tire pressures > Yes, store now.
(D Tips
Do not store the tire pressure if there are
snow chains on the tire. Otherwise, a sys ­
tem malfunction may occur .
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.... N .... N
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'SI: .... \!) 1.1'1
.... 1.1'1 ,-0
Fuse pa nel @ (brown )
No . Equipment
1 Headlight contro l switch
2
Emergency start coil (key
i dentification)
3
Rear door control module
(driver's side)
4 Head-up Display
5 Horn
6 Inter ior lights (head liner)
Steering column lever, mul-
8
tifunction steering wheel
controls, steering wheel
heat ing
10
Electric steering co lumn
lock
11 D river door contro l modu le
12
D iagnostic connector, light/
rain sensor
14
Power steering col umn ad -
justment
15
Power steering, A/C com-
presse r
16 Brake booster
Fu se pa nel © (b la ck)
No . Equipment
1 Front seat heating
2 Windshield w iper
3 Front exterior lighting
4 Sun roof
5 Driver power window
6 Driver seat (pneumat ic)
7 Panoramic sunroof
8 Dynamic steering
9 Front exterior lighting
10 Windshield/headlight
wash-
er system
11
Rear power w indow (driver's
side)
12 Panoramic sunroof
Amps
5
5
7,5 5
15
7,5
10/5
5
7,5 10
25
20
15
Amps
30 30
30 20
30
7,5
20 35
30
35
30
40
Fu ses and bulb s 2 77
Front passenger side cockpit fuse
assignment
Fig . 233 Fro nt passe nger side cockpit: f use pane l with
plast ic brac ket
Fu se panel @ (bl ac k)
No. Equipment Amps
1 Anti-theft alarm system 5
2
Transmission control mod-
15
ule
3 Front climate control fan 40
4 Engine supply 35
6
Engine cont ro l modu le 5
7
Front passenger door con-
7,5 trol module
8
Front passenger power win-
30 dow
9 ESC contro l module
10
10
ESC contro l modu le 25
1 1
Right rear power window 30
1 2
Front passenger seat (pneu-
7,5 matics)
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•

2 78 Fuses and bulbs
Luggage compartment fuse assignment
Fig. 234 Luggage compartment: fuse pa nel with plastic bracket
Fuse p ane l@ (black) No. Equipment Amps
No . Equ ipm ent Amps
11 E lectromechanical steering 5
ESC button, data logger, di· 12
Selector lever,
BCM-2
5
1 agnostic connector, BCM · 1, 5
13 Audi side ass ist 5
adaptive light ing system
14 Engine control module
5
2 Networking gateway
5
15 Starter 40
3 adaptive air suspension 5
4 Parking system
5 16 Left headlight/Headlight
10/5
range control system
5 Steering column lever
5
6 Suspension control system 5 sensor
Fu
se p an el@ (red )
No. Equipment Amps
7
Belt tensioners, airbag con-
5
trol module
Heated washer fluid nozzles, 1
Left reversible belt
tensioner
2S
2 Right reversible belt
ten-
25
sioner
H ome link (garage door
Starter diagnos is, DC/DC
8 opener), night vision system 5
3 converter (Start-Stop-Sys·
5
control module, sport differ- tern)
ential, ionizer
9
Electromechanical parking 5
brake control module 4
DC/DC converter (Start-
7,5 Stop-System)
5 Image processing
7,5
10 Rear
seat heating, cooler, in· 5 terior rearview mirror

,....,
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A
A/C (automatic climate control) .... .. .. 79
ABS
refer to Anti-lock braking system .. .. . 197
Accessories .. ................. .. ... 292
Active lane ass ist ............ .... .. . 101
Activating and deactivating ... .. .. .. . 102
C leaning the camera area . ... .. .. ... 215
Descr ipt ion ..... ...... ... .. .. ..... 101
Instrument cluster indicator light .... 102 Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Notes on instrument cluster display .. . 102
Sett ing the steering wheel vibrat ion .. . 103
Adaptive air s uspension/sport . ....... . 108
Adapt ive cru ise control ...... .. .. .. .. .. 9 2
C lean ing t he senso r ....... .. .. .. .. . 215
M essages . ... .... .... ... .. .. .. .... 99
Request for driver intervention . ... .. .. 97
Stop-and-go traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Adapt ive Lig ht (defective) ... .. .. .. .. .. 2 2
AdBlue .... .. ................. .. ... 225
F illing . .. ... ...... ............. .. 226
Messages in the instrument cluster dis-
p lay . .... .. .......... ... .... .. .. . 225
Adding Eng ine coolant ........... .. .. .. ... 237
Eng ine oil ............ .... ... ... .. 234
W indshield was her fluid . ...... ... .. 244
Addit ives
Eng ine oil .. ............. .... .. ... 234
Ad justable s teer ing colum n .. .. .. .. .. .. 82
Adjusting Air dist ribution (automatic climate con-
trol) . .. .. .. .. .. ........... .. .. .... 80
Fr ont se ats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
I ns trumen t illum ina tion ... .. .. .. .. .. 51
Steer ing colum n ....... ... .. .. .. .. .. 82
Temperature (automatic climate control) 80
A irbag system ............. .... 15 1, 170
Advan ced Airbag System . .. .. .. .. .. . 155
Advanced Airbag Sys tem components . 15 8
Ca re ... .. .. .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. ... 164
C hildren ... .... .. .... ... .. .. .. ... 175
Chil d restraints . ... .... ... .. .. .... . 176
Components (front airbags) .. .. .. .. . 158
Danger of fitting a child seat on the front
passenger seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Inde x 295
Disposa l .. .. .... .. . .. .. ..... ... .. 164
Front airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 156
•
How do the front airbags work? . ... .. 160 •
How many a irbags does my vehicle
have? ...... .. .. .... ............. 158
How the Advanced Airbag System com -
ponents work togethe r ... .. ... ... .. 159
Impo rtant safety instructions on the
k nee a irbag sys tem . ........... .... 168
Impo rtant t hings to know ....... .. .. 151
K nee a irbags ... .. .. .. .. ...... ... .. 166
Monitoring . ..... ... .. .. ..... ... .. 161
PASSE NGER AIR BAG OF F light ... .. .. 162
Repa irs ... .. .. .. ................. 164
Safety instructions ................. 164
S ide a irbags . .. .. .... ............. 168
S ide curtain airbags . ............... 171
Warning/ind icator lights ... .... ... .. . 18
Wa rning/Indicato r lights ....... .. .. 161
Weigh t-sensing mat ........... .... 175
When must the sys tem be inspec ted? 161
A ircraft
T ranspo rting your vehicle 285
Alcantara Cleaning .. .. .. .. ............... .. 217
A ll Wheel Drive .. .. .... ............. 202
Winter tires ... .... . ... ...... ... .. 260
Alternato r
refer to Generator ............. .... . 16
Amb ience lighting . ................. . 50
Anti -freeze
refer to Engine coolant . ..... ... .. .. 236
An ti- lock b raking system ............ . 197
Warning/ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . 18, 19
Anti-slip regu lation .. ........... .... 197
Warning/ind icator lights .. .. ... ... .. . 18
Anti-theft systems Electronic immob ilizer ....... ... .. .. . 32
ASR
refer to A nt i-slip regula tion ..... .. .. 197
Audi braking guard
refer to Braking gua rd .. .. .. ... ... .. . 92
A udi drive select
refer to Drive se lect ............ .. .. 108
Audi Se rv ice Repair Manuals and Lit era-
ture .. ... .. .. .. .... . ... ...... ... .. 290

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Settings ... .. ........... .. .. .. .... 34
Unlocking and locking vehicle ... .. .. .. 35
Pow er seat adjustment
Front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S9
Rear seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Power steering
refer to Electromechanical power assist 201
Power windows ............ .... .. .... 41
malfunction ............. .... .. .. .. 42
Pregnant women
Special considerations when wearing a
safety belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
pre sense .. .. .. ........... .. .. .. .. . 194
Preventative passenger protection . . . . . 194
Programming the Hom elink universa l re-
mote control ................. ... ... 131
Proper occupant seating positions .. .. . 134
Proper safety belt position ... .. .. .. .. . 147
Proper seating position
Front passenger ................... 135
Occupants .. ................. .. ... 134
Rear passengers .......... .. .. .. ... 136
Protecting 216
Q
quattro
refer to All Wheel Drive ............. 202
Question What happens to unbelted occupants? 144
Why safety belts? ............... .. 143
R
Radiator fan ... ........... .. .. .. ... 238
Radio clock .. .. .............. ... .... 27
Rain/light sensor Headlights .............. .... .. .... 46
I ntermittent (windshield wipers) . . . . . . 53
Sensor defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
RangeffuelleveO .................... 25
Reading lights . ............... ... .... 50
Rear fog lights ............ .... .. .. .. 46
Rear lid
Escape handle
Rear light 266
Defective .. ............. .... .. .... 22
Index 303
Rear seats
Adjusting individual seats ......... .. . 61
Entry assistance . ... .............. .. 64
Front passenger seat adjustment . . . . . . 64
Reclining rear seat .................. 63
Rear view mirror ... .. .............. .. 56
Rear window heating . ................ 80
Recircu lation mode (automatic climate
control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Reclining rear seat ... .............. .. 63
Recuperat ion .. .. .. .. . .. ... .... .... .. 25
Refuelling ... ... .. .. ............... 223
Remote control Garage door opener (HomeLink) ...... 131
Massage function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Unlock ing and locking .............. . 35
Remote luggage compartment lid release 37
Repair manuals .. ................... 290
Repairs Airbag system ..... .............. . 164
Replacing Fuses ......... .. ................. 276
Light bulbs .. .. .. .... ........... .. 280
Tires and wheels ... .............. . 257
Windshield wiper blades ............ . 54
Reporting Safety Defects ............. 141
Request to warm engine by driving Warning/indicator lights ........ .. .. . 21
Reset button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Retractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Rims Cl eaning ...... .... ............... 215
Roof rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Loading ........................... 73
Roof weight . .. .. .... ........... .. . 73
s
SAFE ................... ........... 26
Safe driving habits ... .............. . 133
Safety belt pos ition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7
Safety belts worn by pregnant women . 148
Safety belt pretensioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Serv ice and disposal ... ... .... ..... 150
Safety belt pretensioners Pre sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
•
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-----------------------------~I~n~d~e~x 305
Sliding/tilting sunroof
Emergency closing ................ ..
44
Emergency operation ......... ... .. .. 45
Opening and closing ...... .... .. .... 43
Panoramic sunroof ........ .. .. .. .. ..
44
Snow chains ................. ... ... 261
Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 74
Solar operation (automatic climate con -
trol) .. .. ... . .... ............. .. .. .. 81
Sources of information about child re-
straints and their use .......... ... .. . 193
Space-saving spare tire ......... .... .. 268
Spare tire
refer to Compact spare tire . .. .. .. .. . 268
Spare wheel ....................... 269
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Speed rating letter code ..... .. .. .. .. . 257
Speed warning system ...... .. .. .. .. .. 90
Sport differential ............. .... .. 108
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Start-Stop-System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Engine does not switched off . .. .. .. .. 88
Engine starts automatically .. .. .. .. .. 88
Indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Starting/stopping the engine ... . ... .. 88
switching off/on .......... .. .. .. .. .. 89
START ENGINE STOP button . .. .. .. .. .. 83
Starting from rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Start ing off with a trailer .... .. .. .. .. .. 87
Starting the engine 83
Steering
refer to Electromechanical power assist 201
Steering wheel Adjusting steering column ..... ... ... 82
Easy entry feature ........ .. .. .. .. .. 82
I ndicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,201
Shift paddles ............ .. .. .. .. . 117
Steering wheel heating ....... ... .. .. 81
Steps for determining correct load limit . 254
Stopping the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Storage ... .. ................. .. .... 74
Sunroof ... ... ............. ...... ... 43
Sun shades Emergency closing (roof) .............
45
Panoramic sunroof ........ .. .. .. .. .. 45 Rear
doors . ..... .. ................ 52
Rear window ... .... ................ 52
Sun visors .. .. .. .. ................. . 51
Symbols
refer to Warning/Indicator lights . .. .. . 11
T
Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 23
T ail lights
Cleaning ...... .. .. ............... 215
TOI clean diesel
refer to Ad Blue ... .. . ... ...... ... .. 225
Technical data . .. .. ................. 287
Technical modifications .............. 293
Temperature display ..... ....... .... .. 23
Tether anchors .. .. .. ............... 191
Tether strap .. .. .. ................. 191
Textiles Cleaning ......... ................ 217
The first 1,000 miles (1,500 km) and after-
wards .... .. .. .. .. .. ............... 205
Tie-downs 70,140
Tips for the environment
Saving fuel ....... ...... ........... 73
tiptronic (automatic transmission) ..... 114
Tire pressure .. .. .. ................ .
Tire pressure monitoring system ..... . .
Loss of air pressure ............... .
Malfunction ... .. .. . .. .... ....... .
Tires
......... .. ...... .............
Service life .. .. .. ............... ..
speed rating letter code ........ ... .
Tire manufacturing date . .......... .
Tire specifications ..... ....... .... .
Tread depth ...... ............... .
Uniform tire quality grading ..... .. . .
Winter tires
. .. ...... ........... ..
Tires and vehicle load limits . .. .... ... .
Tires and wheels Checking tire pressure ............. .
Cold tire inflation pressure ........ . .
Dimensions
.. .. ...... .............
General notes .. .. .. . .. .... ....... .
Glossary of tire and loading terminolo-
gy ...... ... .. .... .......... .... . 251
263
264
264
245
255
257
257
257
255
259
260
253
251
249
256
245
246
Low aspect ratio tires ........... .... 262
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