BMW X4 2021 ΟΔΗΓΌΣ ΧΡΉΣΗΣ (in Greek)
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X`vwRaw\e gbhcdbudn__sgbe fcbd
Vw`\]n T`n^bus _w gb` wabc^\f_o fgy` bzo`y w^oujbh
_cbdbp` `s w_is`\fgbp` b\ gdojbhfwe g\_oe
\fjpbe ]s\ dbcpe fgdokye .
M`vw\ay
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . U\qfgw gy` gwj`b^buRs 3 . X`vwRaw\e s p o r t
cdbw\vbcbRyfy gsjpgygse
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse
@w gb fpfgy_s _cbdwR `s dhz_\fgwR o`s od\b gsj
jpgygse , ]sgn gy` hcodtsfy gbh bcbRbh `s w]vRj vwgs\ _\s cdbw\vbcbRyfy .
Vw`\]n
@\s `os cdbw\vbcbRyfy w`wdubcb\wRgs\ , ogs` gb
dhz_\f_o`b od\b gsjpgygse awcwdsfgwR as`n
sibp cdqgs y gsjpgygs _w\lzwR ]ngl sco gs
5 k m / h .
dpz_\fy @ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e bjp_sgbe 3 . cdbw\v . hcodtsfye gsjpgygse 4 . cdbw\vbcbRyfy fw : 5 .egdokgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b , _ojd\ `s w_j
is`\fgwR y wc\zh_ygp gsjpgygs . 6 .csgpfgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b .X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy
@ofl gbh i D r i v e : 1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e bjp_sgbe 3 . cdbw\v . hcodtsfye gsjpgygse 4 . cdbw\v . hcodtsfye gsjpgygse
Tcbvbjp gye gdojbhfse
gsjpgygse le cdbw\vbcbRyfy
gsjpgygse
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e bjp_sgbe 3 . cdbw\v . hcodtsfye gsjpgygse 4 . Tcbvbjp gdojbhfse gsjpgygse
>sgnfgsfy shgb]\`pgbh
Vw`\]n
@cbdbp` `s w_is`\fgbp` u\s bd\f_o`s fhfgpj _sgs b\ ]sgsfgnfw\e p `s w]gw^wfgbp` w`odj
uw\we .
>^pfy ]sgnfgsfye shgb]\`pgbh @ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . >sgnfgsfy bjp_sgbe S e i t e 1 7 1.`WX\aZiX=d=efZd=T 1 7 1
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Xc\f]ocyfy gl` c^ydbibd\q`ep_tb^scwd\udsip M`vw\ay t^ntye w^sfg . ( R P A ) :
>sgnfgsfy gye o`vw\aye t^ntye
w^sfg\]q` R P A , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 3 5 8 . M^wujbe cRwf . w^sfg\] . ( R D C ) :
>sgnfgsfy gbh w^oujbh cRwfye
w^sfg\]q` R D C , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 3 5 1 . egnz_y ^sv\bp ]\`ygpds :
Z^w]gdb`\]oe o^wujbe fgnz_ye
^sv\bp , t^ocw fw^Rvs 3 7 0 . A d B l u e : B M W D i e s e l _w
B l u e P e r f o r m a n c e , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 3 3 4 . C h e c k C o n t r o l : M`vw\ay gl`
scbzy]wh_o`l` _y`h_ngl` gye
_b`nvse ]w`gd\]bp w^oujbh
( C h e c k C o n t r o l ) , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 1 5 9 . Tcs\gwRgs\ s e r v i c e : M`vw\ay gbh
wco_w`bh fodt\e , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 1 6 2 . T e l e s e r v i c e C a l l : >^pfy
T e l e s e r v i c e .
bzo`y H e a d - U p
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse
fb fpfgy_s cdbtn^w\ fy_s`g\]oe c^ydbibdRwe
fgb bcg\]o cwvRb gbh bvyubp , c .j . gy` gsjpgygs .
b bvyuoe `s ^s_tn`w\ c^ydbibdRwe , jldRe `s scb_s]dp`w\ gb t^o__s gbh sco gb vdo_b .
Vw`\]n cdbfoagw g\e c^ydbibdRwe u\s gb` ]szsd\f_ogye bzo`ye H e a d - U p , t^ocw fw^Rvs 4 0 1 .
Xc\f]ocyfy
X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e i D r i v e 3 . bzo`we 4 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y 5 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y
M`vw\ay
Xc\f]ocyfy egy` bzo`y H e a d - U p w_is`Rxb`gs\ b\ s]o^bhzwec^ydbibdRwe :
'xfsjpgygs .'xgcbvwRaw\e c^bpuyfye .'x@y`p_sgs gye _b`nvse ]w`gd\]bp w^oujbh
( C h e c k - C o n t r o l ) .'x?Rfgs wc\^buq` fgb gs_c^o bdun`l` .'xUbyzyg\]n fhfgp_sgs bvyubp .
@wd\]oe sco shgoe g\e c^ydbibdRwe w_is`Rxbj
`gs\ , wn` wR`s\ scsdsRgygb , _o`b u\s fp`gb_b
jdo`b .
Xc\^bup cdbtb^pe
egy` bzo`y H e a d - U p v\sgRzw`gs\ v\nibdwe cdbj
tb^oe .
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e i D r i v e S e i t e 1 7 2iX=d=efZd=T.`WX\aZ 1 7 2
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3 . bzo`we 4 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y 5 .Xc\^bup wc\zh_ygpe dpz_\fye :'x cdbXc=?bVZ : P^we b\ w`vwRaw\e fgy`bzo`y H e a d - U p wR`s\ w`wduoe .'x UTe=>be : b\ w`vwRaw\e fgy` bzo`y
H e a d - U p cwd\bdRxb`gs\ fg\e scb^pgle s`su]sRwe .'x I N D I V I D U A L : P^we b\ w`vwRaw\e fgy`bzo`y H e a d - U p wR`s\ w`wduoe . Xc\_odbhew`vwRaw\e , ocle c .j . _y`p_sgs C h e c k - C o n t r o l , _cbdbp` `s wc\^wubp` wasgb_\j]wh_o`s .
Z dpz_\fy scbzy]wpwgs\ u\s gb gdojb` jdyf\_bj
cb\bp_w`b cdbiR^ bvyubp .
Xc\^oagw w`vwRaw\e fgy` bzo`y
H e a d - U p
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e i D r i v e 3 . bzo`we 4 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y 5 . I N D I V I D U A L 6 .Xc\^oagw gy` wc\zh_ygp dpz_\fy .
Z dpz_\fy scbzy]wpwgs\ u\s gb gdojb` jdyf\_bj
cb\bp_w`b cdbiR^ bvyubp .
dpz_\fy gye ilgw\`ogygse
Z ilgw\`ogygs cdbfsd_oxwgs\ shgo_sgs fgy ilgw\`ogygs gbh cwd\tn^^b`gbe .
Z tsf\]p dpz_\fy _cbdwR `s dhz_\fgwR jw\db]Rj
`ygs .
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e i D r i v e 3 . bzo`we 4 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y 5 . hlgw\`ogygs 6 .egdokgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b , _ojd\ `s wc\j gwhjzwR y wc\zh_ygp ilgw\`ogygs . 7 .csgpfgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b .
@w w`wdubcb\y_o`s iqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wfsRsf]n^s ) _cbdwR `s wcydwsfgwR wc\c^ob` y ilgw\j`ogygs gye bzo`ye H e a d - U p _ofl gbh ilg\f_bpgl` bdun`l` .
dpz_\fy pkbhe
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e i D r i v e 3 . bzo`we 4 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y 5 . Qkbe 6 .cwd\fgdokgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b , _ojd\ `s
wc\gwhjzwR gb wc\zh_ygo pkbe . 7 .csgpfgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b .
Z dpz_\fy scbzy]wpwgs\ u\s gb gdojb` jdyf\_bj
cb\bp_w`b cdbiR^ bvyubp .
fb pkbe gye bzo`ye H e a d - U p _cbdwR `s scbzyj
]whgwR ]s\ _w gy ^w\gbhduRs _`p_ye , t^ocw fwj ^Rvs 1 2 0 .
dpz_\fy cwd\fgdbipe Z scw\]o`\fy gye bzo`ye H e a d - U p _cbdwR `s cwjd\fgdsiwR .
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e i D r i v e 3 . bzo`we 4 . H e a d - U p D i s p l a y 5 . cwd\fgdbip 6 .egdokgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b , _ojd\ `s wc\j gwhjzwR y wc\zh_ygp dpz_\fy . 7 .csgpfgw gb ]w`gd\]o jw\d\fgpd\b . S e i t e 1 7 3.`WX\aZiX=d=efZd=T 1 7 3
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Wh`sgogygs s`su`qd\fye gye
o`vw\aye
Z vh`sgogygs s`su`qd\fye gl` w`vwRawl` gyebzo`ye H e a d - U p wcydwnxwgs\ sco gbhe s]o^bhj
zbhe csdnub`gwe :'x<ofy ]szRf_sgbe .'xT`g\]wR_w`s wcn`l fgb ]n^h__s gye bzo`ye H e a d - U p .'xVhs^\n y^Rbh _w w\v\]n cb^lg\]n iR^gds .'xUdwu_o`b bvofgdl_s .'xWhf_w`wRe fh`zp]we ilg\f_bp .
Z w\]o`s w_is`Rxwgs\ csds_bdil_o`y , s`szoj
fgw gb` o^wujb gl` tsf\]q` dhz_Rfwl` fw o`s`
fh`wdungy fodt\e gbh ]sgsf]whsfgp , o`s` n^j ^b` waw\v\]wh_o`b fh`wdungy fodt\e p o`s waw\j
v\]wh_o`b fh`wduwRb .
X\v\]o csd_cdRx fb csd_cdRx scbgw^wR _odbe gbh fhfgp_sgbe .Z _bdip gbh csd_cdRx ]sz\fgn vh`sgp _\s
s]d\tp scw\]o`\fy .
@\s _w_tdn`y fgb csd_cdRx w_cbvRxw\ gy vyj _\bhduRs v\c^q` w\vq^l` .
V\s gb` ^oub shgo fhfgp`wgs\ dygn wiofb` scs\j
gwRgs\ `s s`sgwzwR y s`g\]sgnfgsfy gbh w\v\]bp csd_cdRx fw o`s` fh`wdungy fodt\e gbh ]sgsjf]whsfgp , o`s` n^^b` waw\v\]wh_o`b fh`wdungyfodt\e p o`s waw\v\]wh_o`b fh`wduwRb .
S e i t e 1 7 4iX=d=efZd=T.`WX\aZ 1 7 4
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hqgsXabc^\f_oe shgb]\`pgbh
egb csdo` ]win^s\b cwd\udnib`gs\ o^b\ b\ tsf\j
]bR wabc^\f_bR , b\ wabc^\f_bR v\sibdwg\]q` jldq` ]szqe ]s\ b\ w\v\]bR wabc^\f_bR , b\ bcbRb\ cdbfiojdb`gs\ fgy fw\dn _b`go^l` . Xcb_o`le , cwd\udnj
ib`gs\ wcRfye wabc^\f_bR ]s\ ^w\gbhduRwe cbh vw` v\sgRzw`gs\ fw o`s shgb]R`ygb c .j . ^oul gbh wc\j
^wu_o`bh w\v\]bp wabc^\f_bp p gye o]vbfye u\s
gy` w]nfgbgw jqds . Thgo \fjpw\ wcRfye u\s ^w\j gbhduRwe ]s\ fhfgp_sgs cbh fjwgRxb`gs\ _w gy`
sfin^w\s . >sgn gy jdpfy gl` s`gRfgb\jl` ^w\j
gbhdu\q` ]s\ fhfgy_ngl` cdocw\ `s gydbp`gs\ b\ w]nfgbgw \fjpb`gwe `o_b\ ]s\ ]s`b`\f_bR .
Xc\f]ocyfy
W\s]ocgye fgb shgb]R`ygb
fb fgb\jwRb v\s]ocgy iqgl` tdRf]wgs\ vRc^s sco
gb g\_o`\ .
ep_tb^b?w\gbhduRscRfl ile b_Rj^ye .cdbtb^wRe b_Rj^ye .ep_tb^b?w\gbhduRshle ftyfgo .
Thgo_sgbe o^wujbe iqgl` bvpuyj
fye .
hqgs y_odse .hqgs zofye .Thgo_sgbe o^wujbe iqgl` bvpuyj
fye .
?w\gbhduRwe cdbfsd_bfg\]q` iqj
gl` .hqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wfsRs
f]n^s ) .hlg\f_oe bdun`l` .hqgs fgnz_whfye , vwa\n .hqgs fgnz_whfye , sd\fgwdn .
hqgs zofye , iqgs
v\sfgspdlfye ]s\ iqgs
fgnz_whfye
Vw`\]n <ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
, ,
Xn` s`bRaw\ y codgs gbh bvyubp _w scw`wdubj
cb\y_o`y wgb\_ogygs bvpuyfye , scw`wdubcb\wRgs\ shgo_sgs b walgwd\]oe ilg\f_oe _wgn sco ^Ruy
qds .
S e i t e 1 7 5hqgTiX=d=efZd=T 1 7 5
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hqgs zofye<ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
fb shgb]R`ygb ilgRxwgs\ cwd\_wgd\]n .
@y` sip`wgw gs iqgs zofye u\s _wus^pgwdb jdb`\]o v\nfgy_s w`wdubcb\y_o`s , v\sibdwg\]nw]ibdgRxwgs\ y _csgsdRs shgb]\`pgbh ]s\ y wgb\j
_ogygs bvpuyfye _cbdwR w`vwjb_o`le `s _y`
w`wdubcb\wRgs\ c^ob` .
hqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wfsRs
f]n^s )
<ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
fs iqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wfsRs f]n^s ) s`nj
tbh` ogs` wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`y y wgb\_ogygs bvpuyfye .
hqgs fgnz_whfye >sgn gy fgnz_whfy gbh shgb]\`pgbh _cbdwR `sw`wdubcb\yzwR fgy _Rs c^whdn o`s ile fgnz_whj
fye .
c^p]gdb?w\gbhduRsX`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy iqj
gl` fgnz_whfye , vwa\n .X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy iqj
gl` fgnz_whfye , sd\fgwdn .
hle hcbvbjpe ]s\ iqgs
H o m e
hle hcbvbjpe
Vw`\]n
T`n^bus _w gb` wabc^\f_o _cbdwR `s dhz_\fgwR
wasgb_\]wh_o`s b walgwd\]oe ilg\f_oe gbh shj
gb]\`pgbh .
X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy<ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
,
@ofl gbh i D r i v e : 1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e bjp_sgbe 3 . hqgs 4 . Xalgwd\]oe ilg\f_oe 5 .Xc\^bup wc\zh_ygpe dpz_\fye :'x hle hcbvbjpe
Xc\_odbhe ^w\gbhduRwe iqgl` w`wdubj cb\bp`gs\ u\s cwd\bd\f_o`b jdb`\]o v\nj
fgy_s .'x hlgw\`o csgn]\
Z cwd\bjp vRc^s sco gb shgb]R`ygb ilgRj xwgs\ u\s cwd\bd\f_o`y jdb`\]p v\nd]w\s .
hlgw\`o csgn]\
Z cyup ilgoe tdRf]wgs\ fgy` wc\fy_sf_o`yzofy .
W\sgydwRgw gy` cyup ilgoe ]szsdp ]s\ w^wpj
zwds cdbftnf\_y .
hqgs H o m e
Vw`\]n
fs iqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wfsRs f]n^s ) fh`wjRj
xbh` `s s`ntbh` s]o_s u\s bd\f_o`b jdo`b , ogs` _wgn gy` scw`wdubcbRyfy gye wgb\_ogygse
bvpuyfye w`wdubcb\yzbp` gs iqgs cbdwRse .
S e i t e 1 7 6iX=d=efZd=ThqgT 1 7 6
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dpz_\fy gye v\nd]w\se
@ofl gbh i D r i v e : 1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e bjp_sgbe 3 . hqgs 4 . Xalgwd\]oe ilg\f_oe 5 . hqgs H o m e 6 .Xc\^oagw gy` wc\zh_ygp dpz_\fy .
Thgo_sgbe o^wujbe iqgl`
bvpuyfye
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse
fs iqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wfsRs f]n^s ) w`wdubj cb\bp`gs\ p scw`wdubcb\bp`gs\ shgo_sgs s`nj^bus _w gy ilgw\`ogygs gbh cwd\tn^^b`gbe , c .j .
fw o`s gbp`w^ , gb fbpdbhcb p fw cwdRcglfy tdbjocglfye .
Vw`\]n
b _c^w bhds`oe _w gb` p^\b js_y^n _cbdwR wcRj fye `s cdb]s^ofw\ w`wdubcbRyfy gl` iqgl` .
X`wdubcbRyfy <ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
,
Z w`vw\]g\]p ^hj`Rs fgb gs_c^o gl` bdun`l`
s`ntw\ ogs` wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`s gs iqgs v\sj fgspdlfye (_wfsRs f]n^s ) .
Pd\s gbh fhfgp_sgbe b shgo_sgbe o^wujbe iqgl` _wfsRse f]n^se
vw` hcb]sz\fgn gy` cdbflc\]p fse ]dRfy s`sj ibd\]n _w g\e fh`zp]we ilg\f_bp .
b\ s\fzygpdwe vw` _cbdbp` c .j . `s s`su`ldRj fbh` gy` b_Rj^y p csdo_b\we ]s\d\]oe fh`zp]we .ew shgoe g\e cwd\cgqfw\e w`wdubcb\pfgw gb ile
jw\db]R`ygs .
hqgs y_odse
Vw`\]n
<ofy v\s]ocgy :
'x ,
fs iqgs y_odse s`ntbh` ogs` wR`s\ w`wdubj
cb\y_o`y y wgb\_ogygs bvpuyfye .
X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy
ew _wd\]oe jqdwe wR`s\ hcbjdwlg\]n gs iqgs
y_odse , u\s shgo` gb ^oub gb ile y_odse w`vwj
jb_o`le vw` _cbdwR `s scw`wdubcb\yzwR .
@ofl gbh i D r i v e :
1 . fb ojy_n _bh 2 . dhz_Rfw\e bjp_sgbe 3 . hqgs 4 . Xalgwd\]oe ilg\f_oe 5 . hqgs y_odse
Z dpz_\fy scbzy]wpwgs\ u\s gb gdojb` jdyf\_bj
cb\bp_w`b cdbiR^ bvyubp .
Wh`s_\]p ^w\gbhduRs ilg\f_bp E C O
Vw`\]n
T`n^bus _w gy` gsjpgygs ]s\ gy` scofgsfy sco
gb cdbcbdwho_w`b shgb]R`ygb _w\q`wgs\ y ilj
gw\`ogygs gl` iqgl` v\sfgspdlfye .
X`wdubcbRyfy <ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
X`wdubcb\pfgw gb cdouds__s bvpuyfye E C O
P R O , t^ocw fw^Rvs 1 5 3 .
S e i t e 1 7 7hqgTiX=d=efZd=T 1 7 7
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cdbfsd_bxo_w`we^w\gbhduRwe iqgl`
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse b\ cdbfsd_bxo_w`we ^w\gbhduRwe iqgl` wc\gdoj
cbh` gb` vh`s_\]o ilg\f_o gbh bvbfgdq_sgbe .
Vw`\]n
T`n^bus _w gb` wabc^\f_o b\ cdbfsd_bxo_w`we
^w\gbhduRwe iqgl` scbgw^bp`gs\ sco o`s p cwj d\ffogwds fhfgp_sgs :
'xcdbfsd_bxo_w`s iqgs fw fgdbip , t^ocw
fw^Rvs 1 7 8 .'x@wgst^ygp ]sgs`b_p gbh ilgoe , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 1 7 8 .'xhle s^^supe ]sgwpzh`fye , t^ocw fwj
^Rvs 1 7 8 .'xhle ]h]^\]pe cbdwRse , t^ocw fw^Rvs 1 7 8 .
X`wdubcbRyfy
<ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
b\ cdbfsd_bxo_w`we ^w\gbhduRwe iqgl` wR`s\
w`wduoe ogs` wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`y y wgb\_ogygs bvpuyfye .
cdbfsd_bxo_w`s iqgs fw
fgdbip
T`n^bus _w gy ul`Rs fgdbipe gl` gdbjq` ]s\_wd\]oe n^^we csds_ogdbhe , b\ vof_we gl` cdbjtb^ol` s]b^bhzbp` gy` cbdwRs gbh vdo_bh .
V\s `s _y zs_cq`b`gs\ ofb\ ]\`bp`gs\ fgb s`gRjzwgb dwp_s ]h]^bibdRse , fw s]\`ygbcb\y_o`b
shgb]R`ygb gs cdbfsd_bxo_w`s iqgs fw
fgdbip vw` wR`s\ fgds__o`s cdbe gb s`gRzwgb dwp_s ]h]^bibdRse .
Pgs` s^^nxw\ y dpz_\fy gl` cdbtb^ol` , t^ocw
fw^Rvs 1 8 0 , gogw gs cdbfsd_bxo_w`s iqgs
fgdbipe wR`s\ w`vwj . _o`b cwd\bd\f_o`s v\szoj
f\_s .
@wgst^ygp ]sgs`b_p gbh ilgoe
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse
Z _wgst^ygp ]sgs`b_p gbh ilgoe wc\gdocw\
s]o_s ]s^pgwdb ilg\f_o gbh bvbfgdq_sgbe .
Vw`\]n
Z ]sgs`b_p gbh ilgoe cdbfsd_oxwgs\ shgoj
_sgs fgy` gsjpgygs .
ew wabc^\f_o _w fpfgy_s c^bpuyfye y ]sgs`b_p gbh ilgoe cdbfsd_oxwgs\ shgo_sgs s`n^bus_w gs vwvb_o`s c^bpuyfye ]s\ gy` gsjpgygs .
hle co^ye Z cwd\bjp ilg\f_bp gl` iqgl` v\sfgspdlfye
v\whdp`wgs\ fg\e c^whdoe .
hle shgb]\`ygovdb_bh
Z w_to^w\s ilg\f_bp gl` iqgl` v\sfgspdlfye shan`wgs\ .
hle s^^supe ]sgwpzh`fye
ew fgw`oe fgdbioe , c .j . v\svbj\]oe fgdbioe
tbh`bp , p fw fgdRk\_b _ojd\ _Rs bd\f_o`y gsjpj
gygs w`wdubcb\wRgs\ o`s ile s^^supe ]sgwpzh`j
fye cbh ilgRxw\ gy` wflgwd\]p gye fgdbipe cwj
d\bjp .
fs iqgs fgdbipe w`wdubcb\bp`gs\ shgo_sgs , s`n^bus _w gy ul`Rs fgdbipe gl` gdbjq` p w`j
vwj . gy` w`wdubcbRyfy gl` i^se .
>sgn gy` bvpuyfy _w gy` oc\fzw` gb ile s^^sj
upe ]sgwpzh`fye w`wdubcb\wRgs\ w`vwj . shgoj
_sgs ]s\ s`wandgygs sco gb fgdRk\_b gbh g\_bj
`\bp .
hle ]h]^\]pe cbdwRseT_ofle cd\` gy` wRfbvb fw hcbjdwlg\]p ]h]^\]p
cbdwRs w`wdubcb\wRgs\ gb ile s^^supe ]sgwpj
zh`fye fg\e vpb c^whdoe . fb n]db gbh bvbj
fgdq_sgbe ilgRxwgs\ ]s^pgwds . T_ofle _wgn
gy` oabvb sco _\s hcbjdwlg\]p ]h]^\]p cbdwRs
scw`wdubcb\wRgs\ as`n gb ile s^^supe ]sgwpj
zh`fye fg\e vpb c^whdoe . S e i t e 1 7 8iX=d=efZd=ThqgT 1 7 8
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cdbfsd_bxo_w`y dpz_\fypkbhe vof_ye cdbtb^ol`
Z cdbfsd_bxo_w`y dpz_\fy pkbhe vof_ye iqjgl` s`g\fgsz_Rxw\ g\e v\sv\]sfRwe wc\gnjh`fye
]s\ idw`sdRf_sgbe ]szqe ]s\ g\e ]sgsfgnfw\e iodglfye gbh shgb]\`pgbh , qfgw `s _y` zs_cqj`b`gs\ b\ bvyubR fgb s`gRzwgb dwp_s ]h]^bibjdRse . Xc\ghujn`wgs\ b \vs`\]oe ilg\f_oe gbh
bvbfgdq_sgbe .
Ubyzyg\]o fpfgy_s iqgl`
cbdwRse
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse fb tbyzyg\]o fpfgy_s iqgl` cbdwRse s`su`lj
dRxw\ wu]sRdle n^^bhe fh__wgojb`gwe fgy` ]hj
]^bibdRs ]s\ shan`w\ p _w\q`w\ shgo_sgs gy` o`gsfy gl` iqgl` s`n^bus _w gy` ]sgnfgsfy]h]^bibdRse .
Vw`\]n fb fpfgy_s hcbtbpzyfye iqgl` cbdwRse s`sj
^s_tn`w\ gy` w`wdubcbRyfy gl` iqgl` cbdwRse , ocbgw gb wc\gdocbh` b\ fh`zp]we ]h]^bibdRse .
egy` cwd\bjp js_y^q` gsjhgpgl` gs ile cbj dwRse vw` w`wdubcb\bp`gs\ sco gb fpfgy_s .
fb fpfgy_s s`g\vdn fgb ilg\f_o gye s`g\zogle
wdjo_w`ye ]s\ cdbcbdwho_w`ye ]h]^bibdRse
]szqe ]s\ fgb` ilg\f_o gbh cwd\tn^^b`gbe , c .j .
fw ]sgb\]y_o`we cwd\bjoe .
fs iqgs cbdwRse _cbdbp` `s w`wdubcb\yzbp`
]s\ `s scw`wdubcb\yzbp` jw\db]R`ygs bcb\svpj
cbgw fg\u_p .
ew wabc^\f_o _w s`g\zs_tlg\]o tbyzyg\]o fpj
fgy_s iqgl` cbdwRse gs iqgs cbdwRse vw` scwj
`wdubcb\bp`gs\ fw cwdRcglfy s`gRzwgs ]\`bp_wj
`bh p cdbcbdwho_w`bh bjp_sgbe . e]bgw\`\nxbh`
_o`b b\ cwd\bjoe , b\ bcbRwe zs_cq`bh` gs s`gRj
zwgs ]\`bp_w`s p cdbcbdwho_w`s bjp_sgs . egy`
cdb]w\_o`y cwdRcglfy was]b^bhzwR `s s`ntw\ y
_c^w w`vw\]g\]p ^hj`Rs .
Pgs` s^^nxw\ y dpz_\fy gl` cdbtb^ol` , t^ocw
fw^Rvs 1 8 0 , gogw gb fpfgy_s hcbtbpzyfye iqj
gl` cbdwRse wR`s\ w`vwj . _o`b cwd\bd\f_o`s v\sj zof\_s .
X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy
<ofy gbh v\s]ocgy :
csgpfgw gb c^p]gdb fgb _bj^o gl` vw\]gq` ]sj
gwpzh`fye (i^se ) .
Pgs` wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`s gs iqgs v\sj
fgspdlfye (_wfsRs f]n^s ) y w`vw\]g\]p ^hj`Rs fgb gs_c^o gl` bdun`l` s`ntw\ .
Z w`s^^sup _wgsap iqgl` v\sfgspdlfye (_wj
fsRs f]n^s ) ]s\ iqgl` cbdwRse uR`wgs\ shgoj _sgs .
Z _c^w w`vw\]g\]p ^hj`Rs fgb gs_c^o bdj
un`l` s`ntw\ , ogs` w`wdubcb\yzbp` gs iqgs cbdwRse _ofl gbh fhfgp_sgbe .
Xn` gb s`otsf_s ]s\ ]sgotsf_s gl` iqgl` uRj
`wgs\ jw\db]R`ygs , t^ocw fw^Rvs 1 4 1 , _cbdwR `s
scw`wdubcb\yzwR gb tbyzyg\]o fpfgy_s gl` iqj
gl` cbdwRse .
V\s `s w`wdubcb\pfwgw as`n gb tbyzyg\]o fpj fgy_s gl` iqgl` cbdwRse , csgpfgw gb c^p]gdb fgb _bj^o gl` vw\]gq` ]sgwpzh`fye (i^se ) .
Pd\s gbh fhfgp_sgbe fb fpfgy_s hcbtbpzyfye iqgl` _wun^ye f]nj
^se vw` _cbdwR `s hcb]sgsfgpfw\ gy` cdbflc\]p
scoisfy u\s gy jdpfy gl` iqgl` cbdwRse . ew
cwd\cgqfw\e cbh scs\gwRgs\ ftp`wgw jw\db]R`ygs
gs iqgs .
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eg\e csds]ngl cwd\cgqfw\e , gb fpfgy_s vw` ^w\j
gbhduwR p ^w\gbhduwR cwd\bd\f_o`s ]s\ fh`wcqe
_cbdwR `s scs\gwRgs\ y v\]p fse wco_tsfy :'xew \v\sRgwds s]sgn^^y^we ]^\_sgb^bu\]oe fh`zp]we , ocle b_Rj^y p vh`sgp tdbjp .'xXn` s`g\^yizwRgw og\ ]h]^bibdbp` bjp_sgsp ngb_s _w s`wcsd]p ilg\f_o , ocle c .j . cwjxbR , cbvy^ngwe , _bgbf\]^wg\fgoe , fw cwdRj
cglfy ]h]^bibdRse gdo`l` p c^bRl` ]b`gn
fgb vdo_b p fw cwdRcglfy pcsdaye nud\l`
xql` .'xew ]^w\fgoe fgdbioe , fw scogb_we s`yiodwe
p ]sgyiodwe , fw v\sfgshdbp_w`y ]h]^bibj
dRs p fw ]sgn gb p_\fh ]s^h__o`y ]h]^bibj
dRs gbh s`gRzwgbh dwp_sgbe fw shgb]\`ygoj
vdb_b .'xew s`wcsd]qe ilg\xo_w`we ]sgb\]y_o`we cwj d\bjoe p fw c\`s]Rvwe _w o`gb`y s`gs`nj
]^sfy .'xXn` gb _cdbfg\`o csd_cdRx fgy` cwd\bjp
_cdbfgn sco gb` wflgwd\]o ]szdocgy wR`s\
jghcy_o`b , ^wdl_o`b p ]s^h__o`b _w shgbj
]o^^ygs , wg\]ogwe ] .g .^ .
hqgs b_Rj^ye
cdbtb^wRe b_Rj^ye
Tdjp ^w\gbhduRse b\ cdbtb^wRe b_Rj^ye idb`gRxbh` cdofzwgs fgs
iqgs v\sfgspdlfye u\s o`s` whdpgwdb ilg\f_o
gbh bvbfgdq_sgbe .
cdbncozwfy ^w\gbhduRse
'xfs iqgs v\sfgspdlfye wR`s\ w`wdubcb\yj
_o`s .'xT`n^bus _w gy` o]vbfy jqdse : fb ile zoj
fye wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`b .
X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy
csgpfgw gb c^p]gdb .
Z cdnf\`y w`vw\]g\]p ^hj`Rs s`ntw\ ogs` wR`s\w`wdubcb\y_o`b\ b\ cdbtb^wRe b_Rj^ye .
Xn` ojw\ w`wdubcb\yzwR b shgo_sgbe o^wujbe
iqgl` bvpuyfye gs iqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wj fsRs f]n^s ) s`ntbh` shgo_sgs , ogs` w`wdubj
cb\bp`gs\ b\ cdbtb^wRe b_Rj^ye .
hle b_Rj^ye bvpuyfye
Pgs` b shgo_sgbe o^wujbe iqgl` _wfsRse f]nj
^se wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`be , y ]sgs`b_p ilgoe
gl` iqgl` v\sfgspdlfye cdbfsd_oxwgs\ w`vwj .
s`n^bus _w gy` gsjpgygs fg\e fh`zp]we b_Rj^ye .
cRfl ile b_Rj^ye
cdbncozwfy ^w\gbhduRse cd\` sco gy` w`wdubcbRyfy gbh cRfl ilgoe b_Rj
j^ye cdocw\ `s w`wdubcb\yzbp` gs iqgs v\sj fgspdlfye p b\ cdbtb^wRe b_Rj^ye .
X`wdubcbRyfy /scw`wdubcbRyfy csgpfgw gb c^p]gdb .
Z ]Rgd\`y w`vw\]g\]p ^hj`Rs s`ntw\ ogs`
wR`s\ w`wdubcb\y_o`b gb cRfl ile b_Rj^ye .
Xn` ojw\ w`wdubcb\yzwR b shgo_sgbe o^wujbe
iqgl` bvpuyfye , gs iqgs v\sfgspdlfye (_wj
fsRs f]n^s ) s`ntbh` shgo_sgs ogs` w`wdubj cb\wRgs\ gb cRfl ile b_Rj^ye .
Wwa\n /sd\fgwdp]h]^bibdRs
Vw`\]n ew v\svdb_oe fw jqdwe fg\e bcbRwe y bvpuyfyuR`wgs\ fgy` s`gRzwgy c^whdn gbh vdo_bh scoshgp` gye jqdse gye nvw\se ]h]^bibdRse gbhshgb]\`pgbh , wR`s\ scsdsRgygy y ^pky _ogdl` u\s
gy` scbihup gbh zs_cq_sgbe sco gbhe cdbtbj
^wRe .
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