ignition AUDI A4 2021 Owner´s Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2021, Model line: A4, Model: AUDI A4 2021Pages: 304, PDF Size: 107.89 MB
Page 109 of 304

8W1012721BC
Driving
ZA WARNING
Heavy braking while driving through curves or
in poor road or weather conditions can cause
the vehicle to slide or the rear of the vehicle to
swerve, which increases the risk of an acci-
dent.
Messages
ERG / GB) Parking brake: malfunction! Safely
stop vehicle. See owner's manual
Gg / @ Parking brake: malfunction! Please
release parking brake
If one of the two messages appears, there is a
malfunction in the parking brake. If the message
appears while stationary, check if the parking
brake is released and can be reset. If this is the
case, switch the ignition off and back on.
If the message stays on, if the parking brake can-
not be released, or if the message appears while
driving, do not continue driving. Secure the vehi-
cle against rolling before exiting the vehicle
=> page 96. See an authorized Audi dealer or au-
thorized Audi Service Facility for assistance.
ww Parking brake: malfunction! Please contact
Service
There is a malfunction in the parking brake. Drive
to an authorized Audi dealer or authorized Audi
Service Facility immediately to have the malfunc-
tion corrected. Do not park the vehicle on inclines
and secure it against rolling before exiting the ve-
hicle > page 96.
xt | / Parking brake: warning! Vehicle parked
too steep
The braking force may not be enough to secure
the vehicle from rolling away. Park the vehicle in
a place with less of an incline.
fa / Parking brake: applied
The parking brake is set. Press and hold the brake
pedal
to release the parking brake.
Take over!
The vehicle cannot be held in place automatically.
Press the brake pedal to secure the vehicle from
rolling away unintentionally.
Special driving situations
Driving uphill and downhill
When driving uphill, downhill, or at high alti-
tudes, note the following information:
— Drive slowly and carefully.
— Do not try to turn around if you cannot safely
drive on an incline or hill. Instead, drive in re-
verse.
— When driving down hills, you can activate the
hill descent control if you press the brake pedal
while driving in “D” gear. The automatic trans-
mission will select a gear suitable for driving
down the hill and will attempt to maintain the
speed at which the vehicle was traveling at the
time the brake pedal was pressed. Press the
brake pedal if necessary. The hill descent con-
trol will switch off once the hill levels out or
you press the accelerator pedal.
— Utilize the engine braking effect when driving
downhill by selecting the “S” driving program
=> page 98. This especially applies when towing
a trailer. This reduces the load on the brakes.
— Apply the brakes in intervals and do not press
the brake pedal continuously.
— Use the hill hold assist > page 108.
ZA WARNING
— Only drive on inclines that your vehicle is de-
signed to handle. Do not exceed the hill
climbing ability of your vehicle. Your vehicle
could tip or slide.
— Do not drive at an angle on steep inclines
and hills. If your vehicle is about to tip, you
must immediately start steering in the di-
rection of the downward slope to reduce the
risk of an accident.
— Always be ready to brake when using the hill
descent control function.
107
Page 112 of 304

Driving dynamic
Driving dynamic
Audi drive select
Introduction
Applies to: vehicles with Audi drive select
Drive select makes it possible to experience dif-
ferent types of vehicle characteristics in one vehi-
cle. With different driving modes, the driver can
switch the setting, for example from sporty to
comfortable. This allows you to adjust the set-
tings to your personal preferences. This makes it
possible to combine settings such as a sporty
drivetrain setting with comfortable steering.
Selecting an Audi drive select mode
Applies to: vehicles with Audi drive select
The sie button is located above the selector lever
in the center console.
> Press the left or right arrow key until the de-
sired mode appears in the MMI. Or:
» Applies to MMI: Select on the home screen: VE-
HICLE > Audi drive select.
You can change the driving mode when the vehi-
cle is stationary or while driving. If traffic per-
mits, briefly remove your foot from the accelera-
tor pedal after changing modes so that the mode
you have selected will be activated for the drive
system.
The following modes may be available depending
on the equipment:
Offroad - Provides assistance when driving off-
road. The ESC will be restricted and the hill de-
scent assist* will be activated. The vehicle will ex-
it this mode after the ignition is switched off.
Comfort - Provides a comfort-oriented vehicle
setup and is suited for long drives on highways.
Auto
- Provides an overall comfortable yet dy-
namic driving feel and is suited for everyday use.
Dynamic - Gives the driver a sporty driving feel
and is suited to a sporty driving style. The “S”
driving program is selected.
110
Individual - Provides the option for personalized
vehicle settings. Press &% to configure the mode
= page 110, Individual settings.
G) Tips
When the ignition is being switched on, indi-
vidual systems, such as the drive system, will
be reset to a balanced setting. Select the cur-
rent mode again to attain its full configura-
tion.
Individual settings
Applies to: vehicles with Audi drive select
The equipment in your vehicle will determine
which settings you can adjust.
Drive
The drive system will react to accelerator pedal
moves more quickly or in a more balanced man-
ner. The shift points are located in higher or low-
er engine speed ranges on vehicles with automat-
ic transmissions.
Depending on the setting, the drive power at the
rear axle will be distributed with the sport differ-
ential* to be more sporty or moderate
=> page 112.
Steering
The power steering will adapt. Light steering is
suitable for long trips on highways or smooth
driving around curves, for example.
Suspension
The suspension adjusts to be tighter or more
comfort-oriented when it comes to compensat-
ing for uneven spots on the road.
Engine sound
The engine sound adapts and can be subtle to
sporty. In the automatic setting, the engine
sound depends on the selected driving program.
Page 113 of 304

8W1012721BC
Driving dynamic
Suspension
CET tes un) Led
Applies to: vehicles with suspension control
The adaptive dampers are an electronically-con-
trolled damping system. The firmness of the sus-
pension will adapt to the driving conditions and
the driving situation. The settings depend on the
selected Audi drive select* mode.
Ground clearance
The vehicle height and clearance can be influ-
enced by the following factors:
— Change in temperature
— Change in load
Z\ WARNING
To reduce the risk of injury, make sure no one
gets pinched when the vehicle level is chang-
ing, for example when cleaning the under-
body or the wheel housings.
@) Note
Always make sure there is enough clearance
above and below the vehicle. This is especially
important for entrances with height restric-
tions, for example, before driving into under-
ground garages. You could also scrape the
ground when driving over the edges of curbs
or on steep ramps, which could damage your
vehicle.
Werle
8 | Suspension: malfunction! You can continue
driving
There is a malfunction. See an authorized Audi
dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility for as-
sistance.
Steering
Electromechanical steering supports the driver's
steering movements by electronically adapting
the power steering depending on the vehicle
speed. The settings depend on the selected Audi
drive select* mode.
Dynamic steering
Applies
to: vehicles with dynamic steering
The driving dynamic and driving stability are in-
creased by the steering ratio based on the speed.
At reduced speeds, steering is direct in order to
provide agile steering behavior and keep the
steering effort as minimal as possible when the
driver is maneuvering the vehicle. This sets the
steering to be less sensitive at higher speeds in
order to provide improved vehicle control.
a Steering: malfunction! Please stop vehicle
The power steering may have failed. Adapt your
driving style immediately to compensate for the
fact that it may be more difficult to turn the
steering wheel, and stop your vehicle in a safe lo-
cation as soon as possible. Secure the vehicle
against rolling before exiting the vehicle
=> page 96. Do not continue driving. See an au-
thorized Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service
Facility for assistance.
|e —e| Steering: malfunction! Please stop vehicle
There is a malfunction in the electronic steering
lock. You cannot turn the ignition on. Secure the
vehicle against rolling before exiting the vehicle
= page 96. Do not tow your vehicle because it
cannot be steered. See an authorized Audi dealer
or authorized Audi Service Facility for assistance.
a Steering: malfunction! You can continue
driving
There is a malfunction in the steering system.
Steering may be more difficult or more sensitive.
Adapt your driving style. Have the steering sys-
tem checked immediately by an authorized Audi
dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility. Please
note that the red indicator light may turn on af-
ter restarting the engine. Do not continue driving
if it does.
l@-| Steering lock: malfunction! Please contact
Service
111
>
Page 116 of 304

Driving dynamic
these control systems are installed and this
can affect driving stability and increase the
risk of a collision.
Gi) Tips
The ABS and ASR only function correctly when
all four wheels have a similar wear condition.
Different tire sizes can lead to a reduction in
engine power.
The So button (or 2, depending on the model)
for controlling the ESC is located in the center
console, in front of the selector lever. The ESC is
automatically switched on when the ignition is
switched on.
Limiting ESC
In some situations, it may make sense to limit
the stabilizing function of the ESC so that the
wheels can spin, for example to rock a vehicle to
free it when it is stuck or to drive with snow
chains. The ESC can also be limited to provide
more sporty driving characteristics with fewer
stabilizing corrective actions.
—To limit the ESC, press the oF button briefly.
The B indicator light will turn on.
— To completely reactivate the ESC stabilization
function, press the button again. The indicator
light turns off.
When ESC is limited, allroad models switch to
Offroad mode. All other model versions switch to
Sport mode. Sport mode is particularly suited for
driving on an even road surface. Offroad mode is
designed for uneven terrain or loose ground.
Switching off ESC
For a more active control of the vehicle where the
stabilizing functions of the ESC cannot intervene,
the ESC can be switched off.
—To switch off the ESC, press and hold the Sor
button for more than three seconds. The B
and Ea indicator lights turn on.
— To completely reactivate the ESC stabilization
function, press the button again. The indicator
lights turn off.
114
ZA\ WARNING
— When the ESC is switched off or limited,
there will be no vehicle stabilization or it will
be limited. The driving wheels could spin
and the vehicle could swerve, especially on
slick or slippery road surfaces, which in-
creases the risk of an accident.
— Because of the increased risk of an accident,
only drive with the ESC switched off or limit-
ed when it is necessary. Reactivate the ESC
as soon as possible.
(i) Tips
— If you select the Audi drive select* Offroad
mode, hill descent assist will switch on.
— If the ESC is limited, switched off, or mal-
functioning, systems with an automatic
braking intervention function may not be
fully available.
— If malfunctions occur in other systems or
certain driver assist systems are active, the
ESC must be switched on by the system. The
ESC
may switch on automatically and can-
not be operated with the button.
BB /ABS} / B © Stabilization control (ESC/
ABS): malfunction! See owner's manual
There is a malfunction in the ABS or EDL. This al-
so causes the ESC to malfunction. The brakes still
function with their normal power, but ABS is not
active.
Drive to an authorized Audi dealer or authorized
Audi Service Facility immediately to have the
malfunction corrected.
Other indicator lights
it a blinks while driving, the ESC is actively reg-
ulating. Operating noises may occur. If the indi-
cator light stays on, the ESC has been switched
off due to system needs. The indicator light turns
off when the system is fully functional.
Page 120 of 304

Assist systems
Surrounding area
detection
Senso d camera coverage areas
B8V-0687
Fig. 100 Rearview camera coverage area
The assist systems analyze the data from various
sensors and cameras installed in the vehicle. Do
not use any assist systems if there is damage in
there area of the sensors and cameras or on the
vehicle underbody. Damage can impair the func-
tion of the sensors and cameras or cause mal-
functions. Have an authorized Audi dealer or au-
thorized Audi Service Facility check their func-
tion.
118
Radar sensors
Depending on the vehicle equipment, the area
surrounding the entire vehicle may be detected
> fig. 99 ©.
The wheel sensors on the rear corners of the vehi-
cle are positioned so that the adjacent lanes to
the left and right are detected on roads with a
normal lane width.
Ultrasonic sensors
Depending on vehicle equipment, various areas
may be displayed in the MMI using the ultrasonic
sensors > fig. 99.
The range of the displays depends on the location
of the ultrasonic sensors:
@ Approximately 4 feet (1.20 m)
@® Approximately 3 feet (0.90 m)
@® Approximately 5.2 feet (1.60 m)
©® Approximately 3 feet (0.90 m)
© Approximately 3 feet (0.90 m)
The side area ©) is detected and evaluated when
passing. There may have been changes to the sur-
rounding area after switching the ignition off and
on again, after opening the doors, or if the vehi-
cle is left stationary for a period of time. In this
case, the area will appear black until the area has
been detected and evaluated.
Cameras
Use the camera image on the display to assist you
only if it shows a good, clear picture. Keep in
mind that the image in the display is enlarged
and distorted. Under certain circumstances, ob-
jects may appear different and unclear on the dis-
play.
The rearview camera can only detect the area
marked in red > fig. 100. Only this area is dis-
played on the center display. > A\.
ZX WARNING
Sensors and cameras have spots in which the
surrounding area cannot be detected. Objects,
animals, and people may only be detected
with limitations may not be detected at all.
Always monitor the traffic and the vehicle's >
Page 126 of 304

Driving information
— The traffic signs on the road always take pri-
ority over the display. The driver is always
responsible for adhering to the regulations
applicable in the country where the vehicle
is being operated.
— Units of measurement and language set-
tings are displayed based on how they were
set in the MMI system settings > page 212.
Applies to: vehicles with traffic light information
Switching traffic light information on and
off
» Applies to: MMI: Select on the home screen:
VEHICLE > Driver assistance > Traffic light in-
formation.
Accessing traffic light information
> Select in the instrument cluster: vehicle func-
tions tab > Traffic signs.
@® Tips
If another tab or another function is selected
in the instrument cluster, the traffic light in-
formation will appear in the status bar on the
instrument cluster.
Messages
Applies to: vehicles with traffic light information
Malfunction! See owner's manual
The system could not be configured, for example
due to a network malfunction. Switch the igni-
tion off and shut down the vehicle to restart the
system. Wait several minutes until the vehicle
has shut down completely and then switch the
ignition back on.
Function currently unavailable. See owner's
manual
There is a temporary system malfunction. Check
if one or more of the following situations applies
and correct the issue if necessary:
— Traffic light information is switched off
— Data transmission is deactivated
124
— The vehicle is not equipped with traffic sign rec-
ognition.
— There is no valid license
— Traffic light information is not available in that
area
Lap timer
Introduction
Applies to: vehicles with lap timer
You can record and evaluate lap times with the
lap timer. You can operate the lap timer using the
multifunction steering wheel > page 13.
Opening the lap timer
> Select in the instrument cluster: Vehicle func-
tions tab > [| button > Lap times.
An additional indicator appears in the head-up
display*.
ZA\ WARNING
Your focus should always be on driving your
vehicle safely. As the driver, you have com-
plete responsibility for safety in traffic. To re-
duce the risk of an accident, only use the lap
timer functions in such a way that you always
maintain complete control over your vehicle in
all traffic situations.
G) Tips
You can retrieve information from the trip
computer while the lap timer stopwatch is
running.
ey sae |
Applies to: vehicles with lap timer
Requirement: the lap timer must be open
=> page 124.
Timing laps
> To start timing manually, select Start lap 1 in
the menu.
> To start timing automatically as soon as you be-
gin to drive, select Start lap 1 by driving off or
Start by driving off in the menu.
Page 127 of 304

8W1012721BC
Driving information
> To start timing a new lap after driving a lap, se-
lect New lap in the menu. This starts timing
the next lap at the same time.
After completing a lap, the difference between
the last lap and the previous best lap time will be
won an indicated with a “~” or “+”.
Pausing timing and displaying a split time
> To insert a pause @ select Pause in the menu.
> To resume timing, select Resume in the menu.
> To display a split time, select Split time in the
menu. The split time appears for approxi-
mately ten seconds in the instrument cluster.
The current lap timing will continue running.
Canceling lap timing
The timing of the current lap will stop. The lap
time will be erased and will not be included in the
statistics.
> Select Cancel lap in the menu.
Resetting the time
> Select Reset lap times in the menu.
G) Tips
— A maximum of 99 lap times can be meas-
ured.
— If timing is paused, you can continue it later
even if you switch the ignition off.
— Saved lap times cannot be individually de-
leted from the total results.
— The saved lap timer values will remain after
switching the ignition off.
yo e-) a(t)
Applies to: vehicles with lap timer
Displaying lap statistics
You can display the number of laps driven
the fastest lap “+”, the slowest lap “-”, and the
average time “®” in the instrument cluster.
> Select in the instrument cluster: Vehicle func-
tions tab > E] button > Lap statistics.
> Turn the thumbwheel down or up to display the
individual lap times.
> To return to the lap timing that was started, se-
lect the [I button > Lap times.
Resetting lap statistics
Requirement: the lap statistics menu must be
displayed.
> To reset the lap statistics, press and hold the
left thumbwheel until the message No lap
times have been recorded yet. appears.
@) Tips
The lap statistics list the lap times for the last
30 laps. The fastest and slowest lap times out
of up to 99 measured laps are also displayed.
Integrated Toll Module
Applies to: vehicles with Integrated Toll Module
Depending on the region, you can pay toll fees in
certain countries using the Integrated Toll Mod-
ule (ITM). It replaces a separate transponder for
detecting toll fees. The system electronics are in-
tegrated in the rearview mirror housing.
To use the ITM in toll zones, you must register
and activate it.
Registration
> Applies to MMI: Select on the home screen: VE-
HICLE > Settings & Service > Vehicle informa-
tion Toll module.
> Note the Integrated Toll Module ID.
> To register the ITM, go to the displayed web ad-
dress and follow the instructions.
Activation
> To activate the ITM, press CD in the MMI.
Entering the number of passengers
Depending on the number of passengers and the
region, a lower toll fee may be charged. You must
either enter the number of passengers or deacti-
vate the ITM based on the laws applicable in the
area where you are driving.
> To enter the number of passengers, select the
appropriate button in the MMI.
> To deactivate the ITM, press @ in the MMI.
125
>
Page 129 of 304

8W1012721BC
Driver assistance
Driver assistance
Cruise control system
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
The cruise control system assists the driver in
maintaining a constant speed above approxi-
mately 15 mph (20 km/h). The system maintains
the desired speed by braking and accelerating.
ZA WARNING
— Always pay attention to the traffic around
your vehicle when the cruise control system
is in operation. As the driver, you are always
responsible for controlling your vehicle
speed and the distance between your vehicle
and
other vehicles.
— For safety reasons, cruise control should not
be used in the city, in stop-and-go traffic, on
winding roads, and when road conditions are
poor (such as ice, fog, gravel, heavy rain,
and conditions that could lead to hydroplan-
ing), because this increases the risk of an ac-
cident.
— Switch the cruise control off temporarily
when driving in turning lanes, highway exits,
or in construction zones.
—To reduce the risk of an accident, you should
only resume the stored speed if it is suitable
for the current traffic conditions.
() Note
Before driving downhill a long distance ona
steep hill, decrease your speed and select a
lower gear. This makes use of the engine brak-
ing effect and reduces the load placed on the
brakes.
@ Tips
The brake lights turn on when the brakes are
applied automatically.
Switching the system on
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
BFV-0220
Fig. 105 Operating lever: switching the system on
Requirement: the ignition must be switched on.
> To switch the system on, pull the lever toward
you to position ©.
The Gia or i$) indicator light and the corre-
sponding message will appear in the instrument
cluster.
ZA\ WARNING
If the brakes are malfunctioning (for example,
overheating) while the cruise control system
is switched on, the regulating functions may
shut off automatically.
estate Rem lad lite: Rag ena)
speed
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
When the vehicle is stationary, you can preselect
the cruise control speed or activate the speed
while driving.
Requirement: the system must be switched on.
> To preselect a cruise control speed when the ve-
hicle is stationary, tap the lever toward @)/G)
=> page 127, fig. 105.
> To activate the cruise control speed, pull the
lever
toward position @ while driving.
> To set the current driving speed as the cruise
control speed, press the button @) on the lever.
The active cruise control speed is indicated with
the Gg or kl indicator light in the instrument
cluster. >
127
Page 130 of 304

Driver assistance
An additional indicator appears in the head-up
display*.
Changing the cruise control speed
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
Requirement: the system must be switched on.
> To increase or decrease the cruise control speed
in small increments, tap the lever up to the
first level toward @)/G) > page 127, fig. 105.
> To increase or decrease the cruise control speed
in larger increments, tap the lever up to the
second level toward @)/G).
> To increase or decrease the cruise control speed
continuously, tap and hold the lever at the first
or second level toward @)/G).
Overriding or deactivating the cruise
control speed
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
You can override or deactivate the cruise control
system. When you deactivate the system, your
cruise control speed will be stored and you can
resume that speed.
Requirement: the system must be switched on
and the regulated speed must be activated.
Overriding
> To temporarily override the cruise control
speed, press the accelerator pedal.
> To resume the stored regulated speed, remove
your foot from the accelerator pedal.
If you override the cruise control system for a
long period of time, the cruise control system
will be deactivated. The [Ud or [RM indicator
light will be displayed and the cruise control
speed will be saved.
Deactivating
> To deactivate the cruise control speed, press
the lever toward @) (not locked into place)
=> page 127, fig. 105, or
> Press the brake pedal.
128
ZA WARNING
Resting your foot on the accelerator pedal
could override the cruise control. This will pre-
vent braking interventions by the system.
See me Lai
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
When you switch the system off, the cruise con-
trol speed will be erased.
Requirement: the system must be switched on.
> To switch the system off, press the lever toward
@ (locked into place) > page 127, fig. 105, or
> Switch the ignition off.
Applies to: vehicles with cruise control system
Gir / 3) Speed control system: currently un-
available. See owner's manual
If the indicator light turns on and this message
appears, the cruise control system has been deac-
tivated. There is a temporary malfunction, for ex-
ample the brakes are overheating. Switch the
cruise control system on again later.
Efficiency assist
Applies to: vehicles with efficiency assist
Efficiency assist can assist the driver with predic-
tive information in order to reduce fuel consump-
tion. Depending on vehicle equipment, the sys-
tem may access data from the navigation system,
the camera behind the windshield, and the radar
sensors.
Adjusting the efficiency assist
You can adjust efficiency assist functions individ-
ually. The settings depend on the vehicle equip-
ment.
— Predictive messages > page 129.
— Predictive control > page 133.
Page 135 of 304

8W1012721BC
Driver assistance
Switching off
If you do not want to use the adaptive cruise con-
trol for a long period of time, you can switch it
off.
> Push the lever away from you into position @)
until it clicks into place.
The indicator light and the set speed will turn off.
Z\ WARNING
— Observe the safety precautions and note the
limits of the assist systems, sensors, and
cameras > page 117.
— The activated adaptive cruise control is only
an assist system, and the driver is still re-
sponsible for controlling the vehicle. The
driver is especially responsible for braking,
steering, starting to drive, and controlling
the speed and the distance from other
vehicles.
— Turn on the adaptive cruise control only if
the surrounding conditions permit it. Always
adapt your driving style to the current visu-
al, weather, road, and traffic conditions.
— Switch adaptive cruise control off temporari-
ly when driving in turning lanes, on express-
way exits or in construction zones. This pre-
vents the vehicle from accelerating to the
stored speed when in these situations.
— If you press the [SET] button @) when driv-
ing at speeds below 15 mph (20 km/h)»,
the minimum possible speed that the sys-
tem can maintain will be set. If no vehicle is
detected ahead of you, the vehicle will accel-
erate up to that speed.
(i) Tips
— Always keep your hands on the steering
wheel so you can be ready to steer at any
time. The driver is always responsible for
adhering to the regulations applicable in
the country where the vehicle is being oper-
ated.
) Analog instrument cluster: 20 mph (30 km/h)
— If you switch the ignition or the adaptive
cruise control system off, the set speed is
erased for safety reasons.
— When adaptive cruise control is switched
on, the ESC and ASR automatically switch
on.
— The system cannot be switched off or it may
be interrupted if the road exceeds the maxi-
mum possible grade for safe operation.
Predictive control
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cruise control and effi-
ciency assist
With predictive control, efficiency assist adapts
the set speed in adaptive cruise control @
=> page 131, fig. 107 based on detected speed
limits and the upcoming route. Once the system
no longer detects any incidents ahead, adaptive
cruise control will accelerate back up to the last
speed that the driver set. After switching on the
ignition, the availability of predictive control is
indicated by a message when the adaptive cruise
control is first activated.
Incident symbols indicate the situation to which
predictive control is reacting > page 129, Situa-
tion symbols.
Requirements
— Predictive control is switched on in the MMI
=> page 137.
— Adaptive cruise control is actively regulating
=> page 132.
— The system can only react to speed limits that
are 15 mph (20 km/h)” or higher.
Overriding control
The driver can override the predictive control to
the route ahead at any time by pressing the ac-
celerator or brake pedal. If the system changes
the vehicle speed to adapt to speed limits, you
can change the speed using the lever
=> page 132, fig. 110.
133