ABS AUDI R8 SPYDER 2011 Owners Manual

Instrument s and warnin g/indi cator ligh ts 15
Canada mod els :
Safety systems
¢page 17
Generator
¢page 17
Safety be lt
¢page 17
USA model s:
Brake system, parking brake set
¢page 17
Canada model s:
Brake system, parking brake set
¢ page 17
USA models:
Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)
defective
¢page 18
Canada mod els:
Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)
defective
¢page 18
& WARNING
- Failure to heed warning lights and other
important vehicle information may result
in serious personal injury or vehicle dam­
age.
- Whenever sta lled or stopped for repa ir,
move the vehicle a safe distance off the
road, stop the engine, and turn on the
emergency flasher ¢
page 5 7.
- The engine compartment of any motor
vehicle is a potentially hazardous area.
Before you check anything in the engine
compartment, stop the engine and let it
cool down . Always exercise extreme ca u­
t io n when wor king under the engine
c ompartment l id ¢
page 175, Working
in the engine compartment .
(D Tips
-When a yellow warn ing symbol appears,
one war ning tone sounds. Che ck the
f unct ion disp laye d a s soon as poss ible.
- When a red symbol appears,
three warn­
i ng tones so und in a row. The symbo l cont
in ues to flash until the fault has
been corrected.
; Audi magnetic ride
The indicator light monitors vehicle damping.
The ind icator light E illuminates when the ig­
ni tion is switched on as a func tion check .
@ Tips
If the indicato r la mp illuminates wh ile you
a re driving, the re is a malfunction in the
vehicle damping. The ch assis should be in­
spected immed iate ly by an authori zed Au­
di dealer.
ill Tire pressure monitoring system
Appl ies to vehicles: wit h tire p ressu re mo nito ring system
Tire pressure that is too low must be correct ­
ed as soon as possible.
T he wa rning/indicator lig ht RI] ill umi nates for
a few seconds after the ignition is tur ned on
a5 a function check. If the [D] warning light
comes on, pressure in at least one tire is too
l ow.
.,. Stop d riving as soon as possib le w ithout en­
danger ing yourself and other drivers on the
road.
.. Inspect all tires.
.. Correct the tire pressure¢
page 195.
Additional in format ion about the tire pr es­
s ure monitoring system
can be found
¢ page 207 .
EPC Electronic power control
This warning/indicator light monitors the
electronic power control.
T he warni ng/indicator light ( Electronic Power
Control) ~ illuminates when you switch on
the ignition as a functio n check.
Iii>

16 Instrum ent s and w arn ing /indic ato r light s
If this warning/indicator light illuminates
while you are driving, then there is a mal ­
function in the engine electron ics. Have
the malfunction corrected as soon as pos­
sible by your authorized Aud i dealer or
qualified workshop .
"' Convertible top operation
The indicato r light turns on IJI
- When the convertible top opens or closes or
- If the convertible top d id not open or close
completely.
The indicator light blinks if the convertible top
cannot open or close¢
page 47.
n If; Electronic stabilization program
(ESP)
If the indicator lamp Gl blinks while dr iv ing,
the ESP or ASR (Ant i-Slip Regulation) is active­
l y regulating.
If the indicator lamp
Gl illuminates, the sys ­
tem has sw itched the ESP off . In this case , you
can switch the ignition off and then on to
switch the ESP on again . The system is func­
tioning comp letely when the indicator lamp
switches off .
If the indicator lamp
I] illuminates , the ESP
was sw itc hed off with the
lliJ button.
E S P and A BS: fa u lt ! See owner's manu al
If the indicator lamp Gl and the ABS indicator
lamp
!I] illuminate and the driver message
appears, the ABS or electronic differential lock is malfunctioning . This also interrupts the
ESP . The brakes st ill function with the ir nor­
mal power, but ABS is not active .
Drive to your authorized Aud i R8 dealer imme­
d iately to have the malfunction corrected.
For more information about the ESP
¢page 150.
~D High beam
The . war ning/ indicato r light illum inates
whe n the high beams are on or when you use
the headlight flasher.
For more information ¢
page 58.
":::>'• Rear spoiler
The warning/indicator light monitors the
electrically retractable rear spoiler .
The warning/indicator lig ht (11 has the follow­
ing functions :
- It comes on for about 3 seconds as a func­
tion check when the ign ition is switched on.
- It comes on if there is a malfunction in the
electrically retractab le rear spoi ler.
Additional information about the e lectrica lly
retractable rear spoiler¢
page 152 .
& WARNING
=
Driving at higher speeds witho ut the rear
spoiler deployed can impair handling char­
acteristics, making the vehicle harder to
control.
- If the rear spo iler warning/ind icator light
in the instrument cluster comes on, the
rear spo iler may not have dep loyed. Nev ­
e r drive at speeds h igher than 87 mph
(140 km/h) if the spo iler is not deployed .
H ave the spoiler inspected as soon as
possible by an a uthorized Aud i dea le r or
qualified wor kshop.
¢ ¢Turn signals
Whenever yo u use the left II or the right R
turn signal, the indicator light blinks. When
you use the emergency flasher, both indicator
li ghts f lash.
If one of the turn signa l light bulbs burn out,
the turn signal will blink twice as fast as nor­
mal.
Addi tional in formation on the turn s ignals
¢ page 58.

Instrument s and warnin g/indi cator ligh ts 17
CRUISE /vJ' Cru ise control
The warning/indicator light (ij ;jl)~1~ (USA mod­
e ls)/ . (Canasda models) illum inates when
the cruise cont rol is activated.
I I ! .!r Safety systems
This warning/indicator light monitors the air­
bag and the pretensioner systems.
The warning light I (USA models) ;II (Cana­
da models) illuminates for a few seco nds eac h
time you switch on the ignition.
If the
I (USA models)/ . (Canada models)
warn ing light does not go out, or if it illumi­
nates wh ile you are driv ing, or if it starts to
b link, then there is a ma lf u nction somewhere
in the system. If the light does not ill uminate
when you switch on the ignition, this also
means there is a ma lfunction.
A WARNING
If you have a malfunction in the airbag sys­
tem, contact your authorized Audi dealer
immediately. Otherw ise the airbag or the
belt pretensioner may not work proper ly in
an acc ident.
D Generator
This warning/indicator light detects a mal­
function in the generator or in the vehicle's
electrical system.
The . warning/indicator lig ht illuminates
when you switc h on t he ignit ion and must go
out after the engine has started.
If the . warning/indicator light i lluminates
while you are driving, you should contact your author ized Audi dealer. Since the vehicle bat­
tery is discharging, you should switch off any
u nnecessary electrical consumers (for exam­
p le, the air conditioner).
Q) Note
If the . warn ing/ indicator light (mal­
function in the engine cooling system) in
the instrument cluste r shou ld i llum inate ¢
page 32, stop the veh
icle and t urn off
the engine. The coolant pump is not work­ i ng -this can cause engine damage!
4 Safety belt warning light
The warning light is a reminder to fasten
safety belts.
T he warning light . comes on fo r a few sec ­
onds after the ignition is switched on as a re ­
minder to fasten yo ur safety be lt. Additional­
l y, an acoustic warning (gong) will a lso sound.
Addi tional in format ion on safety belts
¢ page 109 .
BRAKE/((D) Brake system
This warning/indicator light flashes when the
broke fluid level is too low or when there is a
malfunction in the ABS .
If the wa rning/ind icator light flas hes 111111111;
• (with the parking brake re leased), stop the
vehicle and obtain qualified help¢&, .
If the ABS fails, the ABS wa rn ing/ indicator
l igh t
r.m!J,11] illumina tes along w ith the
brake sys tem warning/ ind icator light- /
. ¢&, .
(USA mode ls): If the war ning light - and
the warn ing light
Lil ill umin ate together, im­
med iate ly contact yo ur a uthorized Aud i dea le r
or qualified workshop to have all brake pads inspected ¢
page 33.
When the light comes on, an aud ible warning
s ignal is also g iven.
Parking brake set
The _ /. warning/ind icator light illumi­
nates when the parking brake is set¢&, . The
fo llow ing message appears in the d isplay:
Handbrake i s app lie d . If yo u inadvertent ly
drive off with the parking brake applied, a
buzzer (warning tone) sounds.

18 Instrument s and w arn ing /indic ato r light s
&_ WARNING
-USA models: If both, t he - warning
light a nd
th em war ning light com e
o n at the same t ime, the rear whe els
c ou ld lock up first under hard braking .
Lock-up of the rear whee l brakes can
cause loss of vehicle control and an acci­
dent. Have yo ur vehicle repaired immedi­
ately by your authorized A udi dealer or a
qualified workshop . Drive slowly and
avo id sudden, hard brake applicat ion.
- Canada models: If both, the brake warn­
ing light . and the ABS warning light
ti] come on at the same time, the rear
wheels could lock up first under hard
braking. Lock-up of the rear wheel brakes
can cause loss of vehicle control and an
acc ident . Have you r vehicle repaired im­
med iately by your authorized Audi dealer
or a q ualified wor kshop . D rive slowly and
avo id sudden, hard brake applicat ion
- If the brake warning/indicator ligh t does
not go o ut after a few seconds and the
par king brake re leased, or lights up while
yo u are d riving, the fluid level in the
brake fl uid reservoir is too low . If you be­
lieve that it is safe to do so, proceed im­
med iately at low speed to the nearest
authorized Audi dealer or qualified work­
shop and have the brake system inspect­
ed .
- Please be very carefu l and always keep in
mind that after seve ral brake applica­
t ions, yo u will need g reater pressure on
the brake pedal to stop you r vehicle.
C onsequently, you must allow for in­
creased braking d istances. Trying to
brake as quickly as usual could lead to an
acc ident.
ABS/( @) Anti-Lock Brake System
This warning/indicator light monitors the ABS
and the electronic differ ential lock (EDL).
The m light w ill come on fo r a few seconds
when the igni tion is sw itched on . The light will go out after an automatic check sequence
is comp leted .
There is a malfunction in the ABS when:
-The warn ing/indica to r li gh t does no t illum i­
nate when you sw itch o n the ign ition.
- The warning/ indicato r light does not go out
after a few seconds.
- The warning/ indicator light illum inates
while d rivi ng.
The brake system will still respo nd even with­
out the assistance of the ABS system. See
your autho rized Aud i dea le r as soon as possi­
ble to restore full braking performance . Fo r
more inform ation regard ing the ABS
r::?v page 150 .
The ABS war ning light and the brake warning
li ght come on together. The A BS will not work
and yo u will no tice a change in brak ing re ­
sponse and perfo rmance .
Malfunction in the brake system
USA models: If both, the -warning light
and
the m warn ing light come on
r::?v page 32 whe n the par king b rake is re­
l eased , there may be a ma lf u nct ion in the
ABS, and there may a lso be a malf unct ion in
t h e brake system itse lf
r::?v &. .
Canada models: If bo th, the brake warn ing
li gh t. and the ABS wa rning light
£1 come
on
r::?v page 32 when the parking brake is re ­
leased , there may be a malf unct ion in the
ABS, and there may also b e a malfunction in
the brake system itself ¢ &. .
Malfunction in the electronic differential
lo ck (EDL)
The two systems EDL and ABS work together.
The m warning light will come on if there is
a malfunction in the EDL system
r::?v page 150.
See your au thor ized Audi dealer as soon as
poss ible .
&_ WARNING
-If the m warning light does not go
out, or if it comes on wh ile driving, the
ABS system is not working properly. The

vehicle can then be stopped only with
the brakes operating without ABS sup­port. You will not have the protection
ABS provides . Contact your authorized
Audi dealer as soon as poss ible.
In strument s and warnin g/indi cator ligh ts 19
-USA models: If both, the~ warning
light and the
B warning light come
on at the same t ime, the rear wheels
cou ld lock up first under hard braking.
Lock-up of the rear whee l bra kes can
cause loss of vehicle control and an acci­
dent. Have yo ur vehicle repaired immed i­
ately by your authorized A udi dealer or a
qualified workshop . Drive slowly and
avo id sudden, hard brake applicat ion.
- Canada models: If both, the brake warn­
ing light . and the ABS warning light
Ii] come on at the same t ime, the rear
wheels could lock up first under hard braking. Lock-up of the rear wheel brakes
can cause loss of vehicle control and an
acc ident. Have your vehicle repaired im­
med iately by your authorized Audi dealer
o r a q ual ified wor kshop . D rive slowly and
avo id sudden, hard brake applicat ion .

32 Driver in formation system
BRAKE/((D) Brake system malfunction
The indicator light flashes if the brake fluid
level is too low, if there is a malfunction in the ABS system or when the parking brake is
engaged.
If the alllill. symbol flashes in the dis ­
play with the parking brake released, there is
a malfunction in the brake system. In addit io n
to the symbo l, one of two messages appears
i n t he displ ay:
Stop veh icle and check brak e fluid
ABS f ault! See owner 's manual
• Pull off the road and stop the vehicle.
• Obtain professiona l assistance .
USA models: if the re is a malfunction in the
A BS system,
the m warning/indicator light
i l luminates a long w ith the - system
mal function warn ing/ indicator light ¢&. .
Canada models: if there is a ma lf u nction in
the ABS system, the
li] warning/indicator
light ill uminates toget her with th e . brake
system ma lf u nction warning/indicator light
¢ &_ .
Parking brak e set
The parking brake warni ng light _ /_
(Canada models) ill uminates when the park­
ing brake is set . In additio n, a warning tone
will sound after you have dr iven for longer
than 3 seconds and faster than 3 mph (5 km/
h).
A WARNING
- Always observe the wa rnings i n
¢ page 175, Working in the engine
compartm ent,
before opening the en­
gine compa rtme nt lid and che ck ing the
brake f luid.
- Driv ing with low b rake fluid is a safety
h aza rd! S top the c ar and get profession al
assist ance.
- If the bra ke system war ning/ indicato r
ligh t illumina tes toge ther wi th the ABS
wa rning/in dicator ligh t, then the AB S system is malfunctioning
. The rear
wheels could quick ly loc k up when you
apply the brakes. This could lead to loss
of co ntrol and yo ur vehicle could slide!
Drive ca refully to the nea rest au thorized
Aud i dea le r and hav e the malfunction
corrected.
- L Engine cooling system malfunction
A malfunction in the engine cooling system
must be repaired as soon as possible .
When the. symbol in the display flashes,
then either the engine coo lant
temperature is
too high, or the coolant
level is too low. In ad­
dition to the symbo l, the following message
also appears in the d isp lay:
Switch off engine and check coolant level
• Pull off the road and stop the veh icle.
• Turnoff the engine.
• Check coolant level ¢
page 182 .
• Add coo lant if necessary ¢ page 183.
• Cont inue dr iv ing o nly afte r the engine cool­
ant wa rning/ind icator light goes out .
• Con ta ct your au thori zed Aud i dealer for as-
sis tan ce if ne cess ary.
If the engine coolant level is correct, t hen the
r adiator fa n may be the ca use of the malfunc­
t io n.
If the generator warn ing/ indicato r light
shou ld also illum inate
¢ page 17, then the
fan belt may be damaged.
A WARNING
- If you r vehicle should bre ak down for
me chanical or o ther reasons, par k at a
safe distance from mov ing traffic, tu rn
off the eng ine and tu rn on the hazard
warn ing lights ¢
page 57, Emergency
flasher.
- Never open the eng ine compartment lid
if you see or hear steam or coolant es­
caping from t he engine compartment -
-
you risk being scalded. Wait until you can .,,.

Homelink®
Universal remote
control
General information
Appl ies to vehicles: with Horne Link® universal rem ote
control
The Homelink ® feature can learn up to three
radio frequency codes for most current trans ­
mitters used for operating garage doors, es­ tate gates, home or outdoor lighting sys­
tems, and other devices.
You must first program the Homelink ® trans­
mitter before you can use the system
¢ page 96, Programming the HomeLink ®
transmitter.
In order to program the Home link ® transmit­
ter for devices utilizing rolling code, a second
person on a ladder who can safe ly reach the
garage door opener motor is recommended.
I t is also necessary to locate the "learn" but­
ton on your garage door opener motor . Refer
to the operat ing instruct ions for the opener,
as the location and color of this button may
vary by manufacturer.
You can still use the origina l remote control
for the device at any time.
A WARNING
-
- Never use the Homelink ® transmitter
with any garage door opener that does
have not the safety stop and reverse fea­
tu re as requ ired by federa l safety stand ­
ards . Th is includes any garage door open­
er mode l manufact ured before April 1,
1982.
- A garage door opener which cannot de­
te ct an object, signaling the door to stop
and rever se does no t mee t current feder­
al safety standards. Using a ga rage doo r
opener witho ut these features increases
risk of serious inj ury or death.
- F or sa fety reasons never release the
par king brake or start the engine while
anyone is stand ing in front of the vehicle .
Hom elin k® 95
-A garage door or an estate gate may
sometimes be set in mot ion when the
Homelink ® remote control is being pro­
grammed . If the device is repeatedly ac­
tivated, th is can overstrain motor and
damage its e lectrical components -an
overheated moto r is a fire hazard!
- To avo id possib le injuries or property
damage, please always make abso lutely
certain that no persons o r objects are lo­
ca ted in the range of motion of any
equ ipment being ope rated .
(D Tips
-If you would li ke more information on
Homel ink ®, w here to purchase the
Homel ink ® compatib le produc ts, or
would like to purchase the Homelink ®
Home Lighting Package, please ca ll toll­
free: 1-800-355-3515 .
- For Declaration of Compliance to United States FCC and Ind ustry Canada reg ula­
tions ¢
page 212 .

110 Safety belts
-Failure to pay attention to the warning
light that comes on could lead to person­
al injury.
Why safety belts?
Safety belts protect
People think it's possible to use the hands to
brace the body in a minor collision. It's simply
not true!
Fig. 113 D river is proper ly restrai ned in a sudden brak­
ing maneuver .
Safety belts used properly can make a big dif­
ference. Safety belts help to keep passengers
in their seats, gradually reduce energy levels
applied to the body in an accident, and help prevent the uncontrolled movement that can
cause serious injuries. In addit ion, safety belts
reduce the danger of being thrown out of the
vehicle.
Safety belts attach passengers to the car and
give them the benefit of being slowed down
more gently or "softly" through the "give" in
the safety belts, crush zones and other safety
features engineered into today's vehicles. By
"absorb ing" the kine tic energy over a longer
period of time, the safety belts make the
forces on the body more "tolerable" and less
likely to cause injury.
A lthough these examples are based on a fron­
tal collision, safety belts can also substantial­
ly reduce the risk of injury in other kinds of
crashes. So, whether you're on a long trip or
just going to the corner store, always buckle up and make sure others do, too. Accident sta­
tistics show that vehicle occupants properly
wear ing safety be lts have a lower risk of being injured and a much better chance of surviving
an accident . Prope rly using safety be lts a lso
greatly increases the ability of the supplemen­
ta l airbags to do their job in a collision. For
th is reason, wearing a safety belt is legally re­
quired in most countries including much of
the Un ited States and Canada.
Although your Audi is equipped with a irbags,
you still have to wear the safety belts provid­ ed. Front airbags, for example, are activated
only in some frontal collisions . The front air­
bags are not act ivated in all frontal coll is ions,
in sid e and rear collisions , in roll overs or in
cases where there is not enough deceleration
through impact to the front of the vehicle.
T he same goes for the other airbag systems in
your Audi. So, always wear yo ur safety belt
and make sure everybody in your veh icle is
proper ly restrained!
Important safety instructions about
safety belts
Safety belts must always be properly posi­
tioned across the strongest bones of your
body .
.,. Always wear safety belts as illustrated and
descr ibed in th is chapter .
.,. Make sure that your safety belts are always
ready for use and are not damaged .
_&. WARNING
Not wearing safety belts or wearing them
imprope rly increases the risk of serious
personal injury and death. Safety belts can
work only when used correctly.
- Always fasten your safety belts correctly
before driving off and make sure all pas­
sengers are properly restrained.
- For maximum protection, safety belts
must always be positioned correctly on
the body.
- Never strap more than one person, in­
cluding sma ll children, into a ny sing le
safety belt.
- Never place a safety belt over a child sit­
ting on your lap.

-Always keep feet in the footwell in front
of the seat while the vehicle is being driv­
en .
- Never let any person ride with feet on
the instrument panel or sticking out the
window or on the seat.
- Never remove a safety belt while the ve­ hicle is moving. Doing so will increase
your risk of being injured or killed .
- Never wear belts twisted.
- Never wear belts over rigid or breakable
objects in or on your clothing, such as
eye glasses, pens, keys, etc., as these
may cause injury.
- Never wear the shoulder part of the belt
under your arm or otherwise out of posi­
t ion .
- Several layers of heavy clothing may in­
terfere with correct positioning of belts
and reduce their effectiveness .
- Always keep belt buckles free of anything
that may prevent the buckle from latch­
ing securely .
- Never use comfort clips or devices that
create slack in the shoulder belt. Howev­
er, special clips may be required for the
correct use of some chi ld restraint sys­
tems.
- Never allow safety belts to become dam­
aged by being caught in door or seat
hardware.
- Torn or frayed safety belts can tear and
damaged belt hardware can break in an
accident. Inspect belts regularly.
If web ­
bing, bindings, buckles, or retractors are
damaged, have belts replaced by an au­
thorized Audi dea ler or qualified work­
shop.
- Safety belts that have been worn and
loaded in an accident must be replaced
with the correct replacement safety belt
by an authorized Audi dealer or qualified
workshop . Replacement may be necessa ­
ry even if damage cannot be clearly seen.
Anchorages that were loaded must also
be inspected .
- Never remove, modify, disassemble, or
try to repair the safety belts yourself.
Safety belts 111
-Always keep the belts clean. Dirty belts
may not work properly and can impair
the function of the inertia reel
c:> page 168, Safety belts .
Illustrating the
principle of an accident
Frontal collisions and the law of physics
Frontal crashes create very strong forces for
p eople riding in vehicles .
Fig. 114 Unbelted occupants in a vehicle heading for a
wa ll
Fig. 11S The ve hicle c rashes in to the wal l.
The physical principles are simple. Both the
vehicle and the passengers possess energy
which vari es with vehicle speed and body
weight. Eng ineers call this energy "k inetic en­
ergy."
The higher the speed of the vehicle and the
greater the vehicle's weight, the more energy
that has to be "absorbed" in the crash.
Vehicle speed is the most significant factor.
If
the speed doubles from 15 to 30 mph (25 to
50 km/h), the energy increases 4 times!
Because the occupants in this vehicle are not
using safety belts
c:>fig . 114, they will keep
moving at the same speed the veh icle was .,,_

-Improper installation of child restraints
can reduce their effectiveness or even
prevent them from providing any protec­
tion .
- An improperly installed child restraint
can interfere with the airbag as it de­
ploys and seriously injure or even kill the
child -even with an Advanced Airbag
System.
-Always follow the manufacturer's in­
structions provided with the child safety
seat or carrier carefully.
- Never place additional items on the seat
that can increase the total weight regis­
tered by the weight-sens ing mat and can
cause injury in a crash .
Front airbags
Description of front airbags
The airbag system con provide supplemental
protection to properly restrained front seat occupants.
Fig. 122 Location of drive r airbag : in steerin g wheel
Fig. 123 Locat ion of front passenger 's a irbag: in the in­
s trum ent panel
Your vehicle is equipped with an "Advanced
Airbag System" in compliance with United
States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
Airbag system 121
(FMVSS) 208 as applicable at the time your
vehicle was manufactured . The safety belts
for the front seats have "pretensioners" that help to take slack out of the belt system. The
pretensioners are also activated by the elec­
tronic control unit for the airbag system .
The front safety belts also have load limiters
to help reduce the forces applied to the body
in a crash.
The a irbag for the driver is in the steer ing
wheel hub<=)
fig. 122 and the airbag for the
front passenger is in the instrument panel
r:::> fig . 123. The general location of the airbags
is marked '' AIRBAG" .
There is a lot you need to know about the air­
bags in your vehicle. We urge you to read the
detailed information about airbags, safety
belts and child safety in this and the other
chapters that make up the owner's literature.
Please be sure to heed the WARNINGS - they
are extremely important for your safety and
the safety of your passengers, especially in­
fants and small children.
& WARNING
=
Never rely on airbags alone for protection.
- Even when they deploy, airbags provide
only supplementa l protection .
- Airbag work most effectively when used
with properly worn safety belts.
- Therefore, always wear your safety belts
and make sure that everybody in your
ve­
hicle is properly restrained .
A WARNING
A person on the front passenger seat, es­
pecially infants and small children, will re­
ceive serious injuries and can even be kil­
led by being too close to the airbag when
it inflates.
- Although the Advanced Airbag System in
your vehicle is designed to turn off the
front passenger airbag if an infant or a
small child is on the front passenger
seat, nobody can absolutely guarantee
-
-
that deployment under these special 11-