parking brake AUDI S3 2015 User Guide

82 Driving
Starting from a stop
The start assist function ensures that the
parking brake is released automatically upon
starting.
St opping and sett ing the p ark ing br ake
.. Pull the switch@¢
page 80, fig. 73 to set
the parking brake.
St arting a nd aut omaticall y relea sing the
pa rking br ake
Requirement: The driver's door must be
locked and the driver's safety belt must be
fastened.
.. When you press the accelerator pedal, the
parking brake is automatically released and
your vehicle begins to move.
When stopping at a traffic signa l or stopping
in city traffic, the parking brake can be ap­
plied. The vehicle does not have to be held
with the brake pedal. The parking brake elim i­
nates the tendency to creep when a selector
l ever pos ition is engaged . As soon as you
press the accele rator pedal, the parking bra ke
re leases automatically and the veh icle starts
to move.
Starting on slope s
When starting on incl ines, the hill start ass ist
prevents the vehicle from unintentiona lly roll­
i ng back. The braking force of the parking
brake is not released until sufficient dr iving
force has been bu ilt up at the whee ls.
(D Tips
For safety reasons, the park ing brake is re ­
leased automatically only when the dr iv­
er 's sa fety belt is fastened and the driver 's
door is locked. Emergency braking function
This is used if the conventional brake system
fails or locks up .
.. To brake your vehicle in an emergency, pull
the @switch ¢
page 80, fig. 73 and hold it
pulled .
.. As soon as you release the@ switch or ac-
celerate, the b rak ing process stops.
Pul ling and ho ld ing the @switch while dr iv ­
ing at a speed of about 2 mph (3 km/h) or
higher init iates the emergency braking func­
t ion. The vehicle is braked at a ll four wheels
by activating the braking hyd rauli cs . The brake
performance is sim ila r to heavy braking.
~ .&.
To he lp prevent activating the emergency
braking by mistake, a n aud ible war ning tone
(buzzer) sounds when the @switch is pulled .
Emergency brak ing stops as soon as the@
swi tch is re leased or the acce lerator pedal is
pressed.
.&, WARNING ,_
Emergency braking should only be used in
an emergency, when the normal brake pedal has fa iled or the brake pedal is ob­
structed. During emergency brak ing, your
vehicle will brake s imilar to heavy b rak ing .
E SC and the associated components (ABS,
ASR, EDL) canno t overcome the laws of
physi cs. In corne rs and when road or
weather conditions are bad, a fu ll brake
application can cause the vehicle to skid or
the rea r end to break away, which increas­
es the risk of an accident.
Hill hold
Applies to veh icles : w ith Hill Hold
Hill hold makes it easier to start on hills.
Req uirement: The dr iver door mus t be closed
and the engine must be running.
T he system is activated when the bra ke peda l
is p ressed while the vehi cle is stationa ry.
T o p revent the vehicle from rolling back when
sta rting, the b rake power is held fo r a b rief
ll>

92 Audi adaptive cruise control
Setting the driving program
App lies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise co ntrol
A adapt ive cru ise con trol driving progr am is
ad ju st abl e on vehicle s wi tho ut Aud i dr ive se ­
l ec t*.
"' Se lect in the M MI: the
I MENU I button > Car
> Systems * control button > Driver assi s­
tance > Adaptive cruise control > Driving
program > Comfort/Standard /Dynamic .
Selecting the driving mode
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise co ntrol
The adaptive cruise contro l driv ing program is
ad justab le for ve hicles w ith Aud i dr ive se lect
using the driving mode.
"' Se lect th e des ired driv ing mode
Comfort ,
Auto , Dynamic or Individual *
wit h the knob
t:;, page 106 .
Request for driver intervention
App lies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise co ntrol
Fig . 84 In strum ent cluster: request fo r d rive r in terven ­
ti on
In some s ituations , the braki ng from the
adapt ive cruise control system is not enough
to maintain enough d istance to the object
ahead. In thes e situations, the system will re­
quest yo u to take action .
The . indicat or light and the graphic in the
d isplay w ill wa rn you about the danger
t:;, fig . 84 . You will a lso hear an aud io signa l.
Pr ess the brake pedal to s low y our veh icl e
down.
Driver messages
Applies to vehicles: wit h Aud i adapt ive c ru ise control
IIJ ACC : unavailable
The system cannot gu arantee that it will de­
tect o bject s cor rectly and i s switched off. The
sens or was move d or is fa ulty. Drive to your
autho rized Audi dea le r or a uth ori zed Audi
service facility immediately to have the ma l­
f unct ion corrected.
Ill ACC: currently unavailable . No sensor vi­
sion
fl ACC and Audi pre sense : currently un ­
available. No sen sor vision No sen sor vi sion
T h is message appears if the senso r view is ob­
structe d, for examp le by l eaves, snow, heavy
s pr ay or d irt . C lean t he sensor
t:;, p age 86 ,
fig. 75.
ill ACC: currently unavailable. Gradient too
steep
The road exceeds t he max imum possible an­
gle fo r safe adaptive cruise control operation.
T he adapt ive cr uise control cannot be switch­
ed o n.
ill ACC: only available in D, Sor M
Se lect the D/S or M selector leve r position .
ill ACC: parking brake applied
The adapt ive cr uise control system switch es
off automa tically if th e parki ng br ake is set.
T he adapt ive cru ise con tro l is ava ilable again
aft er re leas ing t he pa rking br ake.
ill ACC: currently unavailable. Stabilization
control input
This message appears if the Electronic Stabili ­
zation Control (ESC) is taking action to stab i­
l ize the veh icle. I n this case, adapt ive cr uise
control switches off automat ica lly .
ill ACC off: manual control!
This message a ppears if t he vehicle ro lls back
whe n start ing on a s light incline, even though
ACC is active. Press the b rake pedal to prevent
the vehicle from rolling or starting to move.
IIJ,

110 Autom atic tr an smi ssion
-Never select R or P while driving, because
this increases the risk of an accident.
- Power is still transmitted to the whee ls
when the eng ine is running at idle. To
prevent the vehicle from "creeping", you
must keep your foot on the brake in all
selector lever positions (except P) when
the engine is runn ing. Otherwise, th is in­
creases the risk of an accident.
- Do not inadvertently press the accelera­
tor pedal when the vehicle is stopped if a
gea r is engaged. Otherwise the vehicle
will star t to move immediately, even if
the parking bra ke is set . This could result
in a crash .
- Do not press the accelerator pedal when
changing the selector lever position
whi le the vehicle is stationary and the
engine is running.
- Never leave your vehicle with the engine
running whi le in gear . If you must leave
yo ur vehicle when the engine is running,
set the park ing brake and move these ­
lector lever to the P position.
- Before opening the hood and working on
a running engine, select the P position
with the se lector lever and set the park­
ing brake. Always read and follow the ap­
plicable warnings
~ page 217, Working
in the engine compartment.
Q) Note
Never let the veh icle roll downhill with en­
gine off and the selector lever in the N po­
sition, because this cou ld damage the au­
tomatic transmission and cata lytic con­
verter.
@ Tips
- Audi drive select : Sporty shift ing cha rac­
terist ics can be se lected using th e
dy·
nam ic driving mode. Swill appear in the
i nstrument cl uste r display i nstead of D.
- If you accidenta lly sele ct N while driv ing,
take your foot off the acce le rator pedal
i mmedia tely and wait for the engine to
s low down to idle be fore se lecting Dor S . -
If there is a power failure, the selector
lever wi ll not move out of the P position.
The emergency re lease can be used i f
this happens
¢ page 116.
Selector lever lock '
Applies to vehicles: wi th S t ronic tra nsmi ssio n
The selector lever lock prevents you from se­
lecting a gear occidentally, causing the vehi­
cle to roll.
Fig . 97 Selecto r lever lock
To release the selector lever lock:
.. Switch on the ignition .
8 0 :,l. CX) .,
.. Press the brake pedal while pressing the in-
terlock button .
Automat ic shift loc k (AS L)
The selector lever is locked in the P and N po­
sitions when the ign ition is switched on. You
must press the brake pedal to select another
position. You must also press the interlock
button if you a re mov ing from the P position .
T he following message appears in the display
when the selector lever is in the P or N pos i­
t ion to remind the drive r:
When stationar y apply footbrake while se­
l e cting gear
The automatic shift lock only functions when
the vehicle is stationary or at speeds be low 1
mph (2 km/h) . At higher speeds, the lock is
automat ica lly deactivated in the N pos it ion.
The selector lever is not locked when shifting
quick ly through N, for example from R to D.
T his makes it possible to free the vehicle when
it is stuck by "rocking" it. The se lector lever
lock engages if the lever stays in the N

....,
N
ci > co
rl I.O
"' ....,
"' rl
position longer than approximately 2 seconds
when the brake pedal is not pressed.
Interlock button
The interlock button in the selector lever han­
dle prevents you from moving the selector
l eve r inadvertently while in some selecto r lev­
er positions. The positions that require the in­
terlock button to be pressed are marked in
color in the illustration
c::;, fig. 97.
Ignition key safety interlock*
You can only remove the key from the ignition
after switching the ignition off if the se lector
lever is in the P position. The selector lever
will be locked in the P position as long as the
key is not in the ignition .
A WARNING
Read and following all WARNINGS. c::;, &. in
Selector lever positions on page 109.
{D) Tips
- If the selector lever does not engage,
there is a malfunction. The engine is dis­
abled to prevent the vehicle from driving
off unintentionally . Press the brake pedal
briefly to allow the selector lever lock to
engage again.
- If the vehicle does not move forward or
i n reverse even though a drive position is
se lected, proceed as follows:
- > If the veh icle does not move in the de­
sired direction, the system may not have
engaged the dr ive position correctly.
Press the brake pedal and select the
drive position again.
- >If the vehicle still does not move in the
desired direction, there is a system mal­
function. See an authorized Aud i dea ler
or authorized Audi Service Facility for as ­
sistance to have the system checked.
Autom atic transm ission 111
Driving tips
Applies to veh icles: w it h S tronic transm iss ion
T he transmission shifts up and down auto­
matically when in the driving gears.
Fig. 98 Section of the center co nsole: Selector lever
w ith interlock b utto n
The engine will only be able start when these­
lector lever is in the P or N positions. At low
temperatures (below 14 °F (-10 °C)), the en ­
gine can only be started when the selector
lever is in the P position.
Starting from a stop
.,. Press and hold the brake pedal.
.,. Press and hold the interlock button in the
selector lever handle, select the desired se ­
lector lever position such as D
c::;, page 109
and re lease the lock button.
.,. Wait a moment until the transmission
shifts . Yo u will notice a slight movement
when the gear engages.
... Release the brake peda l and press the accel ­
erator pedal
c::;, .&_ .
Stopping temporarily
.,. Keep the vehicle stationary using the brak­
ing pedal, for example at traffic lights.
.,. Do not press the accelerator peda l when do­
ing this.
.,. To prevent the vehicle from ro lling when you
start driving, set the parking brake when
stopping on steep inclines
c::;, .&_ .
.,. The parking brake will release automat ically
and the vehicle will start moving once you
press the acce lerator pedal. Requ irement:
The driver's safety belt must fastened and
the driver's door must be closed.
IJll,,

112 Automatic tran smi ssio n
Stopp ing /p ark ing
If the selector lever is not in the P position
when you open the driver's door, the vehicle
could ro ll. In vehicles with a convenience key*,
the following message appears:
Sh ift to P,
othe rwise veh icle c an roll a way. Door s do not
lock if le ver is not in P.
You will also hear a
warn ing tone.
"' Press and ho ld the brake pedal¢.&_ .
"' Set the parking brake.
"'Se lect the P selector lever pos ition.
St opp ing on an incline
• Always press the brake pedal to hold the ve ­
hicle in p lace and prevent it from "rolling
back"
¢ .&_ . Do n ot try to prevent the vehi­
cle from "roll ing back" when a gear is en­
gaged by increasing the eng ine speed
¢ (D.
Starting on an inclin e in vehicl es w it h out
Hill Hold *
"'Set the parking brake.
"' With the driving gear selected, press the ac­
celerator pedal carefully . The parking brake
will release automat ically if your safety belt
is fastened.
St arting on an incline i n vehicle s with Hill
Hold*
"' With the driving gear selected, remove your
foot from the brake pedal and press the ac­ cele rato r pedal ¢
page 82, Hill hold.
Under certain circumstances, (such as driving
in the mountains or towing a tra iler), it may
be usefu l to sw itch temporarily to the manual
shift p rogram in order to adjust the gears to
the dr iving condit ions by hand
¢ page 114.
When parking on a level surface, simply place
the selector lever in the P pos ition. On in­
clines , activate the parking bra ke first and
then move the selector lever to the P pos it ion
¢ page 80 . This prevents the locking mecha­
nism from being loaded too heavi ly and will
make it easier to move the selector lever out
of the P position.
A WARNING
- The vehicle can roll even when the en­
g ine is switched off.
- Unintended vehicle movement can lead
to serious injuries .
- Never leave your vehicle with the engine running while in gear. If you must leave
your veh icle when the engine is running,
set the parking brake and move these­
lector lever to the P position .
- Power is still transferred to the wheels
when the engine is runn ing at idle. To
prevent the vehicle from "c reeping", you
must keep you r foot on the brake when
the engine is running and the selector lever is in the D, Sor R position or "tip­
tronic" mode is selected . -
-Do not inadvertently press the accelera­
tor peda l when the vehicle is stationary.
Otherwise the vehicle wi ll start to move
immediate ly, even if the parking brake is
set. Th is could result in a crash.
- Do not press the accelerator pedal when
changing the se lector lever position
while the veh icle is stationary and the
engine is running.
- Never engage the R or P selector level positions while dr iv ing. It could cause a
crash .
- Before driving down a steep slope, re­
duce your speed and shift into a lower
gear with "tiptronic" .
- Do not ride the brakes or press the brake
pedal too often or too long when driving
downhill . Constant braking causes the
brakes to overheat and substantially re­
duces braking pe rformance, increases
b rak ing distan ce or causes complete fa il­
ure of the brake system.
- I f you must stop on an in cl ine, always
hold the vehicle i n place with the foot
brake or park ing brake to p revent it from
rolling back .
- Never hold the vehicle on an incline with
a slipping clutch . The clutch opens auto ­
matica lly when it becomes too hot from

M N
0 > co ,...., \!) 1.1'1
M 1.1'1 ,....,
the overload. The ml indicator light
turns on and a message appears
Q page 115 when the clutch is overload­
ed .
-If the engine must run while you are
working in the eng ine compartment with
the hood open, make sure a gear is not engaged . T he selecto r leve r must be
firmly in the P pos ition and locked in
pla ce and t he pa rking brake must be set
Qpage217. Otherwise, the veh icle
cou ld beg in moving when the eng ine
speed is high, even with the parking
brake set.
W Note
- When stopping on an incline, do not try
to ho ld the vehicle in place by pressing
the accelerator peda l w hile a dr iving gear
i s selected. This can cause the automatic
transmission to overheat and can dam­
age it. Set the parking b rake or press the
brake pedal to p revent the veh icle from
ro lling .
- Allow ing the ve hicle to roll when the en­
gine is stopped and the selector lever is
i n the N position will damage the auto­
matic transmission beca use it is not lu­
b ricated unde r tho se c ircumstances.
- The t ransm ission can overheat and be
damaged under certa in d riving and traf­
fi c condition s suc h as frequent s tarts ,
creeping for a long time , or s top-and-go
traff ic. W hen the
ml or . indicator
light turns on, stop the vehicle at the
next oppo rtunity and let the t ransmis ­
s ion coo l
Qpage 115.
-Allow ing the ve hicle to roll when the en­
gine is stopped w ill damage the S tron ic
transmission because it is not lubricated
Q page 282 , Emergency towing with
commercial tow truck .
@ Tips
For safety reasons, the park ing brake re­
leases automatically only when the driver's
door is closed and dr iver 's safety belt is
fastened.
Automa tic tran sm iss ion 113
Hill descent control
App lies to vehicles : wi th 5 tronic tra nsmi ssio n
Hill descent control assists the driver when
driving down hills .
Hill descent control is activated when these­
l ector lever is in the D or S position and you
press the brake peda l. The transmission auto ­
matically selects a gear that is suitable for the
i ncl ine. Hill descent cont ro l t ries to ma inta in
t h e speed ac hieved a t the t ime of b raking,
within physic al and tec hnical lim it a tions. If
may sti ll be ne cessa ry to adju st the speed
with t he b rakes . Because hi ll descent control
cannot sh ift down farthe r than 3rd gear, it
may be necessary to sh ift into t iptronic mode
in very steep areas. In this case, shift into 1st
o r 2nd gear in tiptro nic mode to use the en­
gine's brak ing force to relieve the brakes .
Hill descent control switches off once the hi ll
levels out or you press the accelerator pedal.
On vehicles with a cruise contro l system*
Q page 83, hill descent control is also activat ­
ed when the speed is set .
A WARNING
-
Hill descent control cannot overcome
physical lim itations, so it may not be ab le
to maintain a co nsta nt speed unde r all
conditions . A lways be ready to apply the
b rakes .
•

M N
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M ..,., ,....,
Selector lever emergency release
"'Press and hold the yellow release button
with the screwdr iver
¢ fig. 102.
"' Press the release button in the selector lever
@ and move the lever into the N position.
"' Clip the shift cover back into the shift gate
after using the emergency release.
If the ve hicle must be pushed or towed due to
a power failure (for example, the battery is
dead), the selector lever must f irst be moved
to the N position using the emergency release
mechanism.
A WARNING
Only move the selector lever out of the P
position when the parking brake is set. If
that does not work, secure the vehicle with
the brake pedal. Otherwise, the vehicle
could start to move unintentiona lly when
the selector lever is moved out of the P po­
sition .
Automatic transmission 11 7
•

204 Trailer towing
different weight distribution. Safety, perform ­
ance and economy wi ll greatly depend on how
carefu lly you load your trailer and operate
your rig.
Before you actually tow your trailer, practice
turning, stopping and backing up in a n area
away from traffic. Keep practicing until you
have become comp letely fam iliar with the way
your veh icle-trailer comb ination behaves and
responds.
Backing up is d iff icult and requires practice.
Backing up with a tra iler genera lly requires
steering action opposite to that when back ing
up your veh icle without a trailer.
Maintain a greater distance between your ve­
h icle and the one in front of you. You will need
more room to stop. To compensate for the
trailer, you will need a larger than normal
turning radius.
When passing, remember that yo u cannot ac ­
celerate as fast as you normally would be­
cause of the added load. Make sure you have
enough room to pass. After passing, allow
p lenty of room for your tra iler before chang­
ing lanes aga in.
Avoid jerky starts, sharp turns or rapid lane
changes.
(D Tips
- Do not tow a tra iler dur ing the break-in
period of you r vehicle.
- If you tow a trailer, your Audi may re­
quire more frequent maintenance due to
the ext ra load
¢ page 289.
Parking on a slope
Do not park on a slope with a trailer. If it can­
not be avoided, do so only after doing the fol­
lowing:
Wh en park ing:
.. Apply the foot brake .
.. Have someone place chocks under both the
vehicle and the trailer wheels. ..
With chocks in place, slowly release the
brakes unti l the whee l chocks absorb the
load.
.. Turn the whee ls towards the curb.
.. App ly the parking brake.
.. Select the P selector lever posit ion.
When re starting afte r park ing :
.. App ly the foot brake.
.. Start the engine.
.. Select the D/S se lector lever position.
.. Release the parking brake and s lowly pull
out and away from the wheel chocks .
.. Stop and have someone retr ieve the wheel
chocks .
@ Tips
If you move the selector leve r of the auto­
matic transmission to P befo re applying
the pa rking brake and before bloc king the
whee ls, you may h ave to use more force
la ter to move the lever out of the P posi­
tion .

M N
0 > co ,...., \!) 1.1"1
M 1.1"1 ,....,
~ If there was no Ad Blue left in the tank and a
range of
O mi (0 km) was displayed in the
instrument cluster, switch the ignition on
for about 15 seconds before starting the en­ gine.
_& WARNING
Ad Blue can irritate the skin, eyes and res­piratory system. If there is contact with
the fluid, flush immediately with plenty of
water. Consult a physician if necessary.
(D Note
- Only use Ad Blue that conforms to the standard ISO 22241-1. Do not mix any
additives with the Ad Blue and do not di­lute it with water .
- Do not add Ad Blue to the diesel tank or
add diesel fuel to the Ad Blue tank. Mix­
ing can lead to damage to the engine
and the Ad Blue tank system. Warranty
does not cover damage caused by this.
- AdBlue attacks surfaces such as painted
vehicle components, plastic and carpet.
Remove the fluid as quickly as possible
with a damp cloth and plenty of cold wa­
ter. If the Ad Blue has already crystal­ lized, use warm water and a sponge .
AdBlue residue that is not removed will
crystallize and can damage the affected
surface .
- Do not store the refill bottle in the vehi­ cle. If it leaks, the escaping Ad Blue could
damage the vehicle interior.
- Do not allow AdBlue to come into con­
tact with clothing . If there is contact
with the fluid, flush immediately with
plenty of water.
@ Tips
- You can obtain refill bottles from an au­
thorized Audi dealer or authorized Audi
Service Facility.
- Follow the AdBlue manufacturer's in­
structions for use and storage.
Checking and Filling 217
Hood
Working in the engine compartment
Special care is required if you are working in
the engine compartment
For work in the engine compartment such as
checking and filling fluids, there is a risk of
injury, scalding, accidents, and burns. For
this reason, follow all the following listed
warnings and general safety precautions.
The engine compartment is a dangerous
area.
c::> .&. .
_8 WARNING
To reduce the risk of injuries, complete the
following steps before opening the hood:
- Turn the engine off.
- Switch the ignition off.
- Set the parking brake.
- Place the selector lever in the P position.
- Let the engine cool down.
- Never open the hood when you see that
steam or coolant drips from the engine
compartment- there is a danger of burns! Wait until no steam or coolant
flows out .
- Keep children away from the engine com­
partment.
- Never spill fluids on a hot engine . These
fluids (such as the freeze protection con­
tained in the coolant) can catch fire .
- Avoid short circuits in the electrical sys­
tem, especially the battery .
- When working in the engine compart­
ment, remember that the radiator fan
can switch on even if the ignition is
switched off, which increases the risk of
personal injury.
- Never open the cap on the coolant ex­
pansion tank when the engine is warm.
The cooling system is under pressure.
- To protect your face, hands, and arms
from hot steam or coolant, cover the cap
with a large cloth when opening.
II>-
•
•
•

218 Check ing and F illin g
- Do not remove the engine cover under
any circumstances. Th is increases the
risk of burns.
- If tests need to be performed with the
engine running, there is additional dan­
ger due to moving components (such as
the ribbed belt, generator and radiator
fan) and from the high voltage ign ition
system .
- Never reach into the rad iator fan . The
electric auxiliary fan is controlled by
tempe ratu re and can sw itch on suddenly.
- Pay attention to the following warn ings
listed wh en work on the fue l system or
on the electrical equipment is required.
- Always disconnect the vehicle battery
from the vehicle electrical system
- Do not smoke
- Never work near open flames
- Always have a working fire extinguisher
nearby
- To reduce the r isk of electric sho ck a nd
injury, never touch the following compo­
nents when the engine is running or is
being started:
- Ignition cable
- Other components in the electronic
h igh voltage ignition system
- If you must check or perform work on
the engine while it is running:
- Set the parking brake and place these­
lector lever in the P (park) posit ion
first.
- Always proceed with ext reme caut ion
so that clothing, jewelry or long hair do not become ca ugh t in the radiator fan,
fan belt o r other moving components
or do not come into contact with hot
components . Tie back long hair before
beginning work and do not wear cloth­
ing that can hang down into the en­
g ine.
- Limit your exposure to exhaust and
chemica ls to as short a time as poss ible
~ .&. -
A WARNING
Ca lifornia Proposition 6S Warning:
- Engine exhaust, some of its constituents,
and certain vehicle components contain
or emit chemicals known to the State of
California to cause cancer and birth de­
fects and reproductive harm. In addition,
certa in flu ids contained i n veh icles and
certain products o f componen t wear con­
tain or emit chemic als known to t he
State of California to ca use cancer and
birth defects or other reproductive ha rm .
- Battery posts, terminals and related ac­
cessories contain lead and lead com­
pounds, chemicals known to the State of
California to cause cancer and reproduc­
tive harms. Wash hands after handling.
(D Note
When filling fluids, be sure not to mix the
fl ui ds up . Otherwise severe ma lf u nctions
and engine damage w ill occur.
@ For the sake of the environment
You sho uld reg ularly chec k the ground un­
der your vehicle in order to detect leaks
quick ly. If there are visib le spots from oil
or other fluids, br ing your vehicle to an au­
thorized Audi dealer or qua lified repair fa­
cility to be checked .