wheel AUDI S4 2015 User Guide
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2015, Model line: S4, Model: AUDI S4 2015Pages: 304, PDF Size: 74.86 MB
Page 98 of 304

96 Transmission Starting the engine
.. The selecto r lever must be in P or N.
Starting off
.. Press and hold the brake pedal.
.. Press and hold the release button in these
lector lever handle, se lect t he des ired selec
tor lever position such as D/S and release
the button .
.. Wait briefly unti l the transmission has shift
ed (you will feel a slight movement) .
.. Remove your foot from the brake pedal and
acce lerate.
Stopping temporarily
.. Keep the vehicle stationary usin g the brak
ing peda l, for examp le at traffic lights .
.. Do not press the accelerator pedal when do
ing this .
.. To prevent the veh icle from rolling when you
start driving, set the parking brake when
stopping on steep inclines
c> _& .
.. The parking brake will release automatically
and the vehicle w ill start moving once you
press the accelerator pedal.
Stopping/parking
If the selector lever is not in the P position
when you open the dr iver's door, the vehicle
could roll. The message
Transmission: Car
may roll! Shift to park!
appears.
.. Press and hold the brake pedal until the ve-
hicle has come to a complete stop .
.. Apply the parking brake
c> page 88, Parking .
.. Select the P selector lever position c> _&.
Stopping on an incline
.. Always press the brake pedal to hold the ve
hicle in place and prevent it from "rolling
back"
c> _& . Do not try to prevent the vehi
cle from "roll ing back" when a gear is en
gaged by increasing the eng ine speed
c> (D.
Starting on an incline
.. Activate the parking brake.
.. With the driving gear se lected, press the ac
celerator pedal carefully. The park ing brake will release automatically if your seat
belt is
fastened .
Under certain circumstances, such as driving
in the mo untains, it may be usefu l to switch
temporarily to the manual shift program in or
der to adjust the gears to the driving cond i
tions by hand
c> page 98.
On slopes, activate the parking brake first and
then move the selector lever to the P position .
This prevents too much stress from being
placed on the locking mechanism .
Vehicles with multitronic transmission: Your
vehicle is equipped with
hill hold assist allow
ing you to start while on an incline. The sys
tem is activated when the brake pedal is
pressed down and he ld
for a few seconds . The
brake pressure will hold for
a moment after
the brake pedal loosens to prevent the vehicle
from roll ing backwards wh ile starting up .
A WARNING
-The vehicle can also roll when the engine
is stopped.
- Unintended vehicle movement can cause
serious injury.
- Never leave your vehicle with the engine
r un ning while in gear. If you must leave
your veh icle when the engine is running,
activate the parking brake and move the
selecto r lever to P.
- Power is still transmitted to the wheels
when the engine is running at idle. To
prevent the vehicle from "creeping", you
must keep your foot on the brake when
the engine is running and the selector
lever is in D/S or R or "tiptronic" mode is
selected .
- Do not press the accelerator pedal when changing the selector lever position
while the veh icle is stationary and the
engine is running.
- Never shift into R or P while driving.
- Before driving down a steep s lope, re-
duce your speed and shift into a lower
gear with "tiptronic".
Page 101 of 304

"' N
0 ::.,: co ,...., \!) ..,.,
,...., ..,., ,....,
A WARNING 1=
Please note that the drive wheels can spin
if kick-down is used on a smooth slippery
road - there is a risk of skidding.
Launch Control Program
App lies to vehicles: with S tronic
The Launch Control Program provides the
best acceleration possible when starting from
a stop .
Requirement : The engine must be at operat
ing temperature and the steering wheel must
not be turned .
~ Sedan: Press the l.e OFFI button ¢ page 187
while the engine is running . The II indica
tor light illuminates in the instrument clus
ter and
Stabilization cont ro l ( ES C): S port .
Warning! R estrict ed s tabilit y
appears in the
driver information system display.
~ all road: Press the l.e O FF I but to n
¢
page 187 while the engine is running.
T he
II indicator light illuminates in the in
strument cluster and
Stabilization control
( ES C): Off ro ad. W arning! Restri cted stabil
it y
appears in the driver information system
display.
~ Move the selector lever to the D/S pos ition
to select sport mode (S) or select the
dy
namic
driving mode in drive select*
¢ page 116.
~ Press the bra ke peda l st rongly wit h your left
foot and hold it dow n for at least 1 second.
~ At the same time, press the accelerator ped
al down complete ly with your right foot un
ti l the engine reaches and maintains a high
RPM .
~ Remove your foot from the brake pedal
within S seconds¢.& .
A WARNING
-Always adapt your driving to the traffic
flow .
- Only use the Launch Control Program when road and traffic condit ions allow it
and other dr ivers will not be endangered
-
Tran sm iss ion 99
or annoyed by your driving and the vehi
cle's acceleration.
- Please note that the driving wheels can
spin and the vehicle can break away
when sport mode/offroad mode is
sw itched on, especially when the road is
slippery.
- Once you have accelerated, you shou ld
sw itch sport mode/offroad mode off by
press ing the
I~ O FFI button .
(l) Tips
- The transmission temperature may in
crease s ignificantly after using the
Launch Control Program. If that hap-
pens, the program may not be availab le
for a few m inutes .
It will be ava ilable
again after a cool-down per iod.
- When accelerating using the Launch
Cont ro l program, a ll vehicle parts are
subjec t to heavy loads. This can result in
increase d wear.
Transmission malfunction
Applies to vehicles: with multitronic/S tronic/tiptronic
[il Transmission : Pre ss brake pedal and se
lect gear again.
Press the br ake peda l and select the desired
selector lever posi tion again. You ca n then
continue driving .
[il Transmi ssion overh eating : Pl ea se drive
con servatively .
The transm iss ion temperature has increased
s ignificantly due to the sporty d riving manner.
D rive in a less sporty ma nner until the tem
perature re turns to the normal range and the
i ndica tor ligh t switches o f.
[O] Transmission malfunction : You can con
tinu e driving
There is a system malfunction i n the transmis
s io n. You may cont inue d rivi ng . Drive to your
authorized Aud i dea le r or qualified repa ir fa
c ili ty soon to have the ma lfunction corrected. ..,.
Page 114 of 304

112 Audi side assist
General information
App lies to vehicles: with Audi side assist
®
©
Fig. 126 Driving s it u at ions
AU Dr- l
• •
Fig . 12 7 Rea r of th e ve hicle: pos it io n of t he se nso rs
Side assis t fu nctions at speeds above ap prox i
ma tely 19 mph (30 km/h).
@ V ehicles that are approaching
In certain cases, a vehicle will be classified as
cr itical for a lane change
even if it is still
somewhat far away. The fas ter a vehicle ap
p ro aches, the sooner the disp lay in the exteri
or m irror will t urn on.
@ Vehicles traveling with you
Vehicles traveling w ith you are indicated in the
exterior m irror if they are classified as cr it ical
for a lane change. All vehicles detec ted by
side assis t are in dicated by the time they en
ter your "blind spot", at the latest.
© Vehicles left behind
If you s low ly pass a ve hicl e tha t sid e ass ist has
dete cted ( the difference in s peed between the
vehicle and you r vehicle is less than 9 mph
(15 km/h)), the display in the exter io r mirro r
turns on as soon as the vehicle enters your blind spot.
The disp lay wi ll not t urn on if you quickly pass
a vehicle that s ide assist has detected (t he d if
f erence in speed between the ve hicle and your
vehicle is greater than 9 mph (15 km/h)).
Functional limitations
T he radar senso rs are des igned to detect the
left and right adjacent lanes whe n the road
l anes a re the normal width. In certain situa
t ions, the d isp lay in the exterior mirror may
turn on
even though there is no ve hicle locat
ed in the area that is cr itical fo r a lane cha nge.
For example:
- if the lanes are narrow or if your are driving on the edge of your lane. If this is the case,
the system may have detected the vehicle in
another la ne that is
not adjacent to your
cur rent lane .
- if you a re driving through a c urve . Side assis t
may react to a vehicle that is one lane ove r
from the ad jacent lane .
- if side assist reacts to other objects (such as
high or d isp laced gua rd rails) .
- In poor weather conditions. The side assist fu nctions are limited .
Do not
cover the radar sensors c:;, fig. 127 with
stickers, depos its, bicycle wheels or other ob
jects , because this will affect the funct ion. Do
not use s ide ass ist when tow ing a trail er. For
information on cleaning, refe r to
c:;, page 202 .
&_ WARNING
-Always pay a tten tion t o traffic and to the
ar ea around your ve hicl e. Side a ssist can
no t repla ce a driver's attention. The driv
er a lone is always respons ible fo r lane
cha nges a nd similar driving mane uvers.
Page 116 of 304

114 Audi side assist
- Side assist is not active wh ile you are
making the adjus tment.
- Your settings are automatica lly sto red
and ass igned to the remote control key
being used.
Driver messages
App lies to vehicles: with Audi side assist
If s ide ass ist switches off by itse lf, t he LED in
the butto n tur ns off a nd a message will ap
pear in t he instr ume nt cl uster d is p lay:
Audi side assist unavailable : Sensors blocked
T he radar sensors' vision is a ffected. Do not
cover the area in front of the senso rs with bike
wheels, stickers, dirt or other objects . Clean
the area in front of the sensors, if necessary
c::;,page 112, fig. 127.
Audi side assist : Currently unavailable
Side assist can not be swi tched on tempora ril y
bec ause there is a mal func tio n (for ex am ple,
the ba ttery cha rge leve l may be too low) .
Audi side assist : System fault!
The system ca nnot guara ntee that it w ill de
tec t ve hicles co rrec tly and it is sw itched off .
Th e senso rs have been displaced o r are faulty .
H ave the sys tem che cked by an au thor ized
Au di d eale r or auth oriz e d Au di S ervice Fa cility
soon .
Audi side assist : Unavailable when towing
Side assist sw itches off automatically when a
factory- insta lled trailer hitch is connected to
the elec trical connector on the trailer . There is
no guarantee the system will switc h off when
usi ng a retrofitted t railer hi tch . Do not use
si de assis t when towing a tra iler .
Page 124 of 304

122 Park ass is t
Sw it c hing off
.,. Drive faster than 9 mph (15 km/h), or
.,. take the vehicle out of reverse gear. The
acoustic parking system is immediately de
activated, and the rear view camera picture
is deactivated automatically after a per iod
of about 15 seconds, or
.,. switch off the ignition.
The delay in deactivating the camera provides an uninterrupted view behind the vehicle es
pec ially when maneuvering in tight parking
spaces and prevents the picture from turning
off the every time you sh ift out of reverse .
If the warning message appears in the display but not the rear view camera picture, read and
confirm the warning message. The acoustic
d istance signal is always active .
If you press a function button on the MMI
control console, the rear view camera picture
d isappears. The rear view camera picture reap
pears the next time you park.
Further information on the warn ing message
and the MMI control console can be found in
the MMI instruction booklet .
A WARNING
-Only use the rearview camera to assist
you if it shows a good, clea r picture. For
example, the image may be affected by
the sun sh in ing into the lens, dir t on the
lens or if there is a defect .
- Use the rearview camera only with the
rear lid completely closed. Make sure any
objects you may have mounted on the
rear lid do not block the rearview cam
era .
(D Tips
-The rear v iew camera picture is ava ila b le
as soon as the MM I Display or the MM I is
switched on, or the start-up phase is
completed.
- The sensors must be kept clean and free
of snow and ice for the park assist to op
erate. -
Yo u can change the vo lume and pitch of
the s ignals as we ll as the disp lay
¢ page 124 .
-What appea rs in the disp lay is time-de
layed.
· Reverse Parking
Applies to vehicles: with parking system (rear, with rear
v iew camera}
Parking mode 1 can be used when parking in
a garage or parking space.
F ig . 1 35 MMI Disp lay : A im ing a t a park ing spo t
Fig. 136 MMr Disp lay : A lig nin g the ve hicle
.,. Switch the MMI on and select the reverse
gea r.
.,. Turn the stee ring wheel u ntil the ora nge ori
entation lines(!) appea r in the pa rking spot
c:> fig . 135. Use the markings @to help you
estimate the distance from an obstacle.
E ach marking corresponds to 3 ft (1 m). The
blue area represents an extens ion of the ve
hicle's outline by approximately 16 ft (5 m)
to the rear.
.,. Wh ile driving in reverse gear, adjust the
steer ing whee l angle to fit the parking spac e
w ith the aid of the orange or ien tat ion lines
c:> (D .@ marks the rear b umpe r. You should
stop driving in reve rse as soon as and no .,.
Page 125 of 304

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later than when the red orientation line©
abuts an object¢,&.!
A WARNING
- The rear view camera does not show the
entire area behind the vehicle
¢
page 120, fig. 133. Watch out espe
c ially for small children and animals. The
rear view camera cannot always detect
them, posing risk of an accident!
- Please note that objects not touch ing the
ground can appear to be further away
than they really are (for example, the
bumper of a parked vehicle, a trailer
hitch, or the rear of a truck). In this case,
yo u should not use the help lines to he lp
with parking, which poses danger of an
accident!
{[) Note
-Low obstacles already signaled by a
warning can disappear from the system's
detection range as they are approached
and will not continue to be signaled. Ob
j ects such as barrier chains, trailer draw
bars, thin pa inted vertical poles or fen
ces may not be detected by the system, posing risk of damage.
- In the MMI display, the direction of trav
el of the vehicle rear is represented de
pending on the steering wheel angle.
The vehicle front swings out more than
the vehicle rear. Maintain plenty of dis
tance from an obstacle so that your out
s ide mirror or a corner of your vehicle
does not collide with any obstacles -dan
ger of accident!
Park assist 123
Parallel Parking
Applies to vehicles: with parking system (rear, with rear
v iew camera)
Use parking mode 2 to help you park on the
edge of a street.
Fig. 137 MMI Display: blue surface in the parking spot
Fig. 138 MMI Display: Blue curve on the curb
The following steps apply only when there is
no obstacle (such as a wall) near the parking
spot. Otherwise, please read the "Tips on Parking Next to Obstacles"¢
page 124.
.,.. Activate the t urn signa l.
.,.. Position your vehicle parallel to the edge of
the street, approximately 3
ft (1 m) from a
parked vehicle.
.,.. Switch the MMI on and select the reverse
gear. The parking aid turns on and parking
mode 1 appears on the display .
.,.. Press the
Mode ¢ fig. 13 7 (!) control button
on the MMI contro l conso le. Parking mode 2
appears .
.,.. Back up in reverse gear and align your vehi
cle so that the blue area @borders on the
rear end of the vehicle or on the parking
spot line. The blue area represents an exten
sion of the vehicle's outline by approximate-
ly 16
ft (5 m) to the rear. The long side of liJJ,
Page 126 of 304

124 Park assis t
the b lue area should be on the curb. The en
ti re b lue area must fit into the parking spot.
• While the vehicle is stationary, turn the
steering wheel to the right as far as it will
go.
• Back into the park ing spot . Stop the vehicle
as soon as the blue curve touches the curb
¢ fig . 138.
• While the vehicle is stationa ry, turn the
steering wheel to t he left as far as i t wi ll go.
• Conti nue to bac k up into the park ing spot
unti l the vehicle is pa rked parallel to the
c ur b.® marks the rear bumper . You sho uld
stop dr iving in reverse as soon as and no lat
er than when the red orientation line@
abuts an object¢,&! Keep an eye on the
front of your veh icle wh ile doing this
c> (D .
Pa rking ne xt to obstacle s
When there is an obstacle (such as a wall)
next to the parking spot, choose a spot w ith
more space on the sides. Pos ition the long
side of the blue area so that there is sufficient
space from the curb . T he area must not be on
the curb . Yo u will also need to start turn ing
the steer ing whee l much ear lie r. T he re s hou ld
be a suff ic ient amoun t of sp ace between the
curb and the b lue curve, and the blue c urve
¢
fig . 138 must not touch the curb .
8_ WARNING
-The rea r view came ra does not show the
entire area beh ind the veh icle
¢
page 120, fig. 133. Watch o ut espe
cially for small children and an imals. The
rear view camera cannot a lways detect
them, pos ing risk of a n accide nt!
- Please note that objects not touch ing the
ground can appear to be further away
than they really are (for examp le, the
bumper of a pa rked vehicle, a t railer
hit ch, or the rear of a t ru ck ). In this case,
yo u shoul d no t use the help li nes to he lp
with par king, which poses danger of an
acc ident!
(D Note
In the M MI dis p lay, the direction of travel
of the vehicle rear is represented depend
i ng on the steering wheel angle . The vehi
cle front swings out more than the vehicle
rear. Mainta in plenty of dista nce from an
obstacle so that your outs ide mir ro r or a
corner of you r vehicle does not coll ide with
any obstacles - dange r of accide nt!
(D Tips
The left o r right orie ntation lines and su r
faces will be disp layed, depending on t he
t u rn s ignal being used .
Adjusting the display and warning tones
Applies to vehicles: with parking system (rear, with rear
view camera)
The display and warning tones are adjus ted in
the radio or MMI*.
.. Select: !CAR I function button> Parking sys
tem .
Or
--.. Select: !C AR I func tion but ton> Car systems "
control butto n> Driver assist > Parking aid .
Di splay
- Off -when the parking system is switched
on, on ly aud ib le signals are given .
-On -when the par king system is switched
on, the picture from the rear view camera is
disp layed.
Warning tones
- Rear volum e -
rear sensor vo lume
- Rear frequency -rear senso r frequency
- Music volume whil e parking -when the
parking system is sw itched on, the volume
of the active audio sour ce is lowered.
The newly ad justed value is briefly heard from
the sig nal generato r. The sett ings are auto
matically stored and assigned to the remote
control key. ..,
Page 129 of 304

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.. Sit properly in your seat and make sure that
your passengers do the same
¢ page 60,
Seats and storage.
.. Fasten your safety belt and wear it properly.
Also instruct your passengers to fasten their
safety belts properly¢
page 136 .
What impairs driving safety?
Safe driving is directly related to the condi
tion of the vehicle , the driver as well as the
driver's ability to concentrate on the road
without being distracted .
The driver is responsible for the safety of the
vehicle and all of its occupants. If your ability
to drive is impaired, safety r isks for everybody
in the vehicle increase and you a lso become a
hazard to everyone else on the road
~ .&_.
Therefo re:
.. Do not let yourself be distracted by passen
gers or by using a cellular telephone .
.. NEV ER dr ive when your driving ability is im
paired (by medicat ions, alcohol, drugs, etc.).
.. Observe all traffic laws, rules of the road
and speed limits and plain common sense .
.. ALWAYS adjust your speed to road, traffic
and weather conditions .
.,. Take frequent breaks on long trips. Do not
drive for more than two hours at a stretch.
.. Do NOT drive when you are t ired, under
pressure or when you are stressed .
& WARNING
Impaired driving safety increases the risk
of serious personal injury and death when
ever a veh icle is being used.
Driving Safely 12 7
Proper occupant
seating positions
Proper seating position for the driver
The proper driver seating position is impor
tant for safe, relaxed driving.
Fig. 139 Co rrect seat ing pos ition
For your own safety and to reduce the risk of
injury in the event of an accident, we recom
mend that you adjust the driver's seat to the
following position:
.. Adjust the driver's seat so that you can easi
ly push the pedals all the way to the floor
wh ile keeping your knee(s) slightly bent
¢&_ .
.. Adjust the angle of the seatback so that it is
in an upr ight position so that your back
comes in full contact w ith it when you drive.
.. Adjust the steering wheel so that th ere is a
distance of at least 10 inches (25 cm) be
tween the steering wheel and yo ur breast
bone
~ fig. 139. If not possible, see your au
thorized Audi dealer about adaptive equip
ment.
.. Adjust the steering wheel so that the steer
ing wheel and airbag cover points at your
chest and not at your face .
.,. Grasp the top of the steer ing whee l with
your elbow(s) slightly bent .
.. App lies to veh icles with adjustable head re
straints: Ad just the head restraint so the up
per edge is as even as possible with the top
of your head. If that is not possible, try to
adjust the head restraint so that it is as
close to this posit ion as possible.
.. Fasten and wear safety belts correctly
¢ page 139 . .,._
Page 130 of 304

128 Driving Safely
• Always keep both feet in the footwell so
that you are in control of the vehicle at all
times.
For detailed information on how to adjust the
driver's seat, see
¢ page 62 .
A WARNING
Drivers who are unbelted, out of position
or too close to the airbag can be seriously
injured by an airbag as it unfolds. To help
reduce the risk of serious personal injury:
- Always adjust the driver's seat and the
steering wheel so that there are at least
10 inches (25 cm) between your breast
bone and the steering wheel.
- Always hold the steering wheel on the
outside of the steering wheel rim with
your hands at the 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock positions to help reduce the risk of per
sonal injury if the driver's airbag inflates.
- Never hold the steering wheel at the
12 o'clock position or with your hands at
other positions inside the steering wheel
rim or on the steering wheel hub. Hold
ing the steering wheel the wrong way
can cause serious injuries to the hands,
arms and head if the driver's airbag de
ploys.
- Pointing the steering wheel toward your
face decreases the ability of the supple
mental driver 's airbag to protect you in a
collision .
- Always sit in an upright position and nev
er lean against or place any part of your
body too close to the area where the air
bags are located.
- Before driving, always adjust the front
seats and head restraints properly and
make sure that all passengers are prop
erly restrained.
- Never adjust the seats while the vehicle
is moving . Your seat may move unexpect
edly and you could lose control of the ve
hicle.
- Never drive with the backrest reclined or
tilted far back! The farther the backrests
are tilted back, the greater the risk of in- jury due to incorrect positioning of the
safety belt and improper seating posi
tion.
- Children must always ride in child safety
seats ¢
page 165. Special precautions
apply when installing a child safety seat
on the front passenger seat¢
page 144 .
Proper seating position for the front
passenger
The proper front passenger seating position
is important for safe, relaxed driving .
For your own safety and to reduce the risk of
injury in the event of an accident, we recom
mend that you adjust the seat for the front
passenger to the following position :
• Move the front passenger seat back as far as
possible . There must be a minimum of
10 inches (25 cm) between the breastbone
and the instrument panel¢,&. .
• Adjust the angle of the seatback so that it is
in an upright position and your back comes
in full contact with it whenever the vehicle is
moving.
• Applies to vehicles with adjustable head re
straints: Adjust the head restraint so the up
per edge is as even as possible with the top
of your head. If tha t is not possible, try to
adjust the head restraint so that it is as
close to this position as possible.
• Keep both feet flat on the floor in front of
the front passenger seat.
• Fasten and wear safety belts correctly
¢page 139.
For detailed information on how to adjust the
front passenger's seat, see
¢ page 60.
A WARNING
-
Front seat passengers who are unbelted,
out of position or too close to the airbag
can be seriously injured or killed by the air
bag as it unfolds. To help reduce the risk of
serious personal injury:
Page 139 of 304

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Why safety belts?
Frontal collisions and the law of physics
Frontal crashes create very strong forces for
people riding in vehicles .
Fig. 143 Unbelted occupant s in a ve hicle heading for a
wall
Fig. 144 The vehicle c ras hes into the wall
The physical principles are simple. Both the
vehicle and the passengers possess energy
which varies with vehicle speed and body
weight . Engineers call this energy "kinetic en
ergy ."
The higher the speed of the vehicle and the greater the vehicle's weight, the more energy
that has to be "absorbed" in the crash .
Vehicle speed is the most significant factor . If
the speed doubles from 15 to 30 mph (25 to
50 km/h) , the energy increases 4 times!
Because the passengers of this vehicle are not
using safety belts
r::;, fig. 143, they will keep
moving at the same speed the vehicle was
moving just before the crash, until something
stops them -here, the wall
c:> fig . 144.
The same principles apply to people sitting in
a vehicle that is involved in a frontal collision .
Even at city speeds of 20 to 30 mph (30 to
50 km/h) , the forces acting on the body can Safety belts
13 7
reach one ton (2,000 lbs. or 1,000 kg) or
more . At greater speeds, these forces are
even
higher.
People who do not use safety belts are also
not attached to their vehicle. In a frontal colli
sion they will also keep moving forward at the
speed their vehicle was travelling just before
the crash. Of course, the laws of physics don't
just apply to frontal collisions, they determine what happens in all kinds of accidents and col
lisions .
What happens to occupants not wearing
safety belts?
In crashes unbelted occupants cannot stop
themselves from flying forward and being in
jured or killed. Always wear your safety belts!
Fig. 145 A driver not wear ing a safety belt is vio lently
thrown forward
Fig.
146 A rear passeng er not wearing a safety belt
w ill fly forward and strike the driver
Unbelted occupants are not able to resist the
tremendous forces of impact by holding tight
or bracing themselves . Without the benefit of
safety restraint systems, the unrestrained oc
cupant will slam violently into the steer ing
wheel, instrument panel, windshield, or what
ever else is in the way ¢ fig. 145 . This impact Ill-