warning AUDI S6 2016 Repair Manual

Driving
-The ignition will turn off if you press the
I STAR T ENGINE STOP! button during a stop
phase. The needle in the tachometer moves
into the
OFF position.
General information
Applies to veh icles: with Start-Stop-System
Th e standard Start-Stop mode con be canceled
for different system-related reasons.
Fig. 84 Instrument cluste r: En gin e stop temporarily un·
available
Engine does not switch off
Before and during each stop phase, the system
checks if certain conditions have been met. For
example, the engine will not switch
off in the fol­
lowing situations :
- The engine has not reached the minimum re­
quired temperature for Start-Stop mode.
- The interior temperature selected by the A/C
system has not been reached.
- The outside temperature is extremely high/low.
- The windshield is being defrosted®.
- The parking system* is be switched on.
- The battery charge level is too low.
- The steering wheel is turned at a sharp angle or
is moving .
- After engaging the reverse gear .
- On sharp inclines.
@j also appears in the instrument cluster dis­
play.
Engine automatically restarts
The standard Start-Stop mode will be canceled
during a stop phase in the following situations .
The engine restarts without any action by the
driver.
80
- The vehicle rolls, for example while on a slope.
- The interior temperature varies from the tem-
perature selected in the A/C system.
- The windshield is being defrosted®.
- The brake pedal is pressed several times in a
row.
- The battery charge level becomes too low.
- High power consumption.
The engine can turn
off again when the condi­
tions for Start-Stop mode are met.
Ignition is switched off automatically
To prevent the battery from draining, the igni­
tion
will switch off automatically under the fol·
lowing conditions:
- The vehicle has already been driven.
- The Start-Stop-System has stopped the engine.
- The driver's door is opened.
- The driver's safety belt is removed.
- The brake pedal is not pressed down .
- The vehicle is stationary.
In this case, the activated low beam is replaced
by the parking light. The parking lights will
switch
off after approximately 30 minutes or
when you lock the vehicle.
If the Start-Stop-System has not turned off the
engine or if you have switched the Start-Stop­
System
off manually, the ignition will not be au­
tomatically switched
off and the engine will con­
tinue to run
cc> .&. .
A WARNING
Never allow the engine to run in confined
spaces, because this increases the risk of as­
phyxiation .
(D Tips
-If you shift into the D or N position after
shifting into reverse, the vehicle must be
driven faster than 6 mph (10 km/h) in order
for the engine to switch off again .

..... N
0 CJ ' M I.Cl ......
Switching the Start-Stop-System on/off
manually
Applies to vehicles: with Start-Stop-System
If you do not wish to use the system, you can
switch it off manually .
Fig. 85 Center co nso le: Start -S top -Syste m but ton
.. To switch the Start -Stop-System off/on man­
ually, press the
l(A)••I button. The L ED in the but­
ton turns on when the system is sw itched off.
@ Tips
I f you switch the system off during a stop
phase, the engine will start again automati­
cally.
Messages in the instrument cluster display
Applies to vehicles: with Start-Stop-Sys tem
Start-stop system deactivated: Please restart
engine manually
This message appea rs when specifi c condi tions
are not met dur ing a stop phase and t he S tart­
S top -Sy stem w ill
not be able to resta rt the en­
gine. The engine must be sta rted with the
I START ENGINE ST OPI button.
Start-stop system : System fault! Currently
unavailable
There is a mal function in the Start -Stop -System .
Drive the ve hicl e to an authorized repa ir facility
for servicing as soon as possible to correct the malfunct ion .
D rivi ng
Speed warning system
Introduction
The speed warning system helps you to stay un­
der a specified maximum speed.
The speed warn ing system warns you if you are
exceed ing the maximum speed that you have set.
You will hear a warn ing tone when your speed ex­
ceeds the s tored value by approx imately 3 mph
(3 km/h) . An indicator light . (USA models)/ .
(Canada models) in the instrume nt cl uste r d is­
play a lso tu rns on at t he same time. The indicator
lig ht •• tur ns off when the speed decreases
below the stored maximum speed.
Setting a th reshold is recommended if yo u wo uld
lik e to be rem inded whe n you reach a cer tain
ma ximum speed. Situations where you may want
to do so incl ude driving in a co untry with a gener ­
al speed limit or if there is a spec ified maximum
speed for winter tires.
@ Tips
Eve n though your vehicle is eq uipped w ith a
speed warning system, yo u should still watch
the speedometer to make sure you are not
driving faster than the speed lim it.
Setting the threshold
You can set, change and delete the warning
threshold in the Infotainment system.
.. Select: the I CAR ! funct ion button > (Car) * Sys­
tems
contro l button > Driver as sistance >
Speed warning .
You can set a ny thresho ld between 20 mp h
(30 km/h) and 150 mph (240 km/ h). Settings
can eac h be adjusted in increments of 6 mph
(10 km/h).
81

Driving
Cruise control system
Switching on
Applies to vehicles: with cruise control system
The cruise control system makes it possible to
drive a constant speed that is 30 km/h or higher.
0
f
®t
0
F ig. 86 Operating lever: Cruise control system
F ig. 87 Instrument cluster: Selected speed
,. To switch the cruise control on, pull the lever
into position
(D c::> fig. 86.
,. Drive at the speed to be maintained .
,. To store the speed, press the button @.
The stored speed and the indicator light
lij;(l)~i4 (USA models) 1B (Canada models) appear
in the instrument cluster display
c:> fig. 87. T he
display may vary, depending on the type of dis­
play in your vehicle .
This information is also shown briefly in the
Head-up display*.
The speed is kept constant by modifying engine
power or through an active brake intervent ion.
A WARNING
- Always pay attention to the traffic around
you when the cruise control is in operation.
You are always responsible for your speed
82
-
and the distance between your vehicle and
other vehicles.
- For safety reasons, cruise control should not
be used in the city, in stop-and-go traffic, on
winding roads and when road conditions are
poor (such as ice, fog, gravel, heavy rain and
hydroplaning), because this increases the
r isk of an accident.
- Switch the cruise control off temporarily
when dr iving in turning lanes, highway exits
or in construction zones .
- Please note that unconsciously "resting"
your foot on the accelerator pedal prevents the cruise contro l from braking. This is due
to the control system being overridden by
the driver's acceleration.
- If a brake system malfunction such as over­
heating occurs when the cruise control sys­
tem is switched on, the braking function in
the system may be switched off. The rest of
the cruise control system functions remain active as long as the indicator light
1ij;(i)~14 (USA models) 1B (Canada models) is
on .
(D Tips
The brake lights illuminate as soon as the
brakes apply automat ically.
Changing speed
Applies to vehicles: with cruise co ntrol system
,. To increase or decrease the speed in incre­
ments, tap the lever toward
010 c::> page 82,
fig . 86 .
,. To increase or decrease the speed quickly, hold
the lever in the
010 direction until the de­
sired speed is disp layed.
You can also press the accelerator pedal down to increase your speed, e .g . if you want to pass
someone . The speed you saved earlier will re­
sume as soon as you release the accelerator ped­
al.
If, however, you exceed your saved speed by
6 mph (10 km/h) for longer than 5 minutes, the
cruise contro l will turn off temporarily. The green
symbol
[tj;(l)~i4 (US models) 1 B ..,.

(Canadian models) in t he d isp lay will go out but
the saved speed remains the same.
Preselecting the speed
A pp lies to vehicles: with c ruise control system
You con preselect your desired speed when the
vehicle is stationary .
~ Switch the ign ition on.
~ Pu ll the lever in to posi tion (D q page 82,
fig . 86 .
~ To inc rease or decrease the speed, tap the leve r
toward
G) !Q .
~ To store the speed displayed, re lease the lever .
This f unct ion makes it possib le, for examp le, to
save the speed yo u want before dr iving on the
hi ghway . Once on the h ighway, activate the
cru ise control by pu lling the lever toward
(D .
Switching the system off
Appl ies to vehicles: with c ruise control
Temporary deactivation
~ Press t he b rake pedal, o r
~ Press the leve r into posi tion @(not cl icked into
place)
q page 82 , fig . 86, or
~ D rive for longer tha n 5 minutes at mo re than
5 m ph (1 0 km /h) above the stored speed.
Switching off completely
~ Press lever into position @(clicked into place),
or
~ Swi tch the ign ition o ff .
The system retains the saved speed if you deact i­
vate the cruise contro l temporarily . To resume
the saved speed , re lease the brake pedal a nd p ull
the lever to position
(D .
Sw itching the ign ition off erases the saved speed .
A WARNING
You should only return to the saved speed if it
is not too fas t for the cur rent traffic co ndi­
t io ns -risk of an a ccident!
D riving
83

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
Audi adaptive cruise
control and braking
guard
Introduction
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
The adaptive cruise contro l system assists the
driver by regulating vehicle speed and helping to
maintain a set distance to the veh icle ahead ,
within the limits of the system. If the system de­
tects a moving vehicle up ahead, adaptive cruise
control can brake and then accelerate your vehi­
cle. This helps to make driving more comfortable
both on long highway stretches and in stop-and­
go traffic.
The braking guard system can warn you about an
impending collision and initiate braking maneu­
vers
c::> page 90.
Adaptive cruise control and braking guard have
technical limitations that you must know, so
please read this section carefully, understand
how the system works and use them properly at
all times.
General information
General information
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
Fig. 88 Front of the ve hicle: sensors and video camera
The areas that contain the radar and ultrasonic
sensors and the video camera
c::> fig. 88 must nev­
er be covered by stickers or othe r objects or ob­
structed with dirt, insects, snow or ice that will
interfere with the adaptive cruise control system
and braking guard. For information on cleaning,
84
refer to c::> page 203. The same applies for any
modifications made in the front area .
The function of the adaptive cruise control sys­
tem and braking guard is limited under some
conditions:
- Objects can only be detected when they are
w ithin sensor range
c::>page 86, fig. 91.
- Th e system has a limited ability to detect ob­
jects that are a short distance ahead, off to the
side of you r vehicle or moving into your lane .
- Some kinds of vehicles are hard to detect; for
example motorcycles, veh icles with high
ground clearance or overhanging loads may be
detected when it is too late or they may not be
detected at all.
- When driving through curves
c::> page 85.
-Stationary objects c::> page 85.
A WARNING
Always pay attention to traffic when adaptive
cruise control is switched on and braking
guard is active. As the driver, you are still re­
sponsible for starting and for maintaining
speed and distance to other objects. Braking
guard is used to assist you. The driver must
always take act ion to avoid a collision . The
driver is always respons ible for braking at the
correct time.
- Improper use of adaptive cruise control can cause collisions , other accidents and serious
personal injury.
- Never let the comfort and convenience that
adapt ive cru ise control and braking guard
offe r dist ract you from the need to be alert
to traffic conditions and the need to remain
in fu ll contro l of your ve hicle at all times,
- Always remember that the adaptive cruise
control and braking guard have limits -they
will no t slow the vehicle down or maintain
the set distance when you drive towards an
obstacle or something on or near the road
that is not moving, s uch as vehicles stopped
in a traff ic jam, a stalled or disab led vehicle.
If registered by the radar sensors, vehicles
or obstacles that are not moving can trigger
a co llision warning and if confirmed by the
video camera, an acute co llision warning.

.... N
0 CJ ' M I.Cl ......
Audi ada pti ve c ruise contr ol and br akin g gu ard
.. You must also press the brake pedal when the
vehicle is stopped .
Switching adaptive cruis e co ntrol off
.. Push the lever away from you into position @
un til it clicks into place. The message
AC C o ff
appea rs.
@ Indic ator lights
II -Adapt ive cru ise control is switched on . No
vehicles are detected up ahead. The stored speed
is ma inta ined .
• -A moving vehicle is detected up ahead . The
adapt ive cruise control system regulates the
speed and distance to the moving vehicle ahead
and accelerates/brakes automatically.
(-) -Adaptive cru ise control is switched on . A
mov ing vehicle up ahead was detected . Your veh i­
cle remains stopped .
• -When automatic braking is not able to keep
enough d istance to a previously detected moving
veh icle up ahead, you must take control and
brake
c::> page 89, Prompt for driver interven­
tion.
© Di spla y
If adaptive cruise control is not shown in the dis­
play, you can call it up with the multifunction
steer ing wheel buttons
c::> page 23.
Based on the symbols in the display, you can de­
termine if the system is ma inta ining a distance to
the vehicle ahead and what that distance is.
N o v ehicle -No vehicle ahead was detected.
White vehicl e -A vehicle ahead was detected.
Red ve hicl e -Prompt for the driver to take action
c::> page 89.
Both arr ow s on the scal e© indicate the distance
to the vehicle ahead. No arrow appears when the
vehicle is on an open road and there is no object
ahead .
If an object is detected ahead, the arrow
moves on the scale .
The green zone on the scale shows the stored dis­
tance . For information on chang ing the stored
distance, refer to
c::> page 88 . If the distance se- lected is too close or may soon become too close,
the arrows move into the red zone on the scale .
A WARNING
Improper use of the adaptive cruise control
can cause collisions, other accidents and seri­
ous personal injuries.
- Pressing the
ISETI button when driving at
speeds below 20 mph (30 km/h), will auto­ matically accelerate the ve hicle to 20 mph
(30 km/h), which is the minimum speed
that can be set.
(D Tips
- If you switch the ignit ion or the adaptive
cruise control off, the set speed is erased
from the system memory .
- The e lectronic stabilization control (ESC)
and the anti-slip-regulation (ASR) are auto ­
matically turned on when the adaptive
cruise cont rol is tu rned on . Both systems
cannot be turned off if the adaptive cru ise
control is t urned on.
Changing the speed
Appl ies to vehicl es: wi th Audi ada ptive c ruise con trol
0
f
jJ
0
Fig. 9 4 Operat ing lever : Chang ing the speed
.,. To increase or reduce the speed in increments,
ta p the lever up or down.
.. To increase or decrease t he speed q uickl y,
ho ld
the lever up or down un til the red LED @ reac h­
es the desired speed
c::> page 86, fig. 93 .
After each change, the new stored speed appears
br iefly i n the informa tion line
c::> page 86, fig . 93
@ .
87

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
Driving in stop-and-go traffic
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise control
The adaptive cruise control system also assists
you in stop-and-go traffic.
If a previous detected
vehicle ahead stops, your vehicle will brake to a
stop, within the limits of the system.
• To resume driving with adaptive cruise control,
tap the accelerator pedal or
• Pull the lever toward you into position @
¢ page 88, fig. 95.
(Di Tips
-If adaptive cruise control is active and your
vehicle does not start driving as expected
after pulling the lever once, you can start
out again by tapping the accelerator pedal.
- If an obstacle is detected when your vehicle
starts driving, the system will prompt you
to take over¢
page 89. Your vehicle will
drive more slowly when starting. This may
also happen in some situations when no ob­
stacle is apparent.
Interrupting cruise control
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adaptive cruise contro l
Fig. 95 Selector lever
Requirement: The adaptive cruise control is
switched on.
Overriding cruise control
• To accelerate manually, pull the lever toward
you into position@and hold it there. The mes­
sage
ACC: Override appears. Or
• press the accelerator pedal.
• To resume cruise control, release the lever or
take your foot off the accelerator pedal.
88
Canceling cruise control while driving
• Move the lever into position @. The message
ACC: Standby appears. Or
• press the brake pedal.
• To resume the stored speed, move the lever in­
to position @.
Canceling cruise control when stopped
• Push the lever away from you into position@.
The message
ACC: Standby appears.
• To resume cruise control, press the brake pedal
and pull the lever toward you into position @.
A WARNING
It is dangerous to activate cruise control and
resume the stored speed when the current
road, traffic or weather conditions do not per­
mit this . This could result in a crash.
Setting the distance
Applies to vehicles: with Audi adapt ive cruise control
Fig. 96 Selector lever: setting the dista nce
• Tap the switch to display the current set dis­
tance ¢
fig. 96.
• To increase or reduce the distance by incre­
ments, tap the switch again to the left or right.
The distance between the two vehicles will
change in the instrument cluster display.
When approaching a moving vehicle up ahead,
the adaptive cruise control system automatically brakes to match that object's speed and then
maintains the stored distance.
If the vehicle
ahead accelerates, adaptive cruise control will al-
so accelerate up to the stored speed.
II--

.... N
0 CJ ' "' U"I
M
"' ......
Audi ada pti ve c ruise contr ol and br akin g gu ard
The highe r the speed, the greater the distance in
yards (meters) ¢&. .The
Distance 3 setting is
recommended .
The distan ces p rovided are specified values. De­
pending on the driving situation and the how the
vehicle ahead is driving, the actual distance may
be more or less than these target d istances.
The various symbols fo r the time increments ap­
pear br ie fly in the information line @ ¢
page 86,
fig. 93 when you change the settings.
c:::, _c:::, ___ Dis tan ce 1: This setting corresponds
to a distance of 92 fee t/28 meters when travel­
ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), o r a time interval of 1
second.
c:::, __ c:::, __ Distan ce 2 : This setting corresponds
to a distance of 118 feet/36 meters whe n travel­
ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), or a time interval of
1.3 seconds.
c:::, ___ c:::,_ Distanc e 3: This setti ng corresponds
to a distance of 164 feet/SO meters when travel­ ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), o r a time interval of
1.8 seconds.
c:::, __ __ c:::, Di stance 4 : This setti ng corresponds
to a distance of 210 feet/64 meters when travel­ ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), or a time interval of
2 .3 seconds.
A WARNING
Following other vehicles too closely increases
the risk of collisions and ser ious personal in­
jury.
- Setting short distances to the traffic ahead reduces the t ime and distance available to
br ing your vehicle to a safe stop a nd makes
it even more necessary to pay close atten­
t ion to traffic .
- Always obey applicable traff ic laws, use
good judgment, and select a safe following distance for the traffic, road and weathe r
condit io ns.
(D Tips
- Di stance 3 is set automatically each time
you switch the ignition on . -
Your standard settings are automatically
stored and assigned to the remote control
key being used.
Selecting the driving mode
Applies to vehicles: with Aud i adapt ive cru ise control
.,. Select the desired driving mode in drive select
¢page 100.
{!) Tips
Your settings are automatically stored and as­
s igned to the remote control key being used.
Prompt for driver intervention
Applies to vehicles: with Aud i adapt ive cru ise control
F ig . 97 Inst rume nt cluster: request for d river in tervention
In certain situations, the system will prompt you
to take action . This could happen, for example, if
braking by the adaptive cru ise control system is
not enough to maintain enough distance to the
vehicle ahead .
The ind icator light . and the symbol in the dis­
play will warn you about the situation ¢
fig. 97 .
You w ill also hear an acoustic signal.
- Press the brake pedal to slow yo ur vehicle
down.
89

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
Audi braking guard
Description
Applies to vehicles: w ith Audi adaptive cruise co ntro l
Fig. 98 Instrument cluster: approach warning
Braking guard uses radar sensors and a video
camera . It also functions within the limits of the
system when adaptive cruise control is switched
off .
What can braking guard do?
When detected in time, the system can assess
situations when a vehicle ahead brakes suddenly
or if your own vehicle is traveling at a high speed
and approaching a vehicle up ahead that is mov­
ing more slowly . Braking guard does not react if
it cannot detect the situat ion.
The system advises you of various situations:
- The
distance warning is given if you are too
close to the vehicle ahead for a long time.
If the
vehicle ahead brakes sharply, you will not be
able to avo id a coll is ion. The indicator light.
in the display comes on .
- The
approach warning is given when a detected
vehicle up ahead in your lane is moving much
more slowly than you are or if it brakes sharply .
When this warning is g iven, it may only be pos­
sible to avo id a collision by swerving or braking
sharp ly. Th e indicator light. and indicator in
the display will warn you about the danger
qfig. 98. You will also hear an acoustic signal.
If you do not react fast enough or do not react at
all to t he situation, braking guard will intervene
by braking.
l ) Thi s is not ava ilab le in some co un tri es .
90
-If a collision is imminent, the system will first
provide an
acute warning by briefly and sharply
app lying the brakes.
- If you do not react to the acute warning, brak­
ing guard can brake with increasing force with­
in the limits of the system. This reduces the ve­
hicle speed in the event of a collision.
- The system can initiate maximum braking
shortly before a co llision
1
) . Full deceleration at
high speeds occurs only in vehicles with adap­
tive cruise control and side assist (pre sense
plus) .
- If the braking guard senses that you are not
braking hard enough when a collision is immi­
nent, it can increase the braking force .
- The pre sense functions also engage when a
collision is imminent
qpage 184.
Which functions can be controlled?
You can switch braking guard and the distance/
approach warning on or off in the MMI
q page 91, Settings in the Infotainment sys­
tem .
A WARNING
Lack of attent ion can cause collisions, other
accidents and serious personal injuries . The
b ra king guard is an assist system and cannot
prevent a collision by itself. The driver must
always intervene . The driver is always respon­
sib le for braking at the correct time .
- Always pay close atten tion to traffic, even
when the braking guard is switched on. Be
ready to intervene and be ready to take
comp lete contro l whenever necessary. Al­
ways keep the safe and legal distance be­
tween your vehicle and vehicles up ahead.
- Braking guard works with in limits and will
not respond outside the system limits, for
example when approaching a stopped vehi­
cle or stationary obstacle (end of a traffic
jam or vehicle that has broken down in traf­
fic) .
- Always remember that the radar sensor for
-
the brak ing guard works only within def ined Ill>

Audi adapt ive cruis e control and braking gua rd
de tect ion and range limits t hat may prevent
the proper detection of other veh icles.
- The radar sensor's function and range can
be reduced by rain, snow and heavy spray.
Moving veh icles up ahead may not be
promptly detected or may not be detected
at all .
- Reflective surfaces including crash barriers
or tunnel entrances may impair the funct ion
of the radar sensor.
(D Tips
- You can cancel the brak ing with increasing
force that is init iated by the system by b rak­
i ng yourself, by accelerat ing noticeab ly or
by swerving .
- Braking guard error messages ¢
page 91.
-Keep in mind that braking guard can brake
unexpected ly. Always secure any cargo or
objects that you are transport ing to reduce
the risk of damage or injury .
Settings in the Infotainment system
Appl ies to vehicles: w ith Audi a daptive cruise co ntro l
~ Select: t he ICARI function button > (Car )* Sys ­
tems
con trol b utton > Driver assi stan ce > Audi
braking guard .
S ys tem -
Switch the braking guard On/ Off. When
you swit ch the ig nitio n on, the message
Brak ing
guard: Off
appears if the system is swi tched off .
Prewarning -The d istance and app roach warn ­
in gs i n the display can be switched
On/ Off.
(!) Tips
-Your settings are automatically stored and
ass igned to the remote cont rol key being
used.
- If you rest rict or sw itch off the ESC, the
braking gua rd also sw itches i tself off
¢ page 188 .
- Switch braking guard off when yo u are load ­
i ng t he ve hicle on to a vehicle ca rr ier, t rain,
s hi p or other type of transportation . This
c a n prevent undesired warnings from the
br aking gua rd system.
Messages
App lies to vehicles: wi th Audi ada ptive c ruise con trol
Braking guard : off
T his dr iver message appears if the system is
tu rned off via t he i nfot ainment. O therwise, if the
system is t urne d off, the information appears ev­
ery time shortly after t he start o f the trip .
T he driver message a lso appea rs if the system is
not avai lab le due to a m alfu nction o r if the ES C i s
not switched on¢
page 188 . If th is is the case,
the sys tem wi ll not provide warnings abou t a
poss ib le collision .
Braking guard : a ctivated
This dr iver message appears if sharp brake pres­
su re was applied due to an acu te warning .
ACC: Unava ilable!
ACC and Audi braking guard: not available
T he system cannot detec t moving vehicles up
ahe ad co rrectly and is swi tc h e d off. The senso rs
have been displaced or are not working proper ly.
T he Audi pre sense funct ions may also be affect ­
e d. D rive to yo ur authorized A udi deal er or au­
thori zed Audi serv ice facility immediately to have
the malfunction corrected .
ACC: currently unavailable. No senso r vi sion
ACC and braking guide : current ly unavailable .
No s ensor vi sion
Th is message appears if the senso r view is ob­
structed, for examp le by leaves, snow, heavy
sp ray or dirt. Clean the sensors ¢
page 84 ,
fig. 88.
ACC : Currently unavailable. Grad ient too steep
The road exceeds the maximum poss ible angle
for proper adaptive cruise co ntro l operat ion .
Adaptive cruise contro l is swi tched off .
ACC: Only available in D, Sor M
Select the D/S or M selector leve r position.
ACC : currently unavailable . Parking brake ap ­
plied
91