instrument cluster AUDI S8 2016 Owner's Guide
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2016, Model line: S8, Model: AUDI S8 2016Pages: 302, PDF Size: 75.68 MB
Page 218 of 302

Fuel and Refueling
nozzle. A worn or damaged nozzle or a noz
zle that is too small may not be ab le to open
the diesel m isfueling protector. If th is is the
case, try turning the nozzle before inserting
i t in the fuel f iller neck, use a different fuel
pump or see your authorized Audi dealer or
authorized repair facility for ass istance.
- The fuel filler flap of your vehicle is not
locked when you lock the veh icle from the
i nside .
Fuel filler flap emergency release
You can open the fuel filler flap by hand if the
power locking system should fail.
F ig . 190 Vehicles w ith se lect ive cata lytic reductio n: Right
side tr im pane l
Fig. 191 Right side trim panel in the lu ggage compart ·
ment: e mergency release mechan is m
...,
"' 9 ::i: ... (D
The emergency release mechanism is located be
hind the right side trim panel in the luggage
compartment. In vehicles with selective catalytic
reduction*, remove the vent grille first :
.. Press both tabs@¢
fig. 190 and tilt the vent
gri lle downward. You can then remove the
grille upward.
.. Loosen the loop¢
fig. 191 from the retainer
and then pull on the loop carefully ¢(D.
216
.. Press on the left side of the fuel filler door to
open
¢ page 214, fig. 188.
(D Note
Only pull on the loop until you feel resistance .
You wi ll not hea r it re lease . Otherwise you
could damage the emergency release mecha nism.
Selective catalytic reduction (Ad Blue)
General information
Applies to: vehicles with selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
In vehicles with selective catalytic reduction, a
urea solution (AdBlue) is injected into the ex
haust system before a nitrogen oxide catalytic
converter to reduce nitrogen emissions .
The Ad Blue is carried in a separate tank in the ve
hicle. The AdBlue usage accounts for approxi
mately 0.5% to 1.2% of the diesel fuel that is
used.
When a message about Ad Blue appears in the in
strument cluster display, you must refill the
Ad Blue yourself or have it refilled by an author ized Audi dealer or author ized Audi Service Facili
ty
¢ page 217.
@ Tips
-The instrument cluster display indicates the
distance remaining that can be driven
¢page 216. If the AdBlue tank is com
pletely empty , the eng ine will not start
again after the ign ition is switched off.
- Ad Blue is required by law to operate th is ve
hicle.
Messages in the instrument cluster display
Applies to: vehicles with selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
The display indicates if the Ad Blue level is Low or
if there is a system malfunction .
AdBlue level low
You will be informed if the AdBlue in the tank
drops below a certain level.
Page 225 of 302

(!) Windshield/headlight washer con-
tainer
(O) ................. . .
@ Jump start point(-) with hex head
screw . ..................... .
@ Jump start point(+) under a cover
© Engine oil filler cap ("t!:r.) ...... .
® Brake fluid reservoir((();) ...... .
® Coolant expansion tank (-L) .... .
0 Oil dipstick .................. . 234
233,271
233,271 225
230
227
225
The engine oil filler neck (item@) may be locat
ed in a different area depending on the version of
the engine.
A WARNING
Before you check anything in the engine com
partment, always read and heed all WARN
INGS ¢
&. in Working in the engine compart
ment on page 220.
Engine oil
Engine oil specifications
The engine oil used must conform to exact speci
fications.
The service interval display in the instrument
cluster of your vehicle will inform you when it is
time for an oil change. We recommend that you hav e your oil changed by an authorized Audi Serv
ice Advisor.
I f you have to top off the oil between oil changes,
use the Audi oi l quality standard specified in the
table.
Audi oil quality standard
Gasoline
VW 502 00 or
engine vw 50400
Diesel vw 507 00
engine
Using the proper engine oil is impo rtant for the
functiona lity and service life of the eng ine. Your
engine was factory-filled with a high-quality oil
;:;:: which can usually be used throughout the entire
0
~ year.
,....,
(D Note
Your Limited New Vehicle Warranty does not
cover damage or malfunctions due to failure
to follow recommended maintenance and use
requirements as set forth in the Audi Owner's
Manual and Warranty
& Maintenance booklet .
- Use only a high quality engine oil that ex-
pressly complies with the Audi oil quality
standard spec ified for your vehicle's eng ine.
Us ing any other oil can cause ser ious eng ine
damage.
- Do not mix any lubricants or other additives
into the eng ine oi l. Do ing so can cause en
gine damage.
(D Tips
If you need to add oil and there is none availa
ble that meets the Aud i oil quality standard
your engine requires, you may add a total of no more than 0.5 quart/liter of a high-quality
"synthetic"oi l that meets the following speci
fications.
- Vehicles with gasoline engine: ACEA A3 or
API SM with a viscosity grade of SAE OW-30,
SAE SW -30 or SAE 5W-40.
- Vehicles with diesel engine: ACEA C3 or
API C F with a viscosity grade of SAE OW-30
or SAE SW-30.
- For more information about engine oil that
has been approved for your vehicle, please
contact either your authorized Audi dealer
or Audi Customer Relations at
1 (800) 822-2834 or visit our web site at
www.audiusa.com or www.audicanada.ca.
Engine oil consumption
The engine in your vehicle depends on an ade
quate amount of oil to lubricate and cool all of
its moving parts.
In order to provide effective lubrication and cool
ing of internal engine components, all internal
combust ion engines consume a certain amount
of oil. O il consumption varies from eng ine to en
gine and may change significantly over the life of
the engine. Typ ically, engines w ith a specified
break-in period (see ¢
page 197) consume more ""
223
Page 226 of 302

Check ing and F illing
oil du ring the break -in period than they consume
after oil consumption has stabilized .
Unde r no rmal condi tions, the rate of o il con
sumpt ion depends on the quality and viscosity of
the oi l, the RPM (revolutions per minute) at
which the engine is operat ed, the ambient tem
perature and road cond itions . Further factors are
the amount of oil dilut ion from water condensa
tion or fuel residue and the oxidation level of the
oil. As any eng ine is subject to wear as m ileage
bu ilds up, the oil consumption may increase over
time until rep lacement of worn components may
become necessa ry .
W ith all these variables com ing into play, no
standard rate of oil consumpt ion ca n be estab
lished or specified . There is no a lternative to reg
ular and frequent checking of the oil leve l, see
Note .
If the ye llow eng ine oil level war ning symbol in
the instrument cluster
II lights up, you should
check t he oil leve l as soon as possib le
¢
page 224 o r ¢ page 225. Top off the o il at
your ea rliest convenience ¢
page 225.
A WARNING
Before you check anything in the engine com
partment, a lways read and heed a ll WARN
INGS ¢.&
in Working in the engine compart
ment on page 220.
(D Note
Driving with an insufficient oil level is likely to
cause severe damage to the engine .
@ Tips
-The oil pres sure warning display. i s not
an indicator of the o il level. Do not rely on
i t. Instead , check the oil level in your en
gine at regular intervals, preferably ea ch
time you refuel , and always befo re going
on a long trip.
- If you have the impression your engine con
sumes excessive amounts of oil, we recom
mend that you co nsul t yo ur Audi dealer to
have the cause of your concern p roperly di
agnosed . Keep in mind that the acc urat e
224
meas urement of oi l consumption re quires
great care and may take some t ime. Yo ur
Audi dea ler has instructions about how to
meas ure o il consumption acc urately.
Checking the engine oil level
App lies to: vehicles wi th oil level indicato r
Fig. 198 Disp lay : o il leve l ind icato r
.,. Par k your veh icle on a leve l su rface.
.,. Shut the eng ine off when it is warm .
.,. Switch o nly the ignition back on.
.,. Wait approximate ly two minutes.
.,. Select:
!CAR ! function button > Car systems
control button > Servicing & checks > Oil le vel.
.,. Check the oil level in the display c> fig . 198 . Add
eng ine oi l if the ba r of the oil leve l ind icator is
nea r "m in"
¢ page 225 .
Depend ing on the way the vehicle is driven and
the operating cond it ions, oil consumpt io n can be
u p to 1/2 qua rt pe r 600 miles (0 .S liter per
1,000 km). Consumpt ion may be h igher w it hi n
the first 3, 000 mi les (5,00 0 km).
(D Tips
The o il level indicato r in the MMI Display is
o nl y an information display. If t he oi l level is
l ow, a m inimum oil w arn ing appea rs in the in
str ument clus ter. Ad d oil ¢
page 225. If the
hood has been opened, the curren t oil level is
shown in the instrument cluster the next t ime
the ignition is switched on .
Page 256 of 302

Wheels
_& WARNING
Temperature grades apply to tires that are
properly inflated and not over or underinf lat
ed.
Tire pressure monitoring system
U) General notes
Applies to: vehicles with tire pressure monito ring system
Each tire, including the spare (if provided),
should be checked monthly when cold and inflat
ed to the inflation pressure recommended by the
vehicle manufacturer on the vehicle placard or
tire inflat ion pressure label. (If your vehicle has
tires of a different size than the size indicated on
the vehicle placard or tire inflation pressure la
bel, you should determine the proper tire infla
tion pressure fo r those tir es) .
As an added safety feature, your vehicle has been
equipped with a t ire pressure monitoring system
(TPMS) that illuminates a low tire pressure tell
tale when one or more of your tires is significant
ly under-inflated . Accord ingly, when the low tire
p ressure telltale illuminates, you should stop and
check your tires as soon as possible, and inflate
them to the proper pressure. Driving on a signifi
cantly under-inflated tire causes the tire to over
heat and can lead to tire failure. Under-inflation
also reduces fuel efficiency and tire tread life,
and may affect the vehicle's handling and stop
ping ability.
Please note that the TPMS is not a substitute for
proper tire maintenance, and it is the driver's re
sponsib ility to maintain correct tire pressure,
even if under-inflation has not reached the level
to trigger illumination of the TPMS low tire pres
sure telltale.
Your vehicle has also been equipped with a TPMS
malfunct ion indicator to indicate when the sys
tem is not operating properly. The TPMS mal
function indicator is comb ined w ith the low tire
pressure telltale. When the system detects a
malfunction, the telltale will flash for approxi
mately one minute and then remain cont inuous ly
illuminated. This sequence will continue upon
254
subsequent vehicle start-ups as long as the mal
function exists.
When the malfunction indicator is illum inated,
the system may not be able to detect or s ignal
low tire pressure as intended . TPMS malfunctions
may occur for a variety of reasons, including the
i nstallation of replacement or alternate tires or
wheels on the vehicle that prevent the TPMS
from functioning properly. Always check the
TPMS malfunction telltale after replacing one or
more tires or wheels on your vehicle to ensure
that the replacement or alternate tires and
whee ls allow the TPMS to continue to function
properly.
If the Tire Pressure Monitoring System
indicator appears
Applies to: vehicles with tire pressure monitoring system
The tire pressure indicator in the instrument
cluster informs you if the tire pressure is too low
or if there is a system malfunction.
Fig . 209 Instrument cl uste r: indicator light with me ssage
Using the ABS sensors, the tire pressure monitor
ing system compares the tire tread c ircumfer
ence and v ibration characteristics of the individu
al tires.
If the pressure changes in one or more
ti res, this is ind icated in the instrument cluster
display with an indicator light
[I] and a message.
If only one tire is affected, the locat ion of that
tire will be indicated.
The tire pressures must be stored in the Infotain
ment system again each time the pressures
change (switching between partial and full load
pressure) or after changing or replacing a tire on
your vehicle ¢
page 255. The tire pressure moni
tor ing system only monitors the tire pressure you
have stored . Refer to the t ire pressure label for ..,.
Page 271 of 302

Fuses an d bulb s
Fuse p anel @ (red ) Fuse panel@ (black )
3 Starter diagnosis, DC/DC converter (with
Start/Stop system) 8 Rear
seat heating
9 Rear exterio r lighting
4 DC/DC converter (with Start/Stop system)
10 Rear
climate contro l blower
5 Image processing
Rear sun shade, closing aid, luggage com-
6 Right headl
ight (headlights with adaptive
light) 11 partment lid
lock, convenience key, fue l
filler doo r
7 ESC control module 12 Luggage compartment lid control module
8 Sound actuator, AEM control modu le
9 Adapt ive cru ise control
10 Transmission
control module
Fuse panel © (red )
No . Equ ipm en t
1 Rear seat adjustment buttons
1 1 Climate control system sensors
3 Left rear
seat (pneumatic)
Fuse panel © (br own ) 5 Trai
ler hitch control module
No. Equipm ent 6 L
eft rear seat
1 Electromechanical parking
brake
7 Right rear seat
2 Suspension control system sensor
8 Traile r hitc h control module
3 Rear Infotainment system control
panel
9 Trailer hitch control module
4 Smart module (tank) 10 Right rear seat (pneumatic)
5 Front climate contro
l system controls
6 Rear climate control system control panel
7 Networking gateway
8 Refrige rator
Fuse panel ® (brown )
No. Equipm en t
1 Start/Stop
system, radio receiver/sound
amplifier
9 Special functions interface
2 Sound amplifier
10 Cell phone adapter, Bluetooth handset
11 AEM control module 3 Start/Stop
system, Rear Seat Entertain-
ment, radio receiver/sou nd amplifier
12 Selector lever
5 Automatic dimming
rearview mirror
13 Ambient lighting 6 DVD changer (glove compa rtment)
14 Rear
exterior lighting
7 TV tuner
15 Fuel pump
8 Infotainment system control panel/drives
16 Electromechanica l parking brake
9 Instrument cluster, analog clock
Fuse panel @ (bl ack ) 10 Infotainment system d isp lay
N o. Equi pm en t 11 Radio receiver
1 Luggage compartment lid movement-acti-
vated openi ng 12
Rearview camera, pe
ripheral cameras
(parking system)
2 Luggage compartment sockets
3 Rear socket
4 Front cigarette lighter
5 adapt ive a ir suspension
6 115 V
socket
7 Electromechan ica l park ing brake
269
Page 287 of 302

A
A/C (automatic climate control) . . . . . . . . . . 77
ABS
refer to Anti-lock braking system . . . . . . . 190
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Active lane assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Activating and deactivating . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
C leaning the camera area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Descr iption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Instrument cluster indicator light . . . . . . 100
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Notes on instrument cluster display . . . . . 100
Sett ing the steering wheel vibration . . . . 101
Adaptive air suspension/sport . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Adapt ive cruise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
C leaning the sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Request for driver intervention . . . . . . . . . . 95
Stop-and-go traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Adapt ive Light (defective) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
AdBlue .. .. .. .. ................. ..... 216
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Opening the tank door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Refilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Adding Engine coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Additives Engine oil 225
Adjustab le steer ing column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Adjusting Air distribution (automat ic cl imate control) .78
Instrument illuminat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Steering column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Temperature (automatic climate control) . 78
Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Advanced Airbag-System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Advanced Airbag System components . . . 152
Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Ch ild restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Components (front a irbags) . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Danger of fitting a child seat on the front
passenger seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Fr ont airbags ................. .. 150, 151
Index
How do the front airbags work? . . . . . . . . 154
How many airbags does my vehicle have? 152
How the Advanced Airbag System compo-
nents work together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Important information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Important safety instructions on the knee
airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Knee airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF light . . . . . . . . . 156
Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Side airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
S ide curta in a irbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Warning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Warning/Indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Weight-sensing mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
When must the system be inspected? 156
Aircraft Transporting your vehicle 274
Alcantara Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Alignment pin (tire changing) . . . . . . . . . . . 256
All season ti res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 51
All Wheel Dr ive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Alternator
refer to Generato r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Amb ience lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Anti-freeze Windshield washer system . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
also refer to Engine coolant . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Anti-lock braking system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Warning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Anti-slip regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Warning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Anti-theft systems Electronic immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ASR
refer to Anti-slip regulation . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Audi braking guard
refer to Braking guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Audi drive select
refer to Drive select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Audi Service Repair Manuals and Literature 281
AUTO Automat ic climate control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Automat ic headl ights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
285
Page 292 of 302

Index
Fue l filler neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
F ue l gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12
Gasoline additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Low fuel level symbo l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Octane rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Recommendation ... .... ...... ... ... . 212
Refuell ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
R ese rve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Saving fue l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Tank capac ity ... .. . .. ..... ... .. .. 11,278
Fuses Assig nment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
R ep lac ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
G
Garage doo r opener (Home Link) . . . . . . . . . . 4 4
Garment hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Gas discharge lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Gauges Eng ine coolant temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fue l gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Ta chometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Trip odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
General illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Glossa ry of tire a nd loadi ng terminology . . 238
Glove compartment (coo led) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Glow plug system Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Gross Vehicle Weight Rat ing (GVWR) . . . . . 277
H
Head-up Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Headlights Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Clean ing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
H eadlig ht ra nge control ............ 21, 46
Hi gh beam assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Head restra ints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Ad justing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
H ea ted
exterior mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
rear window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
290
seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
winds hield washer spray nozzles . . . . . . . . 54
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Heavy clothing and safety be lts . . . . . . . . . . 140
Hexagonal socke t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Hig h beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
High voltage warning label . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Hill descen t cont rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Homelink (garage door opener) . . . . . . . . . . 44
Hood (release lever) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Hor n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
How are child restraint system anchors relat-
ed to ch ild safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
How many a irbags does my vehicle have? . . 152
How safety belt pre tensioners work 144
I
Ign ition
Ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Swi tc hi ng on/off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Imbalance (wheels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Immobili ze r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Important things to do before driv ing . . . . 129
Imprope rly worn safety belts . . . . . . . . . . . 144
I nd icator lights .. .. .. .. ... ............ . 11
Dynam ic steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
also refer to War ning/ indica to r li ghts . . . . 11
Infan t seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Inflation pressure (ti res) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
I nstalling the upper tether st rap on the a n
c h o rage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Instrument cluster
Ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Adjust ing the lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
I nstruments and contro ls
Genera l ill ustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I nter io r lighting
Amb ien ce lig hting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO
Front and rea r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO
Intermittent (windshie ld w ipers) . . . . . . . . . 54
]
Jump-start ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271