transmission fluid CADILLAC ESCALADE 2023 Owners Manual

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
Instruments and Controls 101
INT :Turns on the rear wiper with a delay
between wipes.
ON : Turns on the rear wiper.
1:Push the windshield wiper lever
forward to spray washer fluid on the rear
window. The wipers will clear the rear
window and either stop or return to your
preset speed. For more washer cycles, push
and hold the lever.
The rear window wiper/washer will not
operate if the liftgate is open or ajar. If the
liftgate is opened while the rear wiper is on,
the wiper returns to the parked position and
stops.
See “Rear Camera Washer” later in this
section.
Rear Wiper Arm Assembly Protection
When using an automatic car wash, move
the rear wiper control to OFF to disable the
rear wiper. In some vehicles, if the
transmission is in N (Neutral) and the
vehicle speed is very slow, the rear wiper
will automatically park under the rear
spoiler.
The wiper operations return to normal when
the transmission is no longer in N (Neutral)
or the vehicle speed has increased. Auto Wipe in Reverse Gear
If the rear wiper control is off, the rear
wiper will automatically operate
continuously when the transmission is in
R (Reverse), and the front windshield wiper
is performing low or high speed wipes.
If the rear wiper control is off, the
transmission is in R (Reverse), and the front
windshield wiper is performing INT wipes,
then the rear wiper automatically performs
INT wipes.
This feature can be turned on or off. See
“Auto Wipe in Reverse Gear”
under Settings
> Vehicle > Comfort and Convenience > Auto
Wipe in Reverse Gear.
The windshield washer reservoir is used for
the windshield, rear window, and rear mirror
camera, if equipped. See Rear Camera Mirror
0 32. Check the fluid level in the reservoir if
either washer is not working. See Washer
Fluid 0351.
Rear Camera Washer
If equipped, push the windshield wiper lever
forward to spray washer fluid on the rear
camera lens. The lever returns to its starting
position when released. See Rear Camera
Mirror 032.
Activating the Rear Camera Washer also
cleans the rear window.
Compass
The vehicle may have a compass display on
the Instrument Cluster. The compass receives
its heading and other information from the
Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna,
StabiliTrak/Electronic Stability Control (ESC),
and vehicle speed information.
The compass system is designed to operate
for a certain number of miles or degrees of
turn before needing a signal from the GPS

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
Instruments and Controls 111
The transmission temperature gauge shows
the transmission fluid temperature. If the
gauge is reading in the red area and/or a
message appears in the Driver Information
Center (DIC), the vehicle must be stopped
and the cause checked. One possible cause is
a low fluid level in the transmission.
This gauge displays on the infotainment
display. If show in cluster is selected a
digital value is shown on the instrument
cluster in the left zone.
Caution
Do not drive the vehicle while the
transmission fluid is overheating, or the
transmission can be damaged. This could
lead to costly repairs that would not be
covered by the warranty.
Voltmeter Gauge
When the ignition is on, the voltmeter
gauge indicates the battery voltage.
This gauge displays on the infotainment
display. If show in cluster is selected a
digital value is shown on the instrument
cluster in the left zone.
When the engine is running, this gauge
shows the condition of the charging system.
The gauge can transition from a higher to
lower or a lower to higher reading. This is
normal. If the vehicle is operating outside
the normal operating range, the chargingsystem light comes on. See
Charging System
Light 0114. The voltmeter gauge may also
read lower when in fuel economy mode.
This is normal.
Readings outside the normal operating
range can also occur when a large number
of electrical accessories are operating in the
vehicle and the engine is left idling for an
extended period. This condition is normal
since the charging system is not able to
provide full power at engine idle. As engine
speeds are increased, this condition should
correct itself as higher engine speeds allow
the charging system to create maximum
power.
The vehicle can only be driven for a short
time with the readings outside the normal
operating range. If the vehicle must be
driven, turn off all accessories, such as the
radio and air conditioner.
Readings outside the normal operating
range indicate a possible problem in the
electrical system. Have the vehicle serviced
as soon as possible.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
126 Instruments and Controls
and the timer is running. To reset the timer
to zero, touch and hold Reset while this
display is active.
Off Road :Displays vehicle pitch and roll
information, road wheel angle, and
four-wheel drive (4WD) status.
Battery Voltage : Shows the current battery
voltage.
Trailer Brake : On vehicles with the
Integrated Trailer Brake Control (ITBC)
system, the trailer brake display appears in
the DIC.
TRAILER GAIN shows the trailer gain setting.
This setting can be adjusted from 0.0 to 10.0
with either a trailer connected or
disconnected.
TRAILER OUTPUT shows the power output to
the trailer any time a trailer with electric
brakes is connected. Output is displayed as a
bar graph. Dotted lines may appear in the
OUTPUT display if a trailer is not connected.
Oil Life : Shows an estimate of the oil's
remaining useful life. If REMAINING OIL LIFE
99% is displayed, that means 99% of the
current oil life remains. When the remaining oil life is low, the
CHANGE ENGINE OIL SOON message will
appear on the display. The oil should be
changed as soon as possible. See
Engine Oil
0 342. In addition to the engine oil life
system monitoring the oil life, additional
maintenance is recommended. See
Maintenance Schedule 0415.
The Oil Life display must be reset after each
oil change. It will not reset itself. Do not
reset the Oil Life display accidentally at any
time other than when the oil has just been
changed. It cannot be reset accurately until
the next oil change. To reset, see Engine Oil
Life System 0344.
Fuel Economy : Displays information about
current and average fuel economy.
Oil Pressure : Shows the engine oil pressure
in kPa (kilopascals) or psi (pounds per
square inch).
Engine Hours : Shows the total number of
hours the engine has run.
Coolant Temperature : Shows the
temperature of the coolant in either degrees
Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Transmission Fluid Temperature :
Shows the
temperature of the automatic transmission
fluid in either degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees
Fahrenheit (°F).
Air Filter Life : Shows an estimate of the
engine air filter’s remaining useful life and
the state of the system. Engine Air Filter Life
95% means 95% of the current air filter life
remains. Messages will display based on the
engine air filter life and the state of the
system. When the REPLACE AT NEXT OIL
CHANGE message displays, the engine air
filter should be replaced at the time of the
next oil change. When the REPLACE SOON
message displays, the engine air filter
should be replaced at the earliest
convenience.
The Air Filter Life display must be reset after
the engine air filter replacement. To reset,
see Engine Air Filter Life System 0345.
Brake Pad Life : This displays an estimate of
the remaining life of the front and rear
brake pads. Messages will display based on
brake pad wear and the state of the system.
Reset the Brake Pad Life display after
replacing the brake pads. See Brake Pad Life
System 0353.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
Instruments and Controls 127
Tire Pressure :Shows the approximate
pressures of all four tires. Tire pressure is
displayed in either kilopascal (kPa) or in
pounds per square inch (psi). If the
pressure is low, the value for that tire is
shown in amber. See Tire Pressure Monitor
System 0376 and
Tire Pressure Monitor Operation 0377.
Off : Allows for no information to be
displayed in the cluster info display areas.
Right Zone
Audio Now Playing : Displays the actively
playing audio.
Navigation : Displays a variety of navigation
information.
Audio and Navigation : Displays both audio
and navigation information together.
Off : Allows for no information to be
displayed in the cluster info display areas.
Vehicle Information
The following are all possible vehicle
information features. To access the vehicle information menu,
press
Ton the Multi Function Controller
(MFC) or touch
Tfrom the list of home
page icons displayed on the left side of the
infotainment display.
The Vehicle Information App will display 3
cards per page.
The currently displayed page of cards is
remembered from the last ignition cycle.
The menu may contain the following cards:
.Notifications
.Oil Life
.Tire Pressure
.Fuel Economy
.Average Speed
.Traffic Sign Memory
.Timer
.Diesel Exhaust Fluid
.Fuel Filter Life
.Off-Road
.Engine Hours
.Battery Voltage
.Oil Pressure
.Trailer Brake
.Coolant Temperature
.Transmission Fluid Temp
.Air Filter Life
.Brake Pad Life
.Traction and Stability
.Time and Date
.Efficiency Gauge
Head-Up Display (HUD)
{Warning
If the HUD image is too bright or too
high in your field of view, it may take
you more time to see things you need to
see when it is dark outside. Be sure to
keep the HUD image dim and placed low
in your field of view.
If equipped with HUD, some information
about the operation of the vehicle is
projected onto the windshield. The image is
projected through the HUD lens on top of
the instrument panel. The information
appears as an image focused out toward the
front of the vehicle.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
130 Instruments and Controls
Care of the HUD
Clean the inside of the windshield to remove
any dirt or film that could reduce the
sharpness or clarity of the HUD image.
Clean the HUD lens with a soft cloth
sprayed with glass cleaner. Wipe the lens
gently, then dry it.
HUD Troubleshooting
Check that:
.Nothing is covering the HUD lens.
.The HUD brightness setting is not too
dim or too bright.
.The HUD is adjusted to the proper height.
.Polarized sunglasses are not worn.
.The windshield and HUD lens are clean.
If the HUD image is not correct, contact
your dealer.
The windshield is part of the HUD system.
See Windshield Replacement 0357.
Vehicle Messages
Messages displayed on the DIC indicate the
status of the vehicle or some action that
may be needed to correct a condition.
Multiple messages may appear one after
another.
The messages that do not require
immediate action can be acknowledged and
cleared by pressing the thumbwheel. The
messages that require immediate action
cannot be cleared until that action is
performed.
All messages should be taken seriously;
clearing the message does not correct the
problem.
If a SERVICE message appears, see your
dealer.
Follow the instructions given in the
messages. The system displays messages
regarding the following topics:
.Service Messages
.Fluid Levels
.Vehicle Security
.Brakes
.Ride Control Systems
.Driver Assistance Systems
.Cruise Control
.Lighting and Bulb Replacement
.Wiper/Washer Systems
.Doors and Windows
.Seat Belts
.Airbag Systems
.Engine and Transmission
.Tire Pressure
.Battery
Engine Power Messages
REDUCED ACCELERATION DRIVE
WITH CARE
This message displays when the vehicle's
propulsion power is reduced. A reduction in
propulsion power can affect the vehicle's
ability to accelerate. If this message is on,
but there is no observed reduction in
performance, proceed to your destination.
Under certain conditions the performance
may be reduced the next time the vehicle is
driven. The vehicle may be driven while this
message is on, but maximum acceleration
and speed may be reduced. Anytime this
message stays on, or displays repeatedly,
the vehicle should be taken to your dealer
for service as soon as possible.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/11/22
Driving and Operating 213
{Warning
Wet brakes can cause crashes. They
might not work as well in a quick stop
and could cause pulling to one side. You
could lose control of the vehicle.
After driving through a large puddle of
water or a car/vehicle wash, lightly apply
the brake pedal until the brakes work
normally.
Flowing or rushing water creates strong
forces. Driving through flowing water
could cause the vehicle to be carried
away. If this happens, you and other
vehicle occupants could drown. Do not
ignore police warnings and be very
cautious about trying to drive through
flowing water.
Hydroplaning
Hydroplaning is dangerous. Water can build
up under the vehicle's tires so they actually
ride on the water. This can happen if the
road is wet enough and you are going fast
enough. When the vehicle is hydroplaning, it
has little or no contact with the road.There is no hard and fast rule about
hydroplaning. The best advice is to slow
down when the road is wet.
Other Rainy Weather Tips
Besides slowing down, other wet weather
driving tips include:
.Allow extra following distance.
.Pass with caution.
.Keep windshield wiping equipment in
good shape.
.Keep the windshield washer fluid reservoir
filled.
.Have good tires with proper tread depth.
See
Tires 0369.
.Turn off cruise control.
Hill and Mountain Roads
Driving on steep hills or through mountains
is different than driving on flat or rolling
terrain. Tips include:
.Keep the vehicle serviced and in good
shape.
.Check all fluid levels and brakes, tires, and
cooling system.
.Shift to a lower gear when going down
steep or long hills.
{Warning
Using the brakes to slow the vehicle on a
long downhill slope can cause brake
overheating, can reduce brake
performance, and could result in a loss of
braking. Shift the transmission to a lower
gear to let the engine assist the brakes
on a steep downhill slope.
{Warning
Coasting downhill in N (Neutral) or with
the ignition off is dangerous. This can
cause overheating of the brakes and loss
of steering assist. Always have the engine
running and the vehicle in gear.
.Drive at speeds that keep the vehicle in
its own lane. Do not swing wide or cross
the center line.
.Be alert on top of hills; something could
be in your lane (e.g., stalled car, crash).
.Pay attention to special road signs (e.g.,
falling rocks area, winding roads, long
grades, passing or no-passing zones) and
take appropriate action.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/11/22
Driving and Operating 229
Caution
A transmission hot message may display
if the automatic transmission fluid is too
hot. Driving under this condition can
damage the vehicle. Stop and idle the
engine to cool the automatic
transmission fluid. This message clears
when the transmission fluid has cooled
sufficiently.
D : This position is for normal driving.
If more power is needed for passing, press
the accelerator pedal down.
To shift into D (Drive):
1. Bring the vehicle to a complete stop.
2. From the center position, move the shift lever back.
.If the vehicle is in P (Park) press the
shift lock release button while pulling
the shift lever back.
.D will illuminate in red.
.After releasing the shift lever, it will
return to the center position.
To shift out of D (Drive): 1. Bring the vehicle to a complete stop.
2. Shift to the desired gear. 3. After releasing the shift lever, it will
return to the center position.
Downshifting the transmission on a slippery
road could result in skidding. See “Skidding”
under Loss of Control 0209.
Caution
Spinning the tires or holding the vehicle
in one place on a hill using only the
accelerator pedal may damage the
transmission. The repair will not be
covered by the vehicle warranty. If the
vehicle is stuck, do not spin the tires.
When stopping on a hill, use the brakes
to hold the vehicle in place.
Manual Mode
Electronic Range Select (ERS)
Caution
Driving with the engine at a high rpm
without upshifting while using Tap Shift,
could damage the vehicle. Always upshift
when necessary while using Tap Shift.
Electronic Range Select (ERS), or Manual
Mode, allows manual selection of gear
positions. Use this mode when driving
downhill or towing a trailer to limit the top
gear and vehicle speed. The shift position
indicator within the Driver Information
Center (DIC) displays a number next to the L
indicating the highest available gear.
To enter ERS/Manual Mode:1. With the vehicle in D (Drive), pull back the shift lever to activate L (Low). The L
will illuminate red, and the D will turn
white.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/11/22
Driving and Operating 329
.Touch X next to Upcoming Alerts (90%)
to dismiss the alert. It will not appear
again.
.Touch X next to Maintenance Due (100%)
to delay the alert to the next ON/OFF
cycle.
Always follow all of the maintenance
instructions that came with your trailer.
Cameras
1. Rear Trailer Not Connected/Preview, if equipped
2. Interior Trailer Not Connected/Preview, if equipped
The Cameras Status view displays status of
trailer cameras.
Touch a connected camera to preview the
camera image.
Vehicle
1. Transmission Fluid Temperature
2. Average Fuel Economy with TrailerProfile
Average Fuel Economy
Touch to view the average fuel economy of
the vehicle while the Trailer Profile is active.
Transmission Temperature
View the temperature of the transmission
fluid by looking at the graphic. The graphic
will indicate a dangerous level if the
temperature is at 130 °C–150 °C (270 °F–
300 °F).
Guest Trailer Status View
Touch the Guest Trailer Profile for the status
views.
The Guest Trailer Profile Status view shows:
.Vehicle
.Connections
.Cameras, if equipped
The Trailer Status view displays mileage
information. Touch to edit, and follow the
on-screen prompts. Mileage and fuel
economy will reset after the trailer
disconnects. The Cameras Status view
displays status of trailer cameras. Touch a
connected camera to preview the camera
image.
Accessory/No Trailer Status View
If the Accessory/No Trailer profile is active,
trailer status information is not available.
Checklist View
This view shows the recommended steps to
take before towing a trailer.
Touch the box next to each item if that step
has been completed.
Touch
pto access a detailed view of
each step. Within each detailed view, touch
Next and Previous to navigate between
steps.
Touch Clear All to clear the completed
statuses from all items in the current
checklist.

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
Vehicle Care 335
Vehicle Care
General Information
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
California Perchlorate MaterialsRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Accessories and Modifications . . . . . . . . . 336
Vehicle Checks
Doing Your Own Service Work . . . . . . . . 336
Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Engine Compartment Overview . . . . . . . . 339
Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Engine Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Automatic Transmission Fluid . . . . . . . . . 345
Engine Air Filter Life System . . . . . . . . . . 345
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Engine Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Engine Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Washer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Brake Pad Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Brake Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Battery - North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Four-Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Front Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Park Brake and P (Park) Mechanism Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Wiper Blade Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Glass Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Windshield Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Gas Strut(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Headlamp Aiming
Front Headlamp Aiming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Bulb Replacement
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Electrical System
Electrical System Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Engine Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . 361
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . 365
Rear Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . 367
Wheels and Tires
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
All-Season Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Winter Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Low-Profile Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Tire Sidewall Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Tire Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Tire Terminology and Definitions . . . . . . 372
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Tire Pressure for High-Speed
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Tire Pressure Monitor System . . . . . . . . . 376
Tire Pressure Monitor Operation . . . . . . . 377 Tire Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Tire Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
When It Is Time for New Tires . . . . . . . . 382
Buying New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Different Size Tires and Wheels . . . . . . . 384
Uniform Tire Quality Grading . . . . . . . . . 384
Wheel Alignment and Tire Balance . . . . 385
Wheel Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Tire Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
If a Tire Goes Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Tire Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Full-Size Spare Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Jump Starting
Jump Starting - North America . . . . . . . . 398
Towing the Vehicle
Transporting a Disabled Vehicle . . . . . . . 401
Recreational Vehicle Towing . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Appearance Care
Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16417396) - 2023 - CRC - 5/9/22
Vehicle Care 345
The oil life system can also be reset as
follows:1. Display OIL LIFE on the vehicle information screen. See Vehicle
Information 0127.
2. Fully press and release the accelerator pedal three times within five seconds.
If the CHANGE ENGINE OIL SOON
message is not on, the system is reset.
The system is reset when the CHANGE
ENGINE OIL SOON message is off.
If the CHANGE ENGINE OIL SOON message
comes back on when the vehicle is started,
the engine oil life system has not been
reset. Repeat the procedure.
Automatic Transmission Fluid
When to Check and Change Automatic
Transmission Fluid
If the vehicle has a diesel engine, see the
Duramax diesel supplement.
It is usually not necessary to check the
transmission fluid level. The only reason for
fluid loss is a transmission leak or
overheated transmission. This vehicle is not
equipped with a transmission fluid level
dipstick. There is a special procedure for checking and changing the transmission fluid
in these vehicles. Because this procedure is
difficult, this should be done at the dealer.
Contact the dealer for additional information
or the procedure can be found in the service
manual. See
Publication Ordering
Information 0435.
Caution
Use of the incorrect automatic
transmission fluid may damage the
vehicle, and the damage may not be
covered by the vehicle warranty. Always
use the correct automatic transmission
fluid. See Recommended Fluids and
Lubricants 0419.
Change the fluid and filter at the scheduled
maintenance intervals listed in Maintenance
Schedule 0415. Be sure to use the
transmission fluid listed in Recommended
Fluids and Lubricants 0419.
Engine Air Filter Life System
If equipped, this feature provides the engine
air filter’s remaining life and best timing for
a change. The timing to change an engine
air filter depends on driving and
environmental conditions.
When to Change the Engine Air Filter
When the Driver Information Center (DIC)
displays a message to replace the engine air
filter at the next oil change, follow this
timing.
When the DIC displays a message to replace
the engine air filter soon, replace the engine
air filter at the earliest convenience.
The system must be reset after the engine
air filter is changed.
If the DIC displays a message to check the
engine air filter system, see your dealer.
How to Reset the Engine Air Filter Life
System
To reset:
1. Place the vehicle in P (Park).
2. Access the Air Filter Life screen from the Vehicle Information main screen in the
infotainment system. See Vehicle
Information 0127 for instructions on
navigating and selecting items.