transmission fluid CHEVROLET CORVETTE 2011 6.G User Guide
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: CHEVROLET, Model Year: 2011, Model line: CORVETTE, Model: CHEVROLET CORVETTE 2011 6.GPages: 428, PDF Size: 6.63 MB
Page 307 of 428

Black plate (23,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
Vehicle Care 10-23
Automatic Transmission
Fluid
How to Check Automatic
Transmission Fluid
It is not necessary to check
the transmission fluid level.
A transmission fluid leak is the
only reason for fluid loss. If a leak
occurs, take the vehicle to the
dealer service department and have
it repaired as soon as possible.
The vehicle is not equipped with a
transmission fluid level dipstick.
There is a special procedure
for checking and changing the
transmission fluid. Because this
procedure is difficult, this should
be done at the dealer service
department. Contact the dealer
for additional information or theprocedure can be found in the
service manual. To purchase a
service manual, see
Service
Publications Ordering Information
on page 13‑15.
Notice: Use of the incorrect
automatic transmission fluid may
damage the vehicle, and the
damages may not be covered by
the vehicle's warranty. Always
use the automatic transmission
fluid listed in Recommended
Fluids and Lubricants on
page 11‑6.
Change the fluid and filter at the
intervals listed in Scheduled
Maintenance on page 11‑2, and
be sure to use the fluid listed in
Recommended Fluids and
Lubricants on page 11‑6.
Manual Transmission
Fluid
It is not necessary to check the
manual transmission fluid level.
A transmission fluid leak is the
only reason for fluid loss. If a leak
occurs, take the vehicle to the
dealer service department and
have it repaired as soon as
possible. See Recommended Fluids
and Lubricants on page 11‑6 for
the proper fluid to use.
Page 328 of 428

Black plate (44,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
10-44 Vehicle Care
Rear Axle
When to Check Lubricant
It is not necessary to regularly
check rear axle fluid unless a leak
is suspected or an unusual noise is
heard. A fluid loss could indicate a
problem. Have it inspected and
repaired.
How to Check Lubricant
To get an accurate reading, the
vehicle should be on a level
surface.If the level is below the bottom of
the fill plug hole, some lubricant will
need to be added. Add enough
lubricant to raise the level to the
bottom of the fill plug hole.
What to Use
To add lubricant when the level
is low or to completely refill after
draining, see
Recommended Fluids
and Lubricants on page 11‑6. Then
fill to the bottom of the fill plug hole
with the required lubricant.
Starter Switch Check
{WARNING
When you are doing this
inspection, the vehicle could
move suddenly. If the vehicle
moves, you or others could be
injured.
1. Before starting this check, be sure there is enough room
around the vehicle. 2. Firmly apply both the parking
brake and the regular brake.
See Parking Brake on
page 9‑35.
Do not use the accelerator
pedal, and be ready to turn off
the engine immediately if it
starts.
3. For automatic transmission vehicles, try to start the engine
in each gear. The vehicle
should start only in P (Park) or
N (Neutral). If the vehicle starts
in any other position, contact
your dealer for service.
For manual transmission
vehicles, put the shift lever in
Neutral, push the clutch pedal
down halfway, and try to start
the engine. The vehicle should
start only when the clutch pedal
is pushed down all the way to
the floor. If the vehicle starts
when the clutch pedal is not
pushed all the way down,
contact your dealer for service.
Page 382 of 428

Black plate (4,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
11-4 Service and Maintenance
.Fuel system inspection for
damage or leaks.
.Exhaust system and nearby heat
shields inspection for loose or
damaged components.
Additional Required Services
At Each Fuel Stop
.Engine oil level check.
SeeEngine Oil on page 10‑15.
.Engine coolant level check.
SeeEngine Coolant on
page 10‑29.
.Windshield washer fluid level
check. See Washer Fluid on
page 10‑37.
Once a Month
.Tire inflation check. See Tire
Pressure on page 10‑66.
.Tire wear inspection. See Tire
Inspection on page 10‑72 and
Tire Rotation on page 10‑72. Once a Year
.See
Starter Switch Check on
page 10‑44.
.See Automatic Transmission
Shift Lock Control Function
Check on page 10‑45.
.See Park Brake and P (Park)
Mechanism Check on
page 10‑45.
.Accelerator pedal check for
damage, high effort, or binding.
Replace if needed.
.Underbody flushing service.
Once Every Two Years
.Clutch hydraulic system drain,
flush, and refill. Service at a
regular service interval every
two years. This service can
be complex; have your dealer
perform this service. See
Hydraulic Clutch on page 10‑24. First Engine Oil Change After
Every 40 000 km/25,000 Miles
.Passenger compartment
air filter replacement (or every
24 months, whichever occurs
first). More frequent replacement
may be needed if you drive
in areas with heavy traffic,
areas with poor air quality,
or areas with high dust levels.
Replacement may also be
needed if you notice reduced
air flow, windows fogging up,
or odors. Your dealer can help
you determine when it is the
right time to replace the filter.
.ZR1 Only: Engine air cleaner
filter replacement. See
Engine
Air Cleaner/Filter on page 10‑24.
Page 383 of 428

Black plate (5,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
Service and Maintenance 11-5
First Engine Oil Change After
Every 80 000 km/50,000 Miles
.Engine air cleaner filter
replacement. SeeEngine Air
Cleaner/Filter on page 10‑24.
.Automatic transmission fluid
change (severe service)
for vehicles mainly driven
in heavy city traffic in hot
weather, in hilly or mountainous
terrain, when frequently towing
a trailer, or used for taxi,
police, or delivery service.
See Automatic Transmission
Fluid on page 10‑23.
.Evaporative control system
inspection. Check all fuel and
vapor lines and hoses for proper
hook‐up, routing, and condition.
Check that the purge valve,
if the vehicle has one, works
properly. Replace as needed.
An Emission Control Service. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency or the
California Air Resources Board
has determined that the failure
to perform this maintenance
item will not nullify the emission
warranty or limit recall liability
prior to the completion of
the vehicle's useful life.
We, however, urge that all
recommended maintenance
services be performed at the
indicated intervals and the
maintenance be recorded.
First Engine Oil Change After
Every 160 000 km/100,000 Miles.Automatic transmission fluid
change (normal service).
See Automatic Transmission
Fluid on page 10‑23.
.Spark plug replacement and
spark plug wires inspection.
An Emission Control Service. First Engine Oil Change After
Every 240 000 km/150,000 Miles
.Engine cooling system drain,
flush, and refill (or every five
years, whichever occurs first).
See
Engine Coolant on
page 10‑29. An Emission
Control Service.
.ZR1 Only: Intercooler system
drain, flush, and refill (or every
five years, whichever occurs
first). See Engine Coolant on
page 10‑29.
.Engine drive belts inspection
for fraying, excessive cracks,
or obvious damage (or every
10 years, whichever occurs
first). Replace, if needed.
Page 385 of 428

Black plate (7,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
Service and Maintenance 11-7
UsageFluid/Lubricant
Chassis Lubrication
(Rear Toe‐Link Outer Ends with ZO6,
ZR1, or Z51 Option) Chassis Lubricant (GM Part No. U.S. 12377985, in Canada 88901242) or
lubricant meeting requirements of NLGI #2, Category LB or GC-LB.
Manual Transmission Manual Transmission Fluid (GM Part No. U.S. 88861800,
in Canada 88861801).
Automatic Transmission DEXRON
®-VI Automatic Transmission Fluid.
Key Lock Cylinders Multi-Purpose Lubricant, Superlube (GM Part No. U.S. 12346241,
in Canada 10953474).
Rear Axle (Limited-Slip Differential) DEXRON
®LS Gear Oil. See Rear Axle on page 10‑44.
Hood Latch Assembly, Secondary Latch, Pivots, Spring Anchor, and Release Pawl Lubriplate Lubricant Aerosol (GM Part No. U.S. 12346293, in
Canada 992723) or lubricant meeting requirements of NLGI #2,
Category LB or GC-LB.
Hood and Door Hinges Multi-Purpose Lubricant, Superlube (GM Part No. U.S. 12346241,
in Canada 10953474).
Weatherstrip Conditioning Weatherstrip Lubricant (GM Part No. U.S. 3634770, in Canada 10953518)
or Dielectric Silicone Grease (GM Part No. U.S. 12345579,
in Canada 992887).
Page 393 of 428

Black plate (3,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
Technical Data 12-3
ApplicationCapacities
Metric English
6.2L LS9 V8 Supercharged Engine 9.9 L 10.5 qt
7.0L LS7 V8 Engine 9.9 L 10.5 qt
Fuel Tank 68.0 L 18.0 gal
Transmission Fluid Automatic Transmission (Pan Removal and Filter
Replacement) 6.2 L 6.5 qt
Manual Transmission –Base 3.5 L 3.6 qt
Manual Transmission –Z16 4.0 L 4.2 qt
Manual Transmission –Z06 4.3 L 4.5 qt
Manual Transmission –ZR1 4.3 L 4.5 qt
Wheel Nut Torque 140 Y100 lb ft
All capacities are approximate. When adding, be sure to fill to the approximate level, as recommended in this
manual. Recheck fluid level after filling
Page 417 of 428

Black plate (1,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
INDEX i-1
A
Accessories andModifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Accessory Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21
Active Handling System . . . . . . . 9-37
Active Handling System Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Add-On Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-54
Adding Equipment to the Airbag-Equipped Vehicle . . . . . 3-35
Adjustments Lumbar, Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Air Cleaner/Filter, Engine . . . . . 10-24
Air Dam, Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19
Air Filter, Passenger Compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Air Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Airbag System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
How Does an Airbag
Restrain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Passenger Sensing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30
What Makes an Airbag
Inflate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27 Airbag System (cont.)
What Will You See After
an Airbag Inflates? . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
When Should an Airbag
Inflate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26
Where Are the Airbags? . . . . . . 3-24
Airbags Adding Equipment to theVehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
Passenger Status Indicator . . . 5-17
Readiness Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Servicing Airbag-Equipped Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34
System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Alarm System Anti-Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
AM-FM Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Antenna Satellite Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
Anti-Theft Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Alarm System Messages . . . . . 5-50
Antilock Brake
System (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-34
Warning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22 Appearance Care
Exterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-86
Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-90
Ashtrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Assistance Program, Roadside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8, 13-10
Audio Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
Audio System Diversity Antenna System . . . . 7-11
Radio Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10
Theft-Deterrent Feature . . . . . . . . 7-2
Automatic Dimming Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Door Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Automatic Transmission . . . . . . . 9-28
Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29
Automatic Transmission Shift Lock Control
Function Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45
Auxiliary Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17
Axle, Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44
Page 420 of 428

Black plate (4,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
i-4 INDEX
E
Electrical Equipment,Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-54
Electrical System Engine CompartmentFuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-52
Fuses and Circuit
Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-55
Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-50
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24
Check and Service EngineSoon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Compartment Overview . . . . . 10-10
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
Coolant Temperature
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Cooling System . . . . . . 10-28, 10-29
Cooling System Messages . . . 5-39
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-26
Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Overheated Protection
Operating Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35 Engine (cont.)
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . 9-27
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21
Engine Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-40
Entry/Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Event Data Recorders . . . . . . . . 13-17
Extender, Safety Belt . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Exterior Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . 6-2
Exterior Lighting Battery
Saver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
F
FeaturesMemory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Filter
Engine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . 10-24
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . 6-4
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-80
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-93 Fluid
Automatic Transmission . . . . 10-23
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41
Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36
Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
Fog Lamps Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Folding Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Front Air Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19
Front Fog Lamps Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Front Seats Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Heated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48 Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-50
Filling a Portable Fuel
Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-53
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-51
Fuels in Foreign Countries . . . . 9-49
Gasoline Specifications . . . . . . . 9-49
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Recommended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48
Requirements, California . . . . . 9-49
System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Page 423 of 428

Black plate (7,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
INDEX i-7
Lights (cont.)Front Fog Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . 6-2
One-to-Four Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Safety Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . 5-16
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Traction Control System
(TCS) Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Limited-Slip Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . 9-42
Locks Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Low-Profile Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-60
Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children
(LATCH SYSTEM) . . . . . 3-43, 3-44
Lumbar Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6M
Maintenance
Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
Maintenance Schedule Recommended Fluids andLubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Scheduled Maintenance . . . . . . 11-2
Malfunction Indicator Lamp . . . . 5-18
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29
Manual Transmission . . . . . . . . . . 9-32 Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23
Memory Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Messages Anti-Theft Alarm System . . . . . . 5-50
Battery Voltage andCharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Convertible Top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
Engine Cooling System . . . . . . . 5-39
Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-40
Engine Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41 Messages (cont.)
Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Key and Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
Ride Control System . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
Safety Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Service Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Starting the Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Vehicle Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
Washer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
Mirrors
Automatic Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Automatic DimmingRearview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Heated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Monitor System, Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-68
Page 426 of 428

Black plate (10,1)Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual - 2011
i-10 INDEX
S
Safety Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Extender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
How to Wear Safety BeltsProperly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Replacing After a Crash . . . . . . 3-22
Use During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . 3-20
Safety Defects Reporting Canadian Government . . . . . . 13-16
General Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-17
U.S. Government . . . . . . . . . . . 13-16
Safety System Check . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Satellite Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Scheduled Maintenance . . . . . . . 11-2
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . 13-10
Seatback Latches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Seats
Adjustment, Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Heated Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 Seats (cont.)
Lumbar Adjustment, Front . . . . . 3-6
Power Adjustment, Front . . . . . . 3-3
Reclining Seatbacks . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Securing Child Restraints . . . . . . 3-48
Security Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Selective Ride Control . . . . . . . . . 9-42
Service
Accessories andModifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Doing Your Own Work . . . . . . . . 10-8
Engine Soon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Maintenance Records . . . . . . . . 11-9
Maintenance, General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Parts Identification Label . . . . . 12-1
Publications Ordering
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-15
Scheduling Appointments . . . 13-10
Vehicle Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Servicing the
Airbag-Equipped Vehicle . . . . . 3-34
Shift Lock Control Function Check, Automatic
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45 Shifting
Into Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24
Out of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25
Signals, Turn and Lane-Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Specifications and Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Starter Switch Check . . . . . . . . . 10-44
Starting the Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21
Starting the Vehicle Messsages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 Fluid, Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36
Wheel Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Wheel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Storage Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Storage Areas Cargo Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Center Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Convenience Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Glove Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Stuck Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Sun Visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv