transmission CHEVROLET CORVETTE C8 2021 User Guide
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: CHEVROLET, Model Year: 2021, Model line: CORVETTE C8, Model: CHEVROLET CORVETTE C8 2021Pages: 339, PDF Size: 6.44 MB
Page 87 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
86 Instruments and Controls
If the light stays on, or comes on while
driving, there may be a problem with the
electrical charging system. Have it checked
by your dealer. Driving while this light is on
could drain the battery.
When this light comes on, or is flashing, the
Driver Information Center (DIC) also displays
a message.
If a short distance must be driven with the
light on, be sure to turn off all accessories,
such as the radio and air conditioner. Find a
safe place to stop the vehicle. Continuous
driving may stall the vehicle abruptly.
Malfunction Indicator Lamp
(Check Engine Light)
This light is part of the vehicle’s emission
control on-board diagnostic system. If this
light is on while the engine is running, a
malfunction has been detected and the
vehicle may require service. The light should
come on to show that it is working when
the ignition is in Service Mode. SeeIgnition
Positions 0192.
Malfunctions are often indicated by the
system before any problem is noticeable.
Being aware of the light and seeking service
promptly when it comes on may prevent
damage.
Caution
If the vehicle is driven continually with
this light on, the emission control system
may not work as well, the fuel economy
may be lower, and the vehicle may not
run smoothly. This could lead to costly
repairs that might not be covered by the
vehicle warranty.
Caution
Modifications to the engine, transmission,
exhaust, intake, or fuel system, or the
use of replacement tires that do not
meet the original tire specifications, can
cause this light to come on. This could
(Continued)
Caution (Continued)
lead to costly repairs not covered by the
vehicle warranty. This could also affect
the vehicle’s ability to pass an Emissions
Inspection/Maintenance test. See
Accessories and Modifications 0231.
If the light is flashing : A malfunction has
been detected that could damage the
emission control system and increase vehicle
emissions. Diagnosis and service may be
required.
To help prevent damage, reduce vehicle
speed and avoid hard accelerations and
uphill grades.
If the light continues to flash, find a safe
place to park. Turn the vehicle off and wait
at least 10 seconds before restarting the
engine. If the light is still flashing, follow
the previous guidelines and see your dealer
for service as soon as possible.
If the light is on steady : A malfunction has
been detected. Diagnosis and service may be
required.
Page 94 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
Instruments and Controls 93
amber. SeeTire Pressure Monitor System
0 269 and
Tire Pressure Monitor Operation 0270.
Transmission Fluid Life : Displays an
estimate of the fluid's remaining useful life.
If REMAINING FLUID LIFE 99% is displayed,
that means 99% of the current fluid life
remains.
When the remaining fluid life is low, the
CHANGE TRANSMISSION FLUID SOON
message will appear on the display. The
fluid should be changed as soon as possible.
See Dual Clutch Transmission Fluid Life
System 0242. In addition to the
Transmission Fluid Life system monitoring
the fluid life, additional maintenance is
recommended in the Maintenance Schedule.
See Maintenance Schedule 0293.
The Fluid Life display must be reset after
each fluid change. It will not reset itself. Do
not reset the Fluid Life display accidentally
at any time other than when the fluid has
just been changed. It cannot be reset
accurately until the next fluid change. To
reset the Transmission Fluid Life system,
press and hold SEL for several seconds while
the Fluid Life display is active. Fuel Economy :
Displays the average fuel
economy, the best fuel economy over the
selected distance, and a bar graph showing
instantaneous fuel economy. Pressing the
thumbwheel will open a menu to change
the selected distance or reset the current
values.
Timer/Fuel Used : This display can be used
as a timer. To start/stop the timer, press the
thumbwheel while this display is active and
then select the start/stop the timer. The
display will show the amount of time that
has passed since the timer was last reset. To
reset the timer to zero, press the
thumbwheel to access the menu while this
display is active.
Fuel Used displays the approximate liters (L)
or gallons (gal) of fuel that have been used
since last reset. The fuel used can be reset
by pressing the thumbwheel and selecting
Reset Fuel Used in the menu.
Economy Trend : Shows the instantaneous
fuel economy and current gas mileage.
Speed Limit : Displays sign information,
which comes from a roadway database in
the on-board navigation. Engine Hours/Lifetime Revs :
Displays the
total number of hours the engine has run.
It also shows total engine revolutions
divided by 10,000.
Head-Up Display (HUD)
{Warning
If the HUD image is too bright, or too
high in your field of view, it may take
you more time to see things you need to
see when it is dark outside. Be sure to
keep the HUD image dim and placed low
in your field of view.
If equipped with HUD, some information
concerning the operation of the vehicle is
projected onto the windshield.
The HUD information appears as an image
focused out toward the front of the vehicle.
Caution
If you try to use the HUD image as a
parking aid, you may misjudge the
distance and damage your vehicle. Do not
use the HUD image as a parking aid.
Page 95 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
94 Instruments and Controls
The HUD information can be displayed in
various languages. The speedometer reading
and other numerical values can be displayed
in either English or metric units.
The language selection is changed through
the radio and the units of measurement is
changed through the instrument cluster. See
Vehicle Personalization097 and “Settings”
under Instrument Cluster 079.
The HUD may display different alerts and
information for vehicles equipped with these
features:
.Speedometer
.Tachometer
.Manual Paddle Shift Gear Indicator
These displays on the HUD are for use
when using the manual paddle shift
controls to shift the transmission. See
“Manual Paddle Shift” inDual Clutch
Transmission 0197.
.G-Force Gauge
.Upcoming Maneuver from On-Board
Navigation
.Upcoming Maneuver from OnStar
.Incoming Call
The HUD control is to the left of the
steering wheel on the instrument panel.
To adjust the HUD image so that items are
properly displayed:
1. Adjust the driver seat.
2. Start the engine.
3. Adjust the following HUD settings as needed.
$:Press or lift to adjust the vertical
position of the HUD image in the
windshield.
!: Press to select the display view. Each
press will cause the display view to change
to the next view. If vehicle messages are
displayed, pressing the DIC select button
may clear the message. See Driver
Information Center (DIC) 092.
D:Lift and hold to brighten the display.
Press down and hold to dim the display.
Hold down to turn the display off. The HUD image will automatically dim and
brighten to compensate for outside lighting.
The HUD brightness control can also be
adjusted as needed.
The HUD image can temporarily light up
depending on the angle and position of the
sunlight on the HUD display. This is normal.
Polarized sunglasses could make the HUD
image harder to see.
Head-Up Display (HUD) Rotation Option
This feature allows for adjusting the angle
of the HUD image.
Use the right steering wheel controls to
open and scroll through different items and
displays.
The vehicle must be in P (Park).
While in the options menu, press
worx
to scroll to the HUD rotation page. Press the
thumbwheel while Head-Up Display Rotation
is highlighted to enter Adjust Mode.
Press
worxto adjust the angle of the
HUD display. Press SEL to save the setting.
To cancel the setting, press
o. See
Instrument Cluster 079.
Page 98 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
Instruments and Controls 97
If the HUD image is not correct, contact
your dealer.
The windshield is part of the HUD system.
SeeWindshield Replacement 0253.
Vehicle Messages
Messages displayed on the DIC indicate the
status of the vehicle or some action that
may be needed to correct a condition.
Multiple messages may appear one after
another.
The messages that do not require
immediate action can be acknowledged and
cleared by pressing
V. The messages that
require immediate action cannot be cleared
until that action is performed.
All messages should be taken seriously;
clearing the message does not correct the
problem.
If a SERVICE message appears, see your
dealer.
Follow the instructions given in the
messages. The system displays messages
regarding the following topics:
.Service Messages
.Fluid Levels
.Vehicle Security
.Brakes
.Steering
.Ride Control Systems
.Driver Assistance Systems
.Cruise Control
.Front Lift System
.Lighting and Bulb Replacement
.Wiper/Washer Systems
.Doors and Windows
.Seat Belts
.Airbag Systems
.Engine and Transmission
.Tire Pressure
.Battery
Engine Power Messages
REDUCED ACCELERATION DRIVE
WITH CARE
This message displays when the vehicle
propulsion power is reduced. A reduction in
propulsion power can affect the vehicle's
ability to accelerate. If this message is on,
but there is no observed reduction in
performance, proceed to your destination. Under certain conditions, the performance
may be reduced the next time the vehicle is
driven. The vehicle may be driven while this
message is on, but maximum acceleration
and speed may be reduced. Anytime this
message stays on, or displays repeatedly,
the vehicle should be taken to your dealer
for service as soon as possible.
Under certain operating conditions,
propulsion will be disabled. Try restarting
after the ignition has been off for
two minutes.
Vehicle Speed Messages
SPEED LIMITED TO XXX KM/H (MPH)
This message shows that the vehicle speed
has been limited to the speed displayed. The
limited speed is a protection for various
propulsion and vehicle systems, such as
lubrication, thermal, brakes, suspension,
Teen Driver (if equipped), or tires.
Vehicle Personalization
The following are all possible vehicle
personalization features. Depending on the
vehicle, some may not be available.
For System, Apps, and Personal features and
functions, see
Settings0153.
Page 103 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
102 Instruments and Controls
To configure the Performance Data Recorder
(PDR) to automatically record in Valet mode,
see“Settings” inPerformance Data Recorder
(PDR) 0142.
Universal Remote System
See Radio Frequency Statement 0316.
The FCC Grant of Equipment Authorization
Certificate number is NZLSAHL5B.
The Canadian Registration ID number is
4112A-SAHL5B.
Universal Remote System
Programming
If equipped, these buttons are on the sun
visor.
This system can replace up to three remote
control transmitters used to activate devices
such as garage door openers, security
systems, and home automation devices.
These instructions refer to a garage door
opener, but can be used for other devices.
Do not use the Universal Remote system
with any garage door opener that does not
have the stop and reverse feature. This
includes any garage door opener model
manufactured before April 1, 1982.
Read these instructions completely before
programming the Universal Remote system.
It may help to have another person assist
with the programming process.
Keep the original hand-held transmitter for
use in other vehicles as well as for future
programming. Erase the programming when
vehicle ownership is terminated. See
“Erasing Universal Remote System Buttons”
later in this section.
To program a garage door opener, park
outside directly in line with and facing the
garage door opener receiver. Clear all people
and objects near the garage door. Make sure the hand-held transmitter has a
new battery for quick and accurate
transmission of the radio-frequency signal.
Programming the Universal Remote
System
For questions or programming help, see
www.homelink.com/gm or call
1-800-355-3515. For calls placed outside the
U.S., Canada, or Puerto Rico, international
rates will apply and may differ based on
landline or mobile phone.
Programming involves time-sensitive actions,
and may time out causing the procedure to
be repeated.
To program up to three devices:
1. Hold the end of the hand-held transmitter about 3 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in)
away from the Universal Remote system
buttons with the indicator light in view.
The hand-held transmitter was supplied
by the manufacturer of the garage door
opener receiver.
2. Press and release one of the three Universal Remote system buttons to be
programmed. Press and hold the
hand-held transmitter button. Do not
release the hand-held transmitter button
until the indicator light changes from a
Page 104 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
Instruments and Controls 103
slow to a rapid flash or continuous light.
Then release the hand-held transmitter
button.
Some garage door openers may require
substitution of Step 2 with the procedure
under“Radio Signals for Some Gate
Operators” later in this section.
3. Press and hold the newly programmed Universal Remote system button for
five seconds while watching the indicator
light and garage door activation.
.If the indicator light stays on
continuously or the garage door
moves when the button is pressed,
then programming is complete. There
is no need to complete Steps 4–6.
.If the indicator light does not come
on or the garage door does not
move, a second button press may be
required. For a second time, press
and hold the newly programmed
button for five seconds. If the
indicator light is continuously lit,
or the garage door moves,
programming is complete.
.If the indicator light flashes rapidly
and the garage door does not move,
continue with programming
Steps 4–6.
Learn or Smart Button
4. After completing Steps 1–3, locate the Learn or Smart button inside the garage
on the garage door opener receiver. The
name and color of the button may vary
by manufacturer.
5. Press and release the Learn or Smart button. Step 6 must be completed within
30 seconds of pressing this button.
6. Return to the vehicle and firmly press and hold the trained Universal Remote
system button for two seconds and
release. Repeat the “press/hold/release”
sequence up to three times to complete
the training process.
The Universal Remote system should now
activate the garage door.
Repeat the process to program the two
remaining buttons.
Radio Signals for Some Gate Operators
For questions or programming help, see
www.homelink.com/gm or call
1-800-355-3515. For calls placed outside the
U.S., Canada, or Puerto Rico, international
rates will apply and may differ based on
landline or mobile phone.
Some gate operators and radio-frequency
laws require transmitter signals to time out
or quit after several seconds of transmission.
This may not be long enough for the
Universal Remote system to pick up the
signal during programming.
If the programming did not work, replace
Step 2 under “Programming the Universal
Remote System” with the following:
Press and hold the Universal Remote system
button while pressing and releasing the
hand-held transmitter button every
two seconds until the signal has been
successfully accepted by the Universal
Remote system. The Universal Remote
system indicator light will flash slowly at
first and then change to a rapid flash or
continuous solid-light. Proceed with Step 3
under “Programming the Universal Remote
System” to complete.
Page 144 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
Infotainment System 143
If the system is unable to begin recording,
the Start Recording button is grayed out.
Touch Start Recording to begin recording.
After recording begins, this button changes
to Stop Recording. Touch to stop the
recording session.
The recording must be stopped and the file
closed before removing the SD card, or the
recording cannot be reviewed.
The elapsed time will show when recording.
The following errors or warnings may be
displayed while recording:
.Storage Full
.No Storage Available
.System Error
.SD Card Error
.SD Card Speed Insufficient
.GPS Accuracy Warning
.SD Card Write Protected
Video Overlay
Touch Video Overlay to display the menu
screen.
Touching preview provides a live preview of
the overlay selected.
Select one:
.None
.Sport
.Track
.Timing
None:
No vehicle data displays on top of the
recorded video. Vehicle data is still available
with the video when accessed in the toolbox
software. See www.chevrolet.com/
performance-data-recorder to download
Toolbox Software. Sport:
Displays these vehicle metrics:
.Vehicle Speed: Up to three digits are
displayed in km/h or MPH depending on
vehicle settings.
.Engine Revolutions Per Minute (rpm): The
vertical line and triangle show current
rpm’s. As the rpm’s increase, the backfill
follows.
.Transmission State (Current Gear):
Transmissions display 1, 2, etc.
.Lateral G-Force Graphic: Left and Right
G-Forces are displayed. The graphic fills to
the left or the right depending on the
measure value. The measured G-Force
displays as a number at the top of the
graphic.
.Event Odometer: This displays the
distance driven since the recording began.
Page 145 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
144 Infotainment System
Track:
Displays these vehicle metrics:
.Vehicle Speed: Same as Sport.
.GPS Tracking Map: Shows the vehicle’s
current position relative to a known
route.
.Engine Revolutions Per Minute (rpm): The
vertical line and triangle show current
rpm’s. As the rpm’s increase, the backfill
follows.
.Transmission State (Current Gear): Same
as Sport.
.Friction Bubble Graphic: Lateral and
longitudinal G-Forces are displayed as a
dot within a bubble. A red dot displays
when the vehicle starts braking and turns
green when the vehicle accelerates. The
dot is white when the vehicle is not
moving. A white dot is the default.
.Brake and Throttle Graphic: Displays
the percentage value of brake and
throttle pedal position from 0–100%.
.Steering Angle: The graphic fills from the
center to the left or right depending on
the direction of steering. The numerical
steering angle displays below the graphic.
.Active Handling Active Indicator: The
graphic only displays if the active
handling systems are activated.
.Performance Traction Management (PTM)
Mode: Displays the current PTM mode.
The options are Wet, Dry, Sport 1, Sport 2,
or Race.
.Current Lap Time: Displays the elapsed
lap time if the finish line is defined and
the vehicle has crossed the defined finish
line at least once.
.Event Odometer: This displays the
distance driven since the recording began.
.Drive Mode: Displays the vehicle’s current
drive mode.Timing:
Displays these vehicle metrics:
.Vehicle Speed: Same as Sport.
.Engine Revolutions Per Minute (rpm):
Same as Sport.
.Transmission State (Current Gear): Same
as Sport.
.0–100 km/h (0–60 mph), 0–200 km/h
(0–100 mph), 400 m (1/4 th mi), and
0–200–0 km/h (0–100–0 mph): The timer
starts recording as soon as the vehicle
accelerates. As the vehicle passes each
speed and distance milestone, it is
displayed on the overlay.
.Throttle Position: Displays the percentage
of throttle applied from 0–100%.
.Active Handling Active Indicator: The
graphic only displays if the active
handling systems are activated.
Page 160 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
Infotainment System 159
Profile Picture
Touch to choose or change your profile
picture.
Profile Identifiers
Touch to have the vehicle recognize the
identifier you choose.
Touch Vehicle Key 1 and/or Vehicle Key 2.
If the remote key is lost or stolen, see your
dealer.
Security
Touch to have your profile secured with
a PIN.
Touch No or Yes.
Vehicle Name
Touch to edit your vehicle name.
Vehicle Account
Touch to view the vehicle account
information and to change the account
password.
Delete Profile
Touch to remove the profile from the
vehicle.
Touch Remove or Cancel.Teen Driver
If equipped, this allows multiple keys to be
registered for beginner drivers to encourage
safe driving habits. When the vehicle is
started with a Teen Driver key, it will
automatically activate certain safety
systems, allow setting of some features, and
limit the use of others. The Report Card will
record vehicle data about driving behavior
that can be viewed later. When the vehicle
is started with a registered key, the Driver
Information Center (DIC) displays a message
that Teen Driver is active.
To access:1. Touch Settings on the Home Page, then touch Vehicle, and then Teen Driver.
2. Create a Personal Identification Number (PIN) by choosing a four-digit PIN.
Re-enter the PIN to confirm. To change
the PIN, touch Change PIN.
The PIN is required to:
.Register or unregister keys.
.Change Teen Driver settings.
.Change or clear the Teen Driver PIN.
.Access or delete Report Card data. Register keys to activate Teen Driver and
assign restrictions to the key:
Any vehicle key can be registered, up to a
maximum of eight keys. Label the key to
tell it apart from the other keys.
For a pushbutton start system:
1. Start the engine.
2. For automatic transmissions, the vehicle must be in P (Park). For manual
transmissions, the vehicle must be
stopped with the parking brake set.
3. From the Settings menu, touch Vehicle and then Teen Driver.
4. Enter the PIN.
5. Place the remote key you wish to register in the transmitter pocket. The
key does not need to be the one that
started the vehicle. See Remote Keyless
Entry (RKE) System Operation 07for
transmitter pocket location.
6. From the Teen Driver menu, touch Setup Keys.
.If the remote key has not previously
been registered, the option to add
the key displays. Touch Setup and a
confirmation message displays. Teen
Page 176 of 339

Chevrolet Corvette Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
14622938) - 2021 - CRC - 9/22/20
Driving and Operating 175
Driving and Operating
Driving Information
Driving for Better Fuel Economy . . . . . . . 176
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Impaired Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Off-Road Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Track Events and Competitive Driving(Z51 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Driving on Wet Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Winter Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
If the Vehicle Is Stuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Vehicle Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Starting and Operating
New Vehicle Break-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Front Air Dam (and Splitter) . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Ignition Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Starting the Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Retained Accessory Power (RAP) . . . . . . . 194
Shifting Into Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Shifting out of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Parking over Things That Burn . . . . . . . . . 195 Active Fuel Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Extended Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Engine Exhaust
Engine Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Running the Vehicle While Parked . . . . . 196
Dual Clutch Transmission
Dual Clutch Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Brakes
Electric Brake Boost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Antilock Brake System (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . 203
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Brake Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Hill Start Assist (HSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Ride Control Systems
Traction Control/Electronic Stability
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Hill Rollback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Driver Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Front Lift System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Competitive Driving Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Limited-Slip Differential (without Z51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Limited-Slip Differential (with Z51) . . . . . 217
Cruise Control
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Driver Assistance Systems
Driver Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Assistance Systems for Parking or Backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Side Blind Zone Alert (SBZA) . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Fuel
Top Tier Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Recommended Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Prohibited Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Fuels in Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Fuel Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Filling a Portable Fuel Container . . . . . . . 228
Trailer Towing
General Towing Information . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Conversions and Add-Ons
Add-On Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 228