cooling GMC SIERRA 2022 Owner's Manual

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
426 Service and Maintenance
Passenger Compartment Air Filter
The passenger compartment air filter
removes dust, pollen, and other airborne
irritants from outside air that is pulled into
the vehicle. The filter should be replaced as
part of routine scheduled maintenance.
Inspect the passenger compartment air filter
every 36 000 km/22,500 miles or two years,
whichever comes first. Replace if necessary.
More frequent replacement may be needed
if the vehicle is driven in areas with heavy
traffic, areas with poor air quality, or areas
with high dust levels. Replacement may also
be needed if there is a reduction in air flow,
excessive window fogging, or odors.
Extended Idle Use
When the vehicle is used in a way that
requires extended idle time, one hour of use
shall be deemed the same as 53 km (33 mi).
SeeDriver Information Center (DIC) (Base
Level) 0128 or
Driver Information Center (DIC) (Uplevel)
0 130 for hourmeter, if equipped.
Air Conditioning Desiccant (Replace Every
Seven Years)
The air conditioning system requires
maintenance every seven years. This service
requires replacement of the desiccant to
help the longevity and efficient operation of
the air conditioning system. This service can
be complex. See your dealer.
Tire Rotation and Required Services
Every 12 000 km/7,500 mi
Rotate the tires, if recommended for the
vehicle, and perform the following services.
See Tire Rotation 0390.
.Check engine oil level and oil
life percentage. If needed, change engine
oil and filter, and reset oil life system.
See Engine Oil 0348 and
Engine Oil Life System 0350.
.If equipped with the engine air filter life
system, check the air filter
life percentage. If necessary, replace the
engine air filter and reset the engine air
filter life system. See Engine Air Filter Life
System 0351. If the vehicle is not
equipped with the engine air filter life
system, inspect the engine air cleaner
filter. See Engine Air Cleaner/Filter 0351.
.Check engine coolant level. See Cooling
System 0352.
.Check windshield washer fluid level. See
Washer Fluid 0358.
.Check tire inflation pressures, including
the spare. See Tire Pressure0384.
.Inspect tire wear. See Tire Inspection
0 389.
.Visually check for fluid leaks.
.Inspect brake system. See Exterior Care
0 414.
.Visually inspect steering, suspension, and
chassis components for damage, including
cracks or tears in the rubber boots, loose
or missing parts, or signs of wear at least
once a year. See Exterior Care0414.
If equipped with grease fittings, lubricate
the suspension and steering components
every other oil change for normal usage
and every oil change for severe usage.
.Inspect power steering for proper
attachment, connections, binding, leaks,
cracks, chafing, etc.
.Visually inspect drive shafts for excessive
wear, lubricant leaks or damage including:
tube dents, cracks, constant velocity joint
or universal joint looseness, cracked or

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
428 Service and Maintenance
Additional Required ServicesMaintenance Schedule Additional
Required Services - Normal
12 000 km/7,500 mi
24 000 km/15,000 mi
36 000 km/22,500 mi
48 000 km/30,000 mi 60 000 km/37,500 mi
72 000 km/45,000 mi84 000 km/52,500 mi
96 000 km/60,000 mi
108 000 km/67,500 mi 120 000 km/75,000 mi 132 000 km/82,500 mi
144 000 km/90,000 mi 156 000 km/97,500 mi
168 000 km/105,000 mi 180 000 km/112,500 mi
192 000 km/120,000 mi 204 000 km/127,500 mi 216 000 km/135,000 mi
228 000 km/142,500 mi
240 000 km/150,000 mi
Rotate tires and perform Required Services. Check engine oil
level and oil life percentage. Change engine oil and filter,
if needed.
Check engine air filter life percentage and status. Change
engine air filter, if needed. (1)
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Replace passenger compartment air filter. (2)@ @@@@@
Replace spark plugs. Inspect spark plug wires and/or boots.
(2.7L L4 Turbo Engine Only)@ @
Replace spark plugs. Inspect spark plug wires and/or boots.
(5.3L and 6.2L V8 Engines Only)@
Change transfer case fluid, if equipped with 4WD. (3)@
Drain and fill engine cooling system. (4)@
Visually inspect accessory drive belts. (5)@
Replace brake fluid. (6)
Replace windshield wiper blades. (7)
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Replace hood gas struts and tailgate dampener. (8)@ @
Replace air conditioning desiccant. (9)

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
Service and Maintenance 429
Footnotes—Maintenance Schedule
Additional Required Services - Normal
(1) Or every four years, whichever comes
first. If driving in dusty conditions, inspect
the filter at each oil change or more often
as needed. See Engine Air Cleaner/Filter
0 351.
(2) Or every two years, whichever comes
first. More frequent replacement may be
needed if the vehicle is driven in areas with
heavy traffic, poor air quality, areas with
high dust levels or are sensitive to
environmental allergens. Filter replacement
may also be needed if you notice reduced
airflow, windows fogging up, or odors. Your
local GM Service location can help you
determine when it is the right time to
replace your filter. (3)
Do not directly power wash the transfer
case and/or front/rear axle output seals.
High pressure water can overcome the seals
and contaminate the fluid. Contaminated
fluid will decrease the life of the transfer
case and/or drive axles and should be
replaced.
(4) Or every five years, whichever comes
first. See Cooling System 0352.
(5) Or every 10 years, whichever comes first.
Inspect for fraying, excessive cracking,
or damage; replace, if needed. (6)
Replace brake fluid every five years. See
Brake Fluid 0360.
(7) Or every 12 months, whichever comes
first. See Wiper Blade Replacement 0364.
(8) Or every 10 years, whichever comes first.
See Gas Strut(s) 0365.
(9) Replace air conditioning desiccant every
seven years.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
430 Service and Maintenance
Maintenance Schedule Additional
Required Services - Severe12 000 km/7,500 mi
24 000 km/15,000 mi
36 000 km/22,500 mi
48 000 km/30,000 mi 60 000 km/37,500 mi
72 000 km/45,000 mi84 000 km/52,500 mi
96 000 km/60,000 mi
108 000 km/67,500 mi 120 000 km/75,000 mi 132 000 km/82,500 mi
144 000 km/90,000 mi 156 000 km/97,500 mi
168 000 km/105,000 mi 180 000 km/112,500 mi
192 000 km/120,000 mi 204 000 km/127,500 mi 216 000 km/135,000 mi
228 000 km/142,500 mi
240 000 km/150,000 mi
Rotate tires and perform Required Services. Check engine oil
level and oil life percentage. Change engine oil and filter,
if needed.
Check engine air filter life percentage and status. Change
engine air filter, if needed. (1)
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Replace passenger compartment air filter. (2)@ @@@@@
Replace spark plugs. Inspect spark plug wires and/or boots.
(2.7L L4 Turbo Engine Only)@ @
Replace spark plugs. Inspect spark plug wires and/or boots.
(5.3L and 6.2L V8 Engines Only)@
Change automatic transmission fluid and filter.@@@
Change transfer case fluid, if equipped with 4WD. (3)@@@
Drain and fill engine cooling system. (4)@
Visually inspect accessory drive belts. (5)@
Replace brake fluid. (6)
Replace windshield wiper blades. (7)
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Replace hood gas struts and tailgate dampener. (8)@ @
Replace air conditioning desiccant. (9)

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
Service and Maintenance 431
Footnotes—Maintenance Schedule
Additional Required Services - Severe
(1) Or every four years, whichever comes
first. If driving in dusty conditions, inspect
the filter at each oil change or more often
as needed. See Engine Air Cleaner/Filter
0 351.
(2) Or every two years, whichever comes
first. More frequent replacement may be
needed if the vehicle is driven in areas with
heavy traffic, poor air quality, areas with
high dust levels or are sensitive to
environmental allergens. Filter replacement
may also be needed if you notice reduced
airflow, windows fogging up, or odors. Your
local GM Service location can help you
determine when it is the right time to
replace your filter.
(3) Do not directly power wash the transfer
case and/or front/rear axle output seals.
High pressure water can overcome the seals
and contaminate the fluid. Contaminated
fluid will decrease the life of the transfer
case and/or drive axles and should be
replaced.
(4) Or every five years, whichever comes
first. See Cooling System 0352. (5)
Or every 10 years, whichever comes first.
Inspect for fraying, excessive cracking,
or damage; replace, if needed.
(6) Replace brake fluid every five years. See
Brake Fluid 0360.
(7) Or every 12 months, whichever comes
first. See Wiper Blade Replacement 0364.
(8) Or every 10 years, whichever comes first.
See Gas Strut(s) 0365.
(9) Replace air conditioning desiccant every
seven years.
Special Application Services
.Severe Commercial Use Vehicles Only:
Lubricate chassis components every oil
change.
.Have underbody flushing service
performed. See "Underbody Maintenance"
in Exterior Care 0414.
Additional Maintenance
and Care
Your vehicle is an important investment and
caring for it properly may help to avoid
future costly repairs. To maintain vehicle
performance, additional maintenance
services may be required.
It is recommended that your dealer perform
these services —their trained dealer
technicians know your vehicle best. Your
dealer can also perform a thorough
assessment with a multi-point inspection to
recommend when your vehicle may need
attention.
The following list is intended to explain the
services and conditions to look for that may
indicate services are required.
Battery
The 12-volt battery supplies power to start
the engine and operate any additional
electrical accessories.
.To avoid break-down or failure to start
the vehicle, maintain a battery with full
cranking power.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
434 Service and Maintenance
Recommended Fluids, Lubricants, and Parts
Recommended Fluids and Lubricants
This maintenance section applies to vehicles with a gasoline engine. If the vehicle has a diesel engine, see“Recommended Fluids and Lubricants”
in the Duramax diesel supplement.
Fluids and lubricants identified below by name or specification, including fluids or lubricants not listed here, can be obtained from your dealer.
Usage Fluid/Lubricant
Automatic Transmission (8-Speed Transmission) DEXRON-HP Automatic Transmission Fluid.
Automatic Transmission (10-Speed Transmission) DEXRON ULV Automatic Transmission Fluid.
Chassis Lubrication Chassis lubricant meeting requirements of NLGI #2, Category LB or GC-LB.
Engine Coolant 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable water and use only DEX-COOL coolant. See Cooling System
0 352.
Engine Oil Engine oil meeting the dexos1 specification of the proper SAE viscosity grade. ACDelco dexos1
full synthetic is recommended. See Engine Oil0348.
Front and Rear Axle Driveshaft Splines See your dealer.
Front Axle (Four-Wheel Drive) and Rear Axle See your dealer. Hydraulic Brake System DOT 4 Hydraulic Brake Fluid. See Brake Fluid0360.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
Technical Data 439
Vehicle Data
Capacities and Specifications
The following approximate capacities are given in metric and English conversions. SeeRecommended Fluids and Lubricants0434.
If the vehicle has a diesel engine, see the Duramax diesel supplement.
Application Capacities
Metric English
Air Conditioning Refrigerant For the air conditioning system refrigerant type and charge amount, see the refrigerant label under the hood. See yourdealer for more information.
Engine Cooling System*
I2.7L L4 Engine (L3B) 11.8 L 12.4 qt
I5.3L V8 Engine (L84) 13.1 L 13.8 qt
I6.2L V8 Engine (L87) 12.6 L 13.3 qt
Engine Oil with Filter I2.7L L4 Engine 5.7 L 6.0 qt

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
440 Technical Data
ApplicationCapacities
Metric English
I5.3L V8 Engine 7.6 L
8.0 qt
I6.2L V8 Engine 7.6 L
8.0 qt
Fuel Tank IStandard and Short Box (except 2WD Diesel) 90.8 L
24.0 gal
IStandard and Short Box (2WD Diesel) 83.3 L
22.0 gal
ILong Box 107.1 L
28.3 gal
Transfer Case Fluid 1.5 L1.6 qt
Wheel Nut Torque 190Y 140 lb ft
All capacities are approximate. When adding, be sure to fill to the approximate level, as recommended in this manual. Recheck fluid level
after filling.
*Engine cooling system capacity values are based on the entire cooling system and its components.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Cana-
da/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
Index 463
Center High-Mounted Stoplamp(CHMSL) and Cargo Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Center Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chains, Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Charging Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Charging System Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Check
Engine Light (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . 119
Child Restraints Infants and Young Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Lower Anchors and Tethers for
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Older Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 93, 95
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Cleaning Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Climate Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Dual Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Cluster, Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 110
Collision Damage Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Compartments
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Connected Services Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Connections Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Control Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Traction and Electronic Stability . . . . . . . 247
Control Light Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Controls Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Convex Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Coolant Engine Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Engine Temperature Warning Light . . . . 125
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 198
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Courtesy Transportation Program . . . . . . . . 447
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Cruise Control, Adaptive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Cruise Control, Super . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Cupholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Customer Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Text Telephone (TTY) Users . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Customer Information Publications Ordering Information . . . . . 449
Customer Satisfaction Procedure . . . . . . . . . 442
Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Danger, Warning, and Caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Data Collection
Infotainment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Diagnostics Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Differential, Limited-Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Dome Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Door Ajar Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 1500 Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Cana-
da/Mexico-15883563) - 2022 - CRC - 11/19/21
464 Index
Door (cont'd)Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Power Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Drive Belt Routing, Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Driver Teen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Driver Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Driver Information Center (DIC) . . . . . . 128, 130
Driver Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Driver Mode Control Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Driving Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Better Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Characteristics and Towing Tips . . . . . . . . 309
Defensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
If the Vehicle is Stuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Off-Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Off-Road Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Vehicle Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Wet Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Dual Automatic Climate Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198E
Electric Brake Boost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Electric Parking Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Electrical Equipment, Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Electrical System
Engine Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . 370
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . 373, 375
Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Emergency OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Check Light (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . . 119
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Coolant Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Coolant Temperature Warning Light . . . 125
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Oil Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Overheated ProtectionOperating Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Engine (cont'd)
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Engine Air Filter Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Entry Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Equipment, Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Event Data Recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Extended Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Extender, Seat Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Exterior Cargo Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Exterior Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Exterior Lighting Battery Saver . . . . . . . . . . .154
F
Fan Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Filter, Engine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Floor Console Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422