Exhaust GMC SIERRA DENALI 2024 User Guide

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/13/22
222 Driving and Operating
If the vehicle has an uncharged or low
voltage battery, try charging or jump
starting the battery. SeeJump Starting -
North America 0376.
To shift out of P (Park): 1. Apply the brake pedal.
2. Release the parking brake if it is applied. See Electric Parking Brake 0234.
3. Pull the shift lever toward you, then move it to the desired position, and
release.
If the vehicle still cannot be shifted out of
P (Park): 1. Ease the pressure on, or release the shift lever.
2. While holding the brake pedal, push the shift lever all the way into P (Park).
3. Pull the shift lever toward you, then move it to the desired position, and
release.
If equipped, the Buckle to Drive feature may
prevent shifting from P (Park). See Buckle To
Drive 058.
If there is still a problem shifting, have the
vehicle serviced soon.Parking over Things That Burn
{Warning
Things that can burn could touch hot
exhaust parts under the vehicle and
ignite. Do not park over papers, leaves,
dry grass, or other things that can burn.
Extended Parking
It is best not to park with the vehicle
running. If the vehicle is left running, be
sure it will not move and there is adequate
ventilation.
See Shifting Into Park 0220 and
Engine Exhaust 0222.
If the vehicle is left parked and running with
the remote key outside the vehicle, it will
continue to run for up to 15 minutes.
If the vehicle is left parked and running with
the remote key inside the vehicle, it will
continue to run for up to 30 minutes.
The vehicle could turn off sooner if it is
parked on a hill, due to lack of
available fuel.
The timer will reset if the vehicle is taken
out of P (Park) while it is running. When the vehicle was produced, it came
with the auto-shutdown feature enabled.
If you are not the primary owner of your
vehicle, please note that this feature may
have been disabled by a previous owner.
The vehicle owners can have this feature
re-enabled at owner cost at any GM service
center.
Engine Exhaust
{
Warning
Engine exhaust contains carbon monoxide
(CO), which cannot be seen or smelled.
Exposure to CO can cause
unconsciousness and even death.
Exhaust may enter the vehicle if:
.The vehicle idles in areas with poor
ventilation (parking garages, tunnels,
deep snow that may block underbody
airflow or tail pipes).
.The exhaust smells or sounds strange
or different.
.The exhaust system leaks due to
corrosion or damage. (Continued)

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/13/22
Driving and Operating 223
Warning (Continued)
.The vehicle exhaust system has been
modified, damaged, or improperly
repaired.
.There are holes or openings in the
vehicle body from damage or
aftermarket modifications that are not
completely sealed.
If unusual fumes are detected or if it is
suspected that exhaust is coming into the
vehicle:
.Drive it only with the windows
completely down.
.Have the vehicle repaired immediately.
Never park the vehicle with the engine
running in an enclosed area such as a
garage or a building that has no fresh air
ventilation.
Running the Vehicle While Parked
It is better not to park with the engine
running.
If the vehicle is left with the engine running,
follow the proper steps to be sure the
vehicle will not move. See Shifting Into Park
0 220 and
Engine Exhaust 0222.
If parking on a hill and pulling a trailer, see
Driving Characteristics and Towing Tips
0 276.
Automatic Transmission
If equipped, there is an electronic shift lever
position indicator within the instrument
cluster. This display comes on when the
ignition is in accessory mode, on,
or service mode.
There are several different positions for the
shift lever.
See Driver Mode Control 0238 and “Range
Selection Mode” underManual Mode 0226.
P : This position locks the rear wheels. Use
P (Park) when starting the engine because
the vehicle cannot move easily.
When parked on a hill, especially when the
vehicle has a heavy load, you might notice
an increase in the effort to shift out of
P (Park). See “Torque Lock” underShifting
Into Park 0220.
{Warning
It is dangerous to get out of the vehicle
if the shift lever is not fully in P (Park)
with the parking brake firmly set. The
vehicle can roll.
Do not leave the vehicle when the engine
is running. If you have left the engine
running, the vehicle can move suddenly.
You or others could be injured. To be
sure the vehicle will not move, even
when you are on fairly level ground,
always set the parking brake and move
the shift lever to P (Park). See Shifting
Into Park 0220 and
Driving Characteristics and Towing Tips
0 276.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/13/22
Driving and Operating 239
standard/default mode. There is no
persistent indicator in the instrument cluster
for this mode.
6Snow/Ice Mode :Snow/Ice Mode
improves vehicle acceleration on snow and
ice covered roads. When active, Snow/Ice
Mode will adjust acceleration to optimize
traction on slippery surfaces. This can
compromise the acceleration on dry asphalt.
This feature is not intended for use when
the vehicle is stuck in sand, mud, ice, snow,
or gravel. If the vehicle becomes stuck, see If
the Vehicle Is Stuck 0209.
7Off-Road Mode : Use this mode for
off-road recreational driving. Off-Road Mode
should be used to improve driving at
moderate speeds, on grass, gravel, dirt,
unpaved roads, or snow-covered roads. The
accelerator pedal is tuned for off-road use.
This mode modifies pedal mapping,
transmission shift pattern, Antilock Brake
System (ABS), StabiliTrak/Electronic Stability
Control (ESC), and Traction Control System
(TCS) performance.
For more information on off-road driving see
Off-Road Driving 0203.
_Tow/Haul Mode : Use this mode
when hauling heavy loads to provide
increased performance and vehicle control.
Tow/Haul Mode adjusts the transmission
shift pattern, trailer sway, and steering.
If the vehicle is turned off with Tow/Haul
Mode active and then restarted within four
hours or less, Tow/Haul will remain active.
Otherwise, the vehicle will start in
Normal Mode.
If the vehicle has a diesel engine, exhaust
braking is automatically activated when
Tow/Haul Mode is selected. It maintains
vehicle speed by automatically
implementing a shift pattern that uses the
engine and the transmission to slow the
vehicle. The system will command
downshifts and use the turbocharger on the
engine to reduce vehicle speed when the
brake is applied. The normal tow/haul shift
pattern will return once the vehicle is on a
low grade or when the accelerator pedal is
pressed.
While in the Electronic Range Select (ERS)
Mode, grade breaking is deactivated,
allowing the driver to select a range and
limiting the highest gear available. See
Manual Mode 0226. For more information on trailer weight
specifications, see
Towing Equipment 0284.
Locking Rear Axle
Vehicles with a locking rear axle can give
more traction on snow, mud, ice, sand,
or gravel. It works like a standard axle most
of the time, but when traction is low, this
feature will allow the rear wheel with the
most traction to move the vehicle.
Cruise Control
If equipped, cruise control allows the vehicle
to maintain a set speed of 40 km/h
(25 mph) or more without active
acceleration. Cruise control does not work at
speeds below about 40 km/h (25 mph).
{Warning
Cruise control can be dangerous where
you cannot drive safely at a steady
speed. Do not use cruise control on
winding roads or in heavy traffic.
Cruise control can be dangerous on
slippery roads. On such roads, fast
changes in tire traction can cause
(Continued)

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/13/22
Driving and Operating 277
The following information has many
time-tested, important trailering tips and
safety rules. Many of these are important
for your safety and that of your passengers.
Read this section carefully before towing a
trailer.
When towing a trailer:
.Become familiar with, and follow all state
and local laws that apply to trailer
towing. These requirements vary from
state to state.
.State laws may require the use of
extended side view mirrors. If your
visibility is limited or restricted while
towing, install extended side view mirrors
on your vehicle, even if not required.
.Do not tow a trailer during the first
800 km (500 mi) of vehicle use to prevent
damage to the engine, axle, or other
parts.
.Perform the first oil change before heavy
towing.
.Do not drive over 80 km/h (50 mph) and
do not make starts at full throttle during
the first 800 km (500 mi) of trailer
towing.
.Tow in D (Drive). Tow/Haul Mode is
recommended for heavier trailers. See
Tow/Haul Mode0227. If the transmission
downshifts too often, a lower gear may
be selected using Manual Mode. See
Manual Mode 0226.
The following advanced driver assistance
features should be turned off when towing
a trailer, and may turn off automatically
when a trailer is detected:
.Park Assist
.Reverse Automatic Braking (RAB)
.Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA)
.Rear Cross Traffic Braking (RCTB)
.Lane Change Alert (LCA)
.Super Cruise and Adaptive Cruise Control
(ACC), unless equipped with trailering
functionality, see Adaptive Cruise Control
(Camera) 0241.
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) and
Front Pedestrian Braking (FPB) should be set
to Alert unless equipped with Super Cruise.
Do not use Automatic Parking Assist (APA)
while towing a trailer.
{Warning
To prevent serious injury or death from
carbon monoxide (CO), when towing a
trailer:
.Do not drive with the liftgate, trunk/
hatch, or rear-most window open.
.Fully open the air outlets on or under
the instrument panel.
.Adjust the climate control system to a
setting that brings in only outside air.
See “Climate Control Systems” in the
Index.
For more information about carbon
monoxide, see Engine Exhaust 0222.
Towing a trailer requires experience. The
combination of the vehicle and trailer is
longer and not as responsive as the vehicle
itself. Get used to the handling and braking
of the combination by driving on a level
road surface before driving on public roads.
The trailer structure, the tires, and the
brakes must all be rated to carry the
intended cargo. Inadequate trailer
equipment can cause the combination to
operate in an unexpected or unsafe manner.
Before driving, inspect all trailer hitch parts

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/7/22
330 Vehicle Care
General Motors LLC, and is not limited to
any particular part, component or system of
the vehicle manufactured by General Motors
LLC. Defects in design, assembly or in any
part, component or system of the vehicle as
manufactured by General Motors LLC, which,
at the time it left General Motors LLC’s
control, caused noise emissions to exceed
Federal standards, are covered by this
warranty for the life of the vehicle.
TAMPERING WITH NOISE CONTROL
SYSTEM PROHIBITED
Federal law prohibits the following acts or
the causing thereof:1. The removal or rendering inoperative by any person, other than for purposes of
maintenance, repair, or replacement, of
any device or element of design
incorporated into any new vehicle for
the purpose of noise control prior to its
sale or delivery to the ultimate purchaser
or while it is in use; or
2. the use of the vehicle after such device or element of design has been removed
or rendered inoperative by any person. Among those acts presumed to constitute
tampering are the acts listed below.
Insulation:
Removal of the noise shields or any
undercab insulation.
Engine:
Removal or rendering engine speed
governor, if so equipped, inoperative so as
to allow engine speed to exceed
manufacturer specifications.
Modification of the engine control system or
calibration.
Fan and Drive:
.Removal of fan clutch or rendering clutch
inoperative.
.Removal of the fan shroud.
Air Intake:
.Removal of air cleaner silencer.
.Reversing air cleaner cover.
Exhaust:
.Removal of muffler, catalytic converter,
and/or resonator.
.Removal of exhaust pipes and exhaust
pipe clamps.
Automatic Transmission Shift Lock
Control Function Check
(Mechanical Shifter)
{Warning
When you are doing this inspection, the
vehicle could move suddenly. If the
vehicle moves, you or others could be
injured.
1. Before starting this check, be sure there is enough room around the vehicle.
It should be parked on a level surface.
2. Apply the parking brake. Be ready to apply the regular brake immediately if
the vehicle begins to move.
3. With the engine off, turn the ignition on, but do not start the engine. Without
applying the regular brake, try to move
the shift lever out of P (Park) with
normal effort. If the shift lever moves
out of P (Park), contact your dealer for
service.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/7/22
Service and Maintenance 397
Windshield and Wipers
.Visual inspection
Battery
.Battery visual inspection
.Battery test results
.Battery cables and connections
Systems, Fluids, and Visible Leak
Inspection
.Engine oil
.Transmission
.Drive axle
.Transfer case
.Engine cooling system
.Power steering, if equipped
.Fuel system
.Windshield washer fluid
Tire Inspection
.Tire pressure, tread depth, and wear
.Rotation, if applicable
.Alignment check, optional
.Reset tire pressure monitor
.Check tire sealant expiration date,
if equipped
.Check spare tire, if equipped
Brakes
.Check brake system
Visible and Functional Inspections
.Seat belt components
.Exhaust system
.Accelerator pedal
.Passenger compartment air filter,
if equipped
.Engine air filter
.Hoses
.Belts
.Shocks and struts
.Steering components
.Axle boots or driveshaft and u-joints
.Compartment lift struts, if equipped
.Floor mats secured, no interference with
pedals
.Horn
.Ignition lock, if equipped
.Starter switch
.Evaporative control system
Lubricate
.Chassis components
Special Application Services
.Vehicles with Dual Wheels: Check dual
wheel nut torque at 160, 1 600, and
10 000 km (100, 1,000, and 6,000 mi) of
driving. Repeat this service whenever a
tire/wheel is serviced or removed.
.Severe Commercial Use Vehicles Only:
Lubricate chassis components every oil
change.
.Have underbody flushing service
performed. See “Underbody Maintenance”
in Exterior Care 0383.

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/7/22
Index 427
Canadian Vehicle Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Capacities and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Carbon MonoxideEngine Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Tailgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Winter Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Cargo
Tie-Downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Caution, Danger, and Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Center High-Mounted Stoplamp (CHMSL)
and Cargo Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Center Console Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Chains, Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Charging
System Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Check Engine Light (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Child Restraints Infants and Young Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Lower Anchors and Tethers forChildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Older Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 95
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Child Safety Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Cleaning
Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Climate Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Dual Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Cluster, Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 113
Collision Alert Forward (FCA) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Collision Damage Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Compartments Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Connected Services Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Connections Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Control Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Traction and Electronic Stability . . . . . . . 236
Control Light Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Controls
Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Convex Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Coolant Engine Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Engine Temperature Warning Light . . . . 128
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191, 193
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Courtesy Transportation Program . . . . . . . . 410
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Adaptive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Cupholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Customer Assistance Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Text Telephone (TTY) Users . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Customer Information Publications Ordering Information . . . . . 413
Customer Satisfaction Procedure . . . . . . . . . 405
Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Danger, Warning, and Caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Data Collection Infotainment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

GMC Sierra/Sierra Denali 2500 HD/3500 HD Owner Manual (GMNA-
Localizing-U.S./Canada-16908340) - 2024 - CRC - 12/7/22
428 Index
Data Collection (cont'd)OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Diagnostics Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Disabled Vehicle Transporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Distracted
Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Dome Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Door Ajar Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Power Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Drive Belt Routing, Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Drive Systems
Four-Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Driver Assistance Systems, Advanced . . . . . . . . . 252
Information Center (DIC) . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 133
Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Mode Control Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Driver (cont'd)
Teen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Driving Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Better Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Characteristics and Towing Tips . . . . . . . . 276
Defensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
If the Vehicle is Stuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Off-Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Off-Road Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Vehicle Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Wet Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Dual Automatic Climate Control System . . . . 193
E
E85 or FlexFuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
ElectricParking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Parking Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Electrical Equipment, Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
System Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Electrical System
Engine Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . 337
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . 341, 342
Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Off Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Emergency
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Air Filter Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Check Light (Malfunction Indicator) . . . . 122
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Coolant Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Coolant Temperature WarningLight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Oil Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Overheated Protection Operating Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139