tire size MERCEDES-BENZ E350 4MATIC 2011 W212 Owner's Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: MERCEDES-BENZ, Model Year: 2011, Model line: E350 4MATIC, Model: MERCEDES-BENZ E350 4MATIC 2011 W212Pages: 400, PDF Size: 16.3 MB
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Pressure loss warning ....................355
Reached (TIREFIT) ..........................330
Recommended ............................... 352
Tire pressure monitoring system
Function/notes ............................. 357
Restarting ...................................... 359
Warning lamp ................................. 271
Tires
Aspect ratio (definition) .................373
Average weight of the vehicle
occupants (definition) ....................371
Bar (definition) ............................... 371
Characteristics .............................. 371
Checking ........................................ 351
Cleaning ......................................... 352
Definition of terms .........................371
Direction of rotation ......................365
Distribution of the vehicle
occupants (definition) ....................374
DOT, Tire Identification Number
(TIN) ............................................... 370
DOT (Department of
Transportation) (definition) ............371
Flat tire .......................................... 326
GAWR (Gross Axle Weight Rating)
(definition) ..................................... 372
Guidelines to be observed .............351
GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight)
(definition) ..................................... 372
GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight
Rating) (definition) .........................372
Increased vehicle weight due to
optional equipment (definition) ......372
Kilopascal (kPa) (definition) ...........372
Labeling (overview) ........................367
Load bearing index (definition) ......373
Load index ..................................... 370
Load index (definition) ...................372
Maximum loaded vehicle weight
(definition) ..................................... 372
Maximum load on a tire
(definition) ..................................... 373
Maximum permissible tire
pressure (definition) ....................... 373
Maximum tire load .........................365
Maximum tire load (definition) .......372
Optional equipment weight
(definition) ..................................... 373PSI (pounds per square inch)
(definition) ..................................... 373
Replacing ....................................... 367
Service life ..................................... 351
Sidewall (definition) .......................373
Speed index (definition) .................372
Storing ........................................... 352
Structure and characteristics
(definition) ..................................... 371
Temperature .................................. 366
TIN (Tire Identification Number)
(definition) ..................................... 373
Tire bead (definition) ......................373
Tire pressure (definition) ................373
Tire pressures (recommended) ......371
Tire size (data) ............................... 374
Tire size designation, load-bearing
capacity, speed index ....................368
Tire tread ....................................... 351
Tire tread (definition) .....................373
Total load limit (definition) .............374
Traction ......................................... 366
Traction (definition) .......................373
Tread wear ..................................... 366
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
Standards ...................................... 365
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
Standards (definition) ....................371
Unladen weight (definition) ............372
Wear indicator (definition) .............373
Wheel rim (definition) ....................372
Tires and wheels (important safety
information) ....................................... 350
Top Tether ............................................ 62
Towing Important safety guidelines ...........343
Installing the towing eye ................343
Removing the towing eye ...............344
Transfer case ..................................... 162
Transmission position
display ................................................ 155
Transmission positions .................... 157
Trip computer (on-board
computer) .......................................... 220
Trip odometer Calling up ....................................... 220
Resetting (on-board computer) ......221Index17BA 212 USA, CA Edition B 2011; 1; 5, en-USdimargiVersion: 3.0.3.62010-05-20T13:33:46+02:00 - Seite 17
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TrunkAutomatic opening ..................... 88, 89
Emergency release ....................90, 91
Locking separately ...........................90
Trunk/tailgate
Important safety guidelines .............86
Trunk lid
Display message ............................ 259
Turn signal (display message) ......... 243
Turn signals ....................................... 120
Type plate see Vehicle identification plate
U
Unlocking Emergency unlocking .......................85
From inside the vehicle (central
unlocking button) ............................. 84
V
Vanity mirror Sun visor ........................................ 290
Vehicle
Data acquisition ............................... 24
Emergency unlocking ................. 85, 86
Equipment ....................................... 20
Exterior view .................................... 26
Individual settings (on-board
computer) ...................................... 229
Loading .......................................... 360
Lowering ........................................ 337
Maintenance .................................... 21
Parking up ..................................... 171
Raising ........................................... 333
Reporting problems .........................23
Towing away .................................. 343
Tow-starting ................................... 343
Transporting .................................. 345
Vehicle data
see Technical data
Vehicle identification number
see VIN
Vehicle identification plate .............. 385
Vehicle level ...................................... 191
Vehicle level (display message) ....... 250
Vehicle tool kit .................................. 324
Video (DVD) ........................................ 226
Video DVD (on-board computer) ...... 226
VIN ...................................................... 385
W
Warning and indicator lamps ABS ................................................ 265
Brakes ........................................... 263
Check Engine ................................. 268
Coolant .......................................... 269
ESP ®
.............................................. 265
ESP ®
OFF ....................................... 266
Fuel tank ........................................ 268
Overview .......................................... 29
PASSENGER AIRBAG OFF
indicator lamp (only Canada) ...........48
PASSENGER AIRBAG OFF
indicator lamp (only USA) ................43
Reserve fuel ................................... 268
Seat belt ........................................ 264
SPORT handling mode ...................266
SRS ................................................ 267
Tire pressure monitor ....................271
Warranty ............................................ 384
Wheel bolt tightening torque ........... 337
Wheel chock ...................................... 332
Wheels Changing/replacing .......................367
Changing a wheel .......................... 331
Checking ........................................ 351
Cleaning ......................................... 315
Guidelines to be observed .............351
Mounting a wheel .......................... 335
Removing a wheel ..........................334
Tightening torque ........................... 337
Wheel size/tire size .......................374
Window curtain air bag
Display message ............................ 237
Operation ......................................... 43
Windows
see Side windows
Windows (cleaning instructions) ..... 316
Windshield Defrosting ...................................... 141
Windshield washer fluid (display
message) ............................................ 260
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GWarning!
Never switch off the ESP when you see the
ESP warning lamp ä flashing in the
instrument cluster. In this case proceed as
follows:
R When driving off, apply as little throttle as
possible.
R While driving, ease up on the accelerator
pedal.
R Adapt your speed and driving style to the
prevailing road conditions.
Failure to observe these guidelines could
cause the vehicle to skid. The ESP cannot
prevent accidents resulting from excessive
speed.
! Vehicles without 4MATIC: switch the
ignition off when:
R the parking brake is being tested using a
dynamometer
R the vehicle is being towed with the front/
rear axle raised
Application of the brakes by ESP ®
may
otherwise destroy the brake system.
! Vehicles with 4MATIC: switch off the
ignition when the parking brake is being
tested on a brake dynamometer.
Application of the brakes by ESP ®
may
otherwise destroy the brake system.
i Only use wheels with the recommended
tire sizes. Only then will ESP ®
function
properly.
ETS/4ETS (Electronic Traction System)
GWarning
Observe "Important safety notes"
( Y page 65).
Traction control is part of ESP ®
.
Traction control brakes the drive wheels
individually if they spin. This enables you to
pull away and accelerate on slippery surfaces,
for example if the road surface is slippery on
one side. On vehicles with 4MATIC, more
drive torque is also transferred to the wheel
or wheels with traction.
Traction control remains active if you
deactivate ESP ®
.
Deactivating/activating ESP ®
(except
AMG vehicles)GWarning!
The ESP should not be switched off during
normal driving other than in the
circumstances described below. Disabling
the system will reduce vehicle stability in
driving maneuvers.
Do not switch off the ESP when a spare wheel
is mounted.
ESP ®
is activated automatically when the
engine is running.
It may be best to deactivate ESP ®
in the
following situations:
R when using snow chains
R in deep snow
R on sand or gravel
GWarning!
Switch on the ESP immediately if the
aforementioned circumstances do not apply
anymore. Otherwise the ESP will not stabilize
the vehicle when it is starting to skid or a
wheel is spinning.
If you deactivate ESP ®
:
R ESP ®
no longer improves driving stability.
R the engine's torque is no longer limited and
the drive wheels can spin. The spinning of
the wheels results in a cutting action, which
provides better grip.
R traction control is still activated.
R ESP ®
still provides support when you
brake.
If ESP ®
is deactivated and one or more wheels
start to spin, the ä warning lamp in the
68Driving safety systemsSafety
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Always observe the maximum permissible
speed specified for the M+S tires you have
mounted.
Once you have installed the winter tires:XCheck the tire pressures ( Y page 355).XRestart the tire pressure monitor
( Y page 357).GWarning
If you use your spare wheel when M+S tires
are fitted on the other wheels, be aware that
the difference in tire characteristics may very
well impair turning stability and that overall
driving stability may be reduced. Adapt your
driving style accordingly.
Have the spare wheel replaced by a regular
road wheel with an M+S tire at the nearest
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
Snow chains
For safety reasons, Mercedes-Benz
recommends that you only use snow chains
which have been specially approved for your
vehicle by Mercedes-Benz, or are of a
corresponding standard of quality.
! On vehicles with AIRMATIC, you must
drive at raised vehicle level if snow chains
have been mounted. The vehicle may
otherwise be damaged.
! There is not enough space for snow
chains on some wheel sizes. Observe the
information under "Tires and wheels" in the
"Technical Data" section to avoid damage
to the vehicle or the wheels.
R Only use snow chains when driving on an
area completely covered by snow. Do not
exceed the maximum permissible speed of
30 mph (50 km/h). Remove the snow
chains as soon as possible when you are no
longer driving on snow-covered roads.
R Local regulations may restrict the use of
snow chains. Applicable regulations must
be observed if you wish to mount snow
chains.
R Snow chains must not be mounted on
emergency spare wheels.
If you intend to mount snow chains, please
bear the following points in mind:
R you may not attach snow chains to all
wheel-tire combinations; see the "Tires and
wheels" section in the "Technical data"
chapter.
R mount snow chains only in pairs and only
on the rear wheels. Observe the
manufacturer's installation instructions.
! If snow chains are mounted on the front
wheels, the snow chains could grind
against the bodywork or components of the
chassis. This could result in damage to the
vehicle or the tires.
! Vehicles with steel wheels
If you wish to mount snow chains to steel
wheels, make sure that you remove the
respective wheels' hubcaps first. The
hubcaps may otherwise be damaged.
i You may wish to deactivate
ESP ®
(Y page 67) when pulling away with
snow chains installed. This way you can
allow the wheels to spin in a controlled
manner, achieving an increased driving
force (cutting action).
Slippery road surfacesGWarning
If the vehicle becomes stuck in snow, make
sure snow is kept clear of the exhaust pipe
and from around the vehicle with the engine
running. Otherwise, deadly carbon monoxide
(CO) gases may enter vehicle interior
resulting in unconsciousness and death.
To assure sufficient fresh air ventilation, open
a window slightly on the side of the vehicle
not facing the wind.
176Driving tipsDriving and parking
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TiresProblemPossible causes/consequences and M Solutionsh
USA only:
The yellow combination
low tire pressure
warning lamp/TPMS
malfunction warning
lamp is lit.
Canada only:
The yellow low tire
pressure warning lamp
for the TPMS is lit.GRisk of accident
The tire pressure monitor has detected a loss of pressure in at
least one of the tires.
XStop the vehicle without making any sudden steering or braking
maneuvers. Pay attention to the traffic conditions as you do so.XObserve the additional display messages in the multifunction
display.XCheck the tire pressure. If necessary, correct the tire pressure
( Y page 357).XIf necessary, change a wheel ( Y page 367).h
USA only:
The yellow combination
low tire pressure
warning lamp/TPMS
malfunction warning
lamp flashes for sixty
seconds and then
remains lit.The tire pressure monitor is faulty.XObserve the additional display messages in the multifunction
display.XVisit a qualified specialist workshop.GWarning
Each tire, including the spare tire (if there is one), should be inspected at least every two weeks
when they are cold and pumped to the pressure recommended by the vehicle manufacturer (see
the tire and load data label on the B-pillar on the driver's side or the tire pressure table on the
inside of the fuel filler flap of your vehicle, if there is one). If your vehicle has tires which are a
different size to those on the tire and load data label or those specified in the tire pressure table,
if there is one, you should determine the correct tire pressure for these tires.
As an added safety feature, your vehicle has been equipped with a tire pressure monitor (TPMS).
An indicator lamp lights up if one or more of your tires are significantly underinflated. Accordingly,
when the low tire pressure indicator lamp lights up, you should stop and check your tires as soon
as possible, and inflate them to the proper pressure. Driving on a significantly underinflated tire
causes the tire to overheat and can lead to tire failure.
An excessively low tire pressure also increases fuel consumption, reduces the service life of the
tires and may impair the driving and braking characteristics of the vehicle. Please note that the
TPMS is not a substitute for proper tire maintenance and it is the driver's responsibility to maintain
correct tire pressure, even if underinflation has not reached the level at which the low tire
pressure indicator lamp of the TPMS lights up.
USA only:
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Park your vehicle safely away from the
roadway and contact the nearest authorized
Mercedes-Benz Center or roadside
assistance.
Have the damaged tire replaced.
XCorrect the tire inflation pressure if it is at
least 130 kPa (1.3 bar/26 psi) (for values
see Tire and Load Information placard on
the driver's side B-pillar or tire inflation
pressure table inside the fuel filler flap).
XTo increase the tire pressure: switch on
the electric air pump.
TIREFIT kit version 1
XTo reduce the tire pressure (version 1):
open pressure release screw F on
pressure gauge G.
TIREFIT kit version 2
XTo reduce the tire pressure (version 2):
press pressure release button E next to
pressure gauge F.
XStow the TIREFIT kit and the electric air
pump.
XDrive to the nearest workshop and have the
tire changed there.
XHave the TIREFIT kit replaced as soon as
possible at a qualified specialist workshop,
e.g. at an authorized Mercedes-Benz
Center.
HEnvironmental note
Have the used TIREFIT kit disposed of
professionally, e.g. at an authorized
Mercedes-Benz Center.
XHave the TIREFIT kit replaced every four
years at a qualified specialist workshop,
e.g. an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
Changing a wheel and mounting the
spare wheel
Preparing the vehicle
GWarning!
The wheel and tire size of the emergency
spare wheel/spare wheel may differ to that of
the damaged wheel. When using an
emergency spare wheel/spare wheel the
handling characteristics of the vehicle may
change.
Adapt your style of driving accordingly.
Never operate the vehicle with more than one
emergency spare wheel/spare wheel that
differs in size.
Only use an emergency spare wheel/spare
wheel of a differing size briefly and do not
switch off ESP®.
When using an emergency spare wheel, you
must not exceed a maximum speed of 50 mph
(80 km/h).
GWarning!
Have the emergency spare wheel/spare
wheel replaced with a new wheel as soon as
possible at a qualified specialist workshop
which has the necessary specialist knowledge
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XVersion 2: stow connector = and the air
hose in the lower section of the pump
housing.XStow the electric air pump in the
designated place in the vehicle.
Lowering the vehicle
GWarning!
Vehicles with spare wheel with collapsible tire
only: Inflate collapsible tire only after the
wheel is properly attached.
Inflate the collapsible tire using the electric
air pump before lowering the vehicle.
XTurn the crank of the jack counter-
clockwise until the vehicle is once again
standing firmly on the ground.XPlace the jack to one side.XTighten the wheel bolts evenly in a
crosswise pattern in the sequence
indicated ( : to A). The tightening torque
must be 96 lb-ft (130 Nm) .GRisk of accident
Have the tightening torque checked
immediately after a wheel is changed. The
wheels could come loose if they are not
tightened to a torque of 96 lb-ft (130 Nm).
XTurn the jack back to its initial position and
store it together with the rest of the vehicle
tool kit in the trunk/cargo compartment.XAMG vehicles and vehicles with AMG
equipment: insert the cover into the outer
sill.
Vehicles with an emergency spare wheel:
XTransport the faulty wheel in the trunk/
cargo compartment.
or
XDepending on the size of the wheel, you
may also be able to secure the faulty wheel
in the spare wheel well. In this case, you
will have to remove the stowage well casing
from the spare wheel well and stow it
securely in the trunk/cargo compartment.
Further information on stowing the
collapsible spare wheel ( Y page 326).
i When you are driving with the collapsible
spare wheel mounted, the tire pressure
loss warning system or the tire pressure
monitor cannot function reliably. Only
restart the tire pressure loss warning
system/tire pressure monitor when the
defective wheel has been replaced with a
new wheel.
Vehicles with tire pressure monitor: all
mounted wheels must be equipped with
functioning sensors and the defective
wheel should no longer be in the vehicle.
MOExtended run-flat system
The MOExtended run-flat system allows you
to drive on even if there is a complete loss of
pressure in one or more tires.
The MOExtended run-flat system may only be
used in conjunction with the activated tire
pressure loss warning system or with the
activated tire pressure monitor.
The maximum permissible distance which
can be driven in run-flat mode depends on the
cargo in the vehicle. You can drive 50 miles
(80 km) if the vehicle is partially laden and
18 miles (30 km) if it is fully laden.
The maximum permissible distance which
can be driven in run-flat mode is counted from
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the moment the tire pressure loss warning
appears in the multifunction display.
You must not exceed a maximum speed of
50 mph(80 km/h).GWarning!
The handling characteristics of your vehicle
deteriorate in run-flat mode, for example:
R when cornering
R when braking
R when accelerating rapidly
Adapt your driving style accordingly and avoid
sudden changes in direction and sudden
acceleration, as well as driving over obstacles
(i.e. curbs, potholes), and driving off-road.
This is particularly the case when the vehicle
is heavily laden.
The maximum permissible distance that can
be driven in run-flat mode depends to a large
extent on the loads placed on the vehicle. It
can be shorter due to high speeds, a heavy
cargo, sudden changes in direction, the road
surface condition, outside temperature, etc.,
or further if you drive carefully and
conservatively.
Do not continue to drive in run-flat mode if:
R you hear banging noises.
R the vehicle starts to shake.
R you see smoke and smell rubber.
R ESP ®
is intervening constantly.
R there are tears in the sidewalls of the tire.
After driving in run-flat mode, you must have
the wheel(s) checked for damage at a
qualified specialist workshop which has the
necessary specialist knowledge and tools to
carry out the work required. The faulty tire
must be replaced in every case.
Mercedes-Benz recommends that you use an
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center for this
purpose. In particular, work relevant to safety
or on safety-related systems must be carried
out at a qualified specialist workshop.
i When replacing one or all tires, make sure
that you only use tires marked
MOExtended and of the specified size for
the vehicle.
i Vehicles featuring the MOExtended run-
flat system are not equipped with TIREFIT
kit at the factory. It is therefore
recommended that you additionally equip
your vehicle with the TIREFIT kit if you
mount tires that do not feature run-flat
properties, e.g. winter tires. You can obtain
a TIREFIT kit from an authorized Mercedes-
Benz Center, for example.
Battery
Important safety notes
In order for the battery to achieve the
maximum possible service life, it must always
be sufficiently charged.
! Have the battery checked regularly at a
qualified specialist workshop, e.g. an
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
Observe the service intervals in the Service
Booklet or for further information consult a
qualified specialist workshop, e.g. an
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
Have the battery charge checked more
frequently if you use the vehicle mainly for
short trips or if you leave it standing idle for
a lengthy period.
To prevent damage from corrosion, only
replace the battery with one that has a central
ventilation cover.
Only replace a battery with a battery that has
been recommended by Mercedes-Benz.
Consult an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center
if you wish to leave your vehicle parked up for
a long period of time.
GWarning
Comply with safety precautions and take
protective measures when handling batteries.
338BatteryRoadside Assistance
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Vehicle equipment
i This manual describes all the standard
and optional equipment of your vehicle
which was available at the time of
purchase. Country-specific differences are
possible. Bear in mind that your vehicle
may not feature all functions described
here. This also refers to safety-related
systems and functions.
Important safety notes
Contact an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center
if you require information on tested and
recommended tires and wheels for summer
and winter driving. Advice on purchasing and
caring for tires is also available there.
GWarning
Replace rims or tires with the same
designation, manufacturer and type as shown
on the original part. For further information
contact an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
If incorrectly sized rims and tires are
mounted, the wheel brakes or suspension
components can be damaged. Also, the
operating clearance of the wheels and the
tires may no longer be correct.
GWarning
Worn, old tires can cause accidents. If the tire
tread is worn to minimum tread depth, or if
the tires have sustained damage, replace
them.
When replacing rims, only use genuine
Mercedes-Benz wheel bolts specified for the
particular rim type. Failure to do so can result
in the bolts loosening and possibly an
accident.
Retreaded tires are not tested or
recommended by Mercedes-Benz, since
previous damage cannot always be
recognized on retreads. The operating safety
of the vehicle cannot be assured when such
tires are used.
GWarning
If you feel a sudden significant vibration or
ride disturbance, or you suspect that possible
damage to your vehicle has occurred, you
should turn on the hazard warning flashers,
carefully slow down, and drive with caution to
an area which is a safe distance from the road.
Inspect the tires and the vehicle underbody
for possible damage. If the vehicle appears
unsafe, have the vehicle towed to the nearest
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center or tire
dealer for repairs.
GWarning
Do not drive with a flat tire. A flat tire affects
the ability to steer or brake the vehicle. You
might lose control of the vehicle. Continued
driving with a flat tire or driving at high speed
with a flat tire will cause excessive heat build-
up and possibly a fire.
! For safety reasons, Mercedes-Benz
recommends that you only use tires,
wheels and accessories which have been
approved by Mercedes-Benz specifically
for your vehicle. These tires have been
specially adapted for use with the control
systems, such as ABS or ESP ®
, and are
marked as follows:
R MO = Mercedes-Benz Original
R MOE = Mercedes-Benz Original Extended
(tires with run-flat characteristics)
R MO1 = Mercedes-Benz Original (AMG)
Only use Mercedes-Benz Original Extended
tires on wheels that have been specifically
approved by Mercedes-Benz.
If you use other tires, wheels and
accessories, Mercedes-Benz cannot
accept any responsibility for damage that
may result from this. Further information
about tires, wheels and approved
combinations can be obtained from any
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
i Further information about tires and
wheels can be obtained from any
authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.
350Important safety notesTires and wheels
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Directives to be observed
R Only mount tires and wheels of the same
type and make.
R Only mount tires of the correct size onto
the wheels.
R After mounting new tires, run them in at
moderate speeds for the first 60 miles
(100 km) as they only reach their full
performance after this distance.
R Do not use tires until they are excessively
worn as the tire traction on wet road
surfaces decreases significantly when the
tread depth is less than 1
/ 8 in (3 mm).
R If the vehicle is heavily laden, check the tire
pressure and adjust it if necessary.
R When parking your vehicle, make sure that
the tires do not get deformed by the curb
or other obstacles. If it is necessary to drive
over curbs, speed humps or similar
elevations, try to do so slowly and at an
obtuse angle. Otherwise, the tires,
particularly the sidewalls, can get
damaged.
Maintenance and care of wheels and
tires
Checking wheels and tires
GWarning
Regularly check the tires for damage.
Damaged tires can cause tire inflation
pressure loss. As a result, you could lose
control of your vehicle.
Worn, old tires can cause accidents. If the tire
tread is worn to minimum tread depth, or if
the tires have sustained damage, replace
them.
R Regularly check the wheels and tires of
your vehicle for damage (e.g. cuts,
punctures, tears, bulges on tires and
deformation or cracks or severe corrosion
on wheels), at least once a month, as well
as after driving off-road or on rough roads.
Damaged wheels can cause a loss of tire
pressure.
R Regularly check the tire tread depth and
the condition of the tread across the whole
width of the tire (Y page 351). If necessary,
turn the front wheels to full lock in order to
inspect the inner side of the tire surface.
R All wheels must have a valve cap to protect
the valve against dirt and moisture. Do not
install anything on the valve (such as tire
pressure monitoring systems) other than
the standard valve cap or other valve caps
approved by Mercedes-Benz for your
vehicle.
R Regularly check the pressure of all the tires
including the emergency spare wheel or the
spare wheel, particularly prior to long trips,
and correct the pressure as necessary
( Y page 352).
Service life of tires
The service life of tires depends on the
following factors amongst other things:
R driving style
R tire pressure
R mileage
Replace the tires after six years at the latest,
regardless of wear. This also applies to the
emergency spare wheel/spare wheel.
Tire tread
GWarning
Although the applicable federal motor vehicle
safety laws consider a tire to be worn when
the tread wear indicators (TWI) become
visible at approximately 1
/ 16 in (1.6 mm), we
recommend that you do not allow your tires
to wear down to that level. As tread depth
approaches 1
/ 8 in (3 mm), the adhesion
properties on a wet road are sharply reduced.
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