Auto hold MERCEDES-BENZ S-Class SEDAN 2016 W222 Owner's Manual

Coolbox.............................................. 339
Cooling
see Climate control
Copyright ............................................ .31
Cornering light function
Display message ............................ 291
Function/notes ............................ .132
Crash-responsive emergency light-
ing ....................................................... 135
Crosswind Assist (vehicles with
MAGIC BODY CONTROL) ................... 210
Crosswind Assist (vehicles with-
out MAGIC BODY CONTROL) ...............75
Cruise control
Calling up the speed last stored .... 198
Cruise control lever ....................... 197
Deactivating ................................... 199
Display message ............................ 305
Driving system ............................... 197
Function/notes ............................. 197
General notes ................................ 197
Important safety notes .................. 197
Setting a speed .............................. 198
Storing and maintaining current
speed ............................................. 198
Cup holder
Center console .............................. 331
Important safety notes .................. 330
Rear compartment ......................... 331
Temperature controlled ................. 332
Cushion air bags .................................. 53
Customer Assistance Center
(CAC) ..................................................... 29
Customer Relations Department ....... 29
D
Data
see Technical data
Data carrier
Selecting ........................................ 266
Daytime running lamps
Display message ............................ 293
Function/notes ............................. 130
Switching on/off (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 274
Declarations of conformity ................. 28
Diagnostics connection ...................... 28Digital speedometer
......................... 263
DIRECT SELECT lever
Automatic transmission ................. 170
Display
see Display messages
see Warning and indicator lamps
Display message
Hybrid drive system ....................... 297
Display messages
ASSYST PLUS ................................ 357
Calling up (on-board computer) ..... 277
Driving systems ............................. 299
Engine ............................................ 294
General notes ................................ 277
Hiding (on-board computer) ........... 277
Introduction ................................... 277
Lights ............................................. 291
Safety systems .............................. 278
SmartKey ....................................... 312
Tires ............................................... 306
Vehicle ........................................... 308
Distance recorder
see Odometer
see Trip odometer
Distance warning (warning lamp) .... 322
Distance warning function
Function/notes ................................ 71
DISTRONIC PLUS
Activating ....................................... 201
Activation conditions ..................... 201
Cruise control lever ....................... 201
Deactivating ................................... 205
Display message ............................ 303
Displays in the instrument cluster .. 204
Driving tips .................................... 205
Driving with DISTRONIC PLUS ....... 202
Function/notes ............................. 199
Important safety notes .................. 200
Setting a speed .............................. 203
Setting the specified minimum
distance ......................................... 204
Stopping ........................................ 203
with Steering Assist and Stop&Go
Pilot ............................................... 207
Doors
Automatic locking (switch) ............... 87
Central locking/unlocking
(SmartKey) ....................................... 79
Index7

Control panel ...................................40
Display message ............................ 310
Emergency locking ........................... 88
Emergency unlocking ....................... 87
Important safety notes .................... 85
Opening (from inside) ...................... 86
Power closing .................................. 87
Drinking and driving ......................... 193
Drive program
Automatic ...................................... 174
Manual ........................................... 174
Manual (Mercedes-AMG vehi-
cles) ............................................... 175
SETUP (on-board computer) .......... 276
Driver's door
see Doors
Driving abroad
Mercedes-Benz Service ................. 358
Driving Assistance package ............. 234
Driving on flooded roads .................. 196
Driving safety systems
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) ....... 68
ADAPTIVE BRAKE ............................. 75
Adaptive Brake Assist ...................... 72
BAS (Brake Assist System) .............. 69
BAS PLUS with Cross-Traffic
Assist ............................................... 69
COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST
PLUS ................................................ 71
Distance warning function ............... 71
EBD (electronic brake force distri-
bution) ............................................. 75
ESP
®(Electronic Stability Pro-
gram) ............................................... 73
Important safety information ........... 68
Overview .......................................... 68
PRE-SAFE
®Brake ............................. 75
Recuperative Brake System ............. 44
STEER CONTROL ............................. 77
Driving systems
360°camera .................................. 224
Active Blind Spot Assist ................. 234
Active Body Control ABC ............... 210
Active Lane Keeping Assist ............ 237
Active Parking Assist ..................... 216
AIRMATIC ...................................... 212
ATTENTION ASSIST ........................ 228 Cruise control ................................ 197
Display message ............................ 299
DISTRONIC PLUS ........................... 199
DISTRONIC PLUS with Steering
Assist and Stop&Go Pilot ............... 207
Driving Assistance package
........... 234
HOLD fu

nction ............................... 208
Night View Assist Plus ................... 230
PARKTRONIC ................................. 214
Rear view camera .......................... 220
Traffic Sign Assist .......................... 229
Driving tips
AMG ceramic brakes ..................... 196
Automatic transmission ................. 173
Brakes ........................................... 194
Break-in period .............................. 161
DISTRONIC PLUS ........................... 205
Downhill gradient ........................... 194
Drinking and driving ....................... 193
Driving in winter ............................. 196
Driving on flooded roads ................ 196
Driving on wet roads ...................... 196
Exhaust check ............................... 193
Fuel ................................................ 192
General .......................................... 192
Hydroplaning ................................. 196
Icy road surfaces ........................... 196
Limited braking efficiency on sal-
ted roads ....................................... 195
Snow chains .................................. 386
Subjecting brakes to a load ........... 194
The first 1000 miles (1500 km) ..... 161
Wet road surface ........................... 194
DVD video
Operating (on-board computer) ..... 267
E
EASY-ENTRY featureFunction/notes ............................. 122
EASY-EXIT feature
Crash-responsive ........................... 123
Function/notes ............................. 122
EBD (electronic brake force distri-
bution)
Display message ............................ 280
Function/notes ................................ 75
8Index

High-voltage batteryBattery care ................................... 182
Charging (charging station) ............ 186
Charging (mains socket) ................1 83
Charging (wallbox) ......................... 185
Charging cable warming ................ 182
Cruise range .................................. 182
Energy consumption ......................1 82
General notes .................................. 43
Method of operation ......................1 81
Outside temperatures .................... 182
Overvoltage protection .................. 182
Problems with the charging proc-
ess ................................................. 187
Terms of use .................................. 182
Vehicle fire ....................................... 43
Hill start assist .................................. 165
HOLD function
Activating ....................................... 209
Activation conditions ..................... 209
Deactivating ................................... 209
Display message ............................ 303
Function/notes .............................2 08
General notes ................................ 208
Hood
Closing ...........................................3 53
Display message ............................ 310
Important safety notes .................. 352
Opening ......................................... 352
Horn ...................................................... 32
HUD
see Head-up display
Hybrid drive system
Automatic switch off ........................ 42
Danger of electric shock .................. 42
Display message ............................ 297
General notes .................................. 42
High-voltage battery ........................ 43
Important safety notes .................... 42
Manual switch off ............................ 42
Opening the hood ............................ 43
Warning lamp ................................. 315
Hybrid vehicles
Important safety notes .................... 42
Hydroplaning ..................................... 196I
Ignition lock
see Key positions
Immobilizer .......................................... 78
Indicator and warning lamps
COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST
PLUS .............................................. 322
Indicator lamps
see Warning and indicator lamps
Indicators
see Turn signals
Instrument cluster
Overview .......................................... 33
Warning and indicator lamps ........... 34
Instrument cluster lighting .............. 256
Interior lighting
Control ...........................................1 35
Emergency lighting ........................ 135
Overview ........................................ 134
Reading lamp ................................. 134
J
Jack
Using ............................................. 406
Jump starting (engine) ......................376
K
Key positions
SmartKey ....................................... 162
Start/Stop button .......................... 162
KEYLESS-GO
Convenience closing feature ............ 96
Deactivation ..................................... 80
Locking ............................................ 80
Start function ................................... 81
Unlocking ......................................... 80
Kickdown
Driving tips ....................................1 73
Knee bag .............................................. 52
L
Lamps
see Warning and indicator lamps
Lane Keeping Assist
see Active Lane Keeping Assist
Index11

please contact an authorized Mercedes-BenzCenter.
Further information on child restraint systems
(
Ypage 61).
When triggered, belt bags :open, increasing
the protected area of the occupants' ribcages.
The belt bags are triggered depending on the
type and severity of the accident.
Fastening and adjusting the seat belts
Observe the safety notes on the seat belt
(Ypage 47) and the notes on correct use of seat
belts (Ypage 48).
Basic illustration
XAdjust the seat (Ypage 104).
The seat backrest must be in an almost ver-
tical position.
XPull the seat belt smoothly from the belt out- let.
The seat belt on the driver’s seat and the
front-passenger seat may be tightened auto-
matically, see "Belt adjustment"
(
Ypage 50).
XIf necessary, pull upwards on the shoulder
section of the seat belt to tighten the belt
across your body.
The shoulder section of the seat belt must
always be routed across the center of the shoul-
der. Adjust the belt outlet if necessary.
XTo raise: slide the belt outlet upwards.
The belt outlet will engage in various posi-
tions.
XTo lower: hold belt outlet release =and slide
belt outlet downwards.
XLet go of belt outlet release =in the desired
position and make sure that the belt outlet
engages.
All seat belts except the driver's seat belt are
equipped with a special seat belt retractor to
securely fasten child restraint systems in the
vehicle. Further information can be found under
"Special seat belt retractor" (
Ypage 62).
Rear seat belt buckle extenders
The seat belt extender is an integral part of the
PRE-SAFE®convenience function. It is used on
the outer rear seats.
Always ensure that it is possible to move the belt
buckle freely. Always stow objects in the vehicle
correctly.
To assist you in finding the seat belt buckle and
fastening the seat belt:
Rthe belt buckle moves forwards to a conven-
ient position
Rthe belt buckle is illuminated
After the seat belt is fastened, the belt buckle
returns to its normal position. The seat belt then
lies tight across the lap and thorax areas.
Incorporation into the PRE-SAFE
®system:
the belt buckle is lowered quickly in certain haz-
ardous situations. This pre-tensions the seat
belt.
Incorporation into the automatic measures
after the accident: in this situation, the belt
Occupant safety49
Safety
Z

Important safety notes
GWARNING
If road and weather conditions are poor,
trailer stabiliz ationwillnotbe able to prevent
the veh icle/trailer co mbination from swerv-
ing. Trailers with a high center of gravity can
tip over before ESP
®can detect this. There is
a risk of an acc ident.
Always adapt your driving style to the prevail-
ing road and weather conditions.
If your veh icle with trailer (veh icle/trailer com-
bin ation) begins to lurch, you can only stabilize
the veh icle/trailer co mbination by depr essing
the brake firmly.
ESP
®trailer stabiliz ationisactive above speeds
of about 65 km/h.
ESP
®trailer stabiliz ation does not work ifESP®
is deactivated or disabled because of a malfunc-
tion.
Crosswind Assist (vehicles without
MAGIC BODY CONTROL)
General information
Vehicle swit h MAGIC BODY CONTROL: informa-
tion on stabiliz ing the vehicle inthe event of
crosswin d (
Ypage 210).
St rong crosswinds can cause your veh icleto
deviate from a straight course. The crosswin d
driv ing assistance function integrated inESP
®
noticeably reduces these impairments.
ESP®intervenes automatical lyaccording to the
dire ction and intensity of the crosswinds affect-
ing your veh icle.
ESP intervenes with stabiliz ing braking to assist
you inkeepin g the veh icle inthe lane.
Cros swind Assist isactive at veh iclespeeds
above 50 mph (80 km/h) when driving straight
ahead or cornering gently.
Important safety notes
Cros swind Assist does not work ifESP®is
swit ched off or deactivated because of a mal-
function.
EBD (electronic brake force distribu-
tion)
General information
EBD monitors and controls the brake pressure
on the rear wheels to improve driving stability
while braking.
Important safety notes
iObserve the "Important safety notes" sec-
tion (Ypage 68).
GWARNING
If EBD ismalfunctioning, the rear wheels can
lock, e.g. under full braking. This increases the
risk of skidding and an accident.
You should therefore adapt your driving style
to the different handlin g characteristics. Have
the brake system checked at a qualified spe-
cialist workshop.
Observe information regarding indicator and
warning lamps (
Ypage 316) as wellas display
messages (Ypage 280).
ADAPTIVE BRAKE
ADAPTIVE BRAKE enhances braking safety and
offers increased braking comfort. In addition to
the braking function, ADAPTIVE BRAKE also has
the HOLD function (
Ypage 208) and hillstart
assist (Ypage 165).
PRE-SAFE®Brake
General information
PRE-SAFE®Brake can help you to minimize the
risk of a collision with a vehicle ahead or a
pedestrian, and reduce the effects of such a
collision. If PRE-SAFE
®Brake has detected a risk
of collision, you willbe warned visually and
acoustically as wellas by automatic braking.
iPay attention to the important safety notes
in the "Driving safety systems" section
(
Ypage 68).
PRE‑ SAFE
®Brake isonly availab le invehicles
wit h the Driving Assistance Plus package.
Driving safety systems75
Safety
Z

Useful information
i
This Operator's Manual describes all models
and all standard and optional equipment of
your vehicle available at the time of publica-
tion of the Operator's Manual. Country-spe-
cific differences are possible. Please note
that your vehicle may not be equipped with all
features described. This also applies to
safety-related systems and functions.
iRead the information on qualified specialist
workshops (Ypage 28).
SmartKey
Important safety notes
GWARNING
If children are left unsupervised in the vehicle,
they could:
Ropen the doors, thus endangering other
people or road users.
Rget out and disrupt traffic.
Roperate the vehicle's equipment.
Additionally, children could set the vehicle in
motion if, for example, they:
Rrelease the parking brake.
Rshifting the automatic transmission out of
park position P
RStart the engine.
There is a risk of an accident and injury.
When leaving the vehicle, always take the
SmartKey with you and lock the vehicle. Never
leave children or animals unattended in the
vehicle. Always keep the SmartKey out of
reach of children.
GWARNING
If you attach heavy or large objects to the
SmartKey, the SmartKey could be uninten-
tionally turned in the ignition lock. This could
cause the engine to be switched off. There is a risk of an accident.
Do not attach any heavy or large objects to theSmartKey. Remove any bulky key rings before
inserting the SmartKey into the ignition lock.
!Keep the SmartKey away from strong mag-
netic fields. Otherwise, the remote control
function could be affected.
Strong magnetic fields can occur in the vicin-
ity of powerful electrical installations.
Do not keep the SmartKey:
Rwith electronic devices, e.g. a mobile phone
or another SmartKey.
Rwith metallic objects, e.g. coins or metal foil.
Rinside metallic objects, e.g. a metal case.
This can affect the functionality of the Smart-
Key.
Do not keep the SmartKey in the temperature-
controlled cup holder (
Ypage 332). On vehicles
with the KEYLESS-GO start function, do not
keep it on the parcel shelf or in the trunk. Oth-
erwise, the SmartKey may not be detected, e.g. when starting the engine using the Start/Stop
button.
A check which periodically establishes a radio
connection between the vehicle and the Smart-
Key determines whether a valid SmartKey is in
the vehicle. This occurs, for example:
Rwhen starting the engine
Rwhilst driving
Rwhen using HANDS-FREE ACCESS
Rwhen the external door handles are touched
Rduring convenience closing
SmartKey functions
:& To lock the vehicle
;FTo open/close the trunk lid
=%To unlock the vehicle
SmartKey79
Opening and closing
Z

XTo unlock centrally:press the%button.
If you do not open the vehicle within approx-
imately 40 seconds of unlocking:
Rthe vehicle is locked again.
Ranti-theft protection is reactivated.
XTo lock centrally: press the&button.
The SmartKey centrally locks and unlocks the
following components:
Rthe doors
Rthe trunk lid
Rthe fuel filler flap
The turn signals flash once when unlocking and
three times when locking.
You can also set an audible signal to confirm
that the vehicle has been locked. The audible
signal can be activated and deactivated via the
multimedia system; see the separate operating
instructions.
You will receive visual and acoustic locking con-
firmation if all components were able to be
locked.
When the locator lighting is activated via the
multimedia system, it lights up when it is dark
after the vehicle is unlocked with the SmartKey.
Information on activating and deactivating the
locator lighting can be found in the separate
operating instructions.
XTo open the trunk lid automatically from
outside the vehicle: press and hold theF
button until the trunk lid opens.
XTo open the trunk lid automatically from
outside the vehicle: if the SmartKey is loca-
ted in the immediate vicinity of the veh icle
,
press the Fbutton on the SmartKey.
When the trunk lid closes you can then
release the button.
KEYLESS-GO
General notes
Bear in mind that the engine can be started by
any of the vehicle occupants if there is a Smart-
Key in the vehicle (
Ypage 164).
Locking/unlocking centrally
You can start, lock or unlock the vehicle using
KEYLESS-GO. To do this, you only need carry the
SmartKey with you. You can combine the func- tions of KEYLESS-GO with those of a conven-
tional SmartKey. Unlock the vehicle by using
KEYLESS-GO, for instance, and lock it using the
&
button on the SmartKey.
The driver's door and the door at which the han-
dle is used, must both be closed. The SmartKey
must be outside the vehicle. When locking or
unlocking with KEYLESS-GO, the distance
between the SmartKey and the corresponding
door handle must not be greater than 3 ft (1 m).
A brief radio connection between the vehicle
and the SmartKey determines whether a valid
SmartKey is in, or in the direct vicinity of, the
vehicle. This occurs, for example:
Rwhen starting the engine
Rwhile driving
Rwhen using HANDS-FREE ACCESS
Rwhen the external door handles are touched
Rduring convenience closing
XTo unlock the vehicle: touch the inner sur-
face of the door handle.
XTo lock the vehicle: touch sensor surface :
or ;.
Make sure that you do not touch the inner
surface of the door handle.
XConvenience closing feature: touch
recessed sensor surface ;for an extended
period.
Further information on the convenience clos-
ing feature (
Ypage 96).
XTo unlock the trunk lid: pull the handle on
the trunk lid.
Deactivating and activating
If you do not intend to use a SmartKey for an
extended period of time, you can deactivate the
KEYLESS-GO function of the SmartKey. The
SmartKey will then use very little power, thereby
80SmartKey
Opening and closing

conserving battery power. For the purposes of
activation/deactivation, the vehicle must not be
nearby.
XTo deactivate:press the&button on the
SmartKey twice in rapid succession.
The battery check lamp (
Ypage 82) of the
SmartKey flashes twice briefly and lights up
once, then KEYLESS-GO is deactivated .
XTo activate: press any button on the Smart-
Key.
or
XInsert the SmartKey into the ignition lock.
KEYLESS-GO and all of its associated features
are available again.
KEYLESS-GO start function
General notes
Bear in mind that the engine can be started by
any of the vehicle occupants if there is a Smart-
Key in the vehicle (
Ypage 164).
Changing the settings of the locking
system
You can change the settings of the locking sys-
tem. This means that only the driver's door and
the fuel filler flap are unlocked when the vehicle
is unlocked. This is useful if you frequently travel
on your own.
XTo change the setting: press and hold down
the % and& buttons simultaneously
for approximately six seconds until the bat-
tery check lamp flashes twice (
Ypage 82).
If the setting of the locking system is changed
within the signal range of the vehicle, pressing
the & or% button:
Rlocks or
Runlocks the vehicle
The SmartKey now functions as follows:
XTo unlock: press the%button once.
XTo unlock centrally: press the%button
twice.
XTo lock: press the &button. The KEYLESS-GO function is changed as fol-
lows:
XTo unlock the driver's door:
touch the inner
surface of the door handle on the driver's
door.
XTo unlock centrally: touch the inner surface
of the door handle on the front-passenger
door or the rear door.
XTo lock centrally: touch the outer sensor
surface on one of the door handles.
XTo restore the factory settings: press and
hold the %and& buttons simultane-
ously for approximately six seconds until the
battery check lamp flashes twice
(
Ypage 82).
Mechanical key
General notes
If the vehicle can no longer be locked or
unlocked with the SmartKey or KEYLESS-GO,
use the mechanical key.
If you use the mechanical key to unlock and
open the driver's door, the anti-theft alarm sys-
tem will be triggered. Switch off the alarm
(
Ypage 78).
If you unlock the vehicle using the mechanical
key, the fuel filler flap will not be unlocked auto-
matically.
XTo unlock the fuel filler flap: insert the
SmartKey into the ignition lock.
Removing the mechanical key
XPush release catch :in the direction of the
arrow and at the same time remove mechan- ical key ;from the SmartKey.
SmartKey81
Opening and closing
Z

Automa tic locking featu re
XTo deactivate:press and hold butto n: for
approximately fiv eseconds until atone
sounds.
XTo activate: press and hold butto n; for
approximately fiv eseconds until atone
sounds.
If you press on eof th etwo buttons and do no t
hear atone ,th erelevan tsetting has already
been selected.
The vehicl eis locke dautomatically when th e
ignition is switched on and th ewheels are turn-
ing .
You could therefor ebe locke dout if:
Rth evehicl eis bein gpushed.
Rth evehicl eis bein gtowed.
Rth evehicl eis on aroller dynamometer.
You can also switch th eautomatic locking func-
tion on and off usin gth emultimedia system; see
th eseparat eoperating instructions.
Power closing
Powe rclosin gpulls th edoor sand trunk lid int o
their locks automatically eve nif they are only
partly closed.
XTo power close adoor :push th edoor int o
th eloc kup to th efirst deten tposition .
Powe rclosin gwill pull th edoor fully closed.
XTo power close th etrunk lid :lightl ypush
th etrunk lid closed.
The powe rclosin gfunction pulls th etrunk lid
closed.
Unlocking the driver's door(mechan-
ical key)
If th evehicl ecan no longer be locke dor
unlocke dwit hth eSmartKey or KEYLESS-GO ,
use th emechanical key.
XTak eth emechanical ke yout of th eSmartKey
(Ypage 81).
XInser tth emechanical ke yas far as it will go
int oopening :in th eprotective cap .
XPull and hold th edoor handle.
XPull th eprotective cap on th emechanical ke y
as straight as possibl eaway from th evehicl e
until it releases.
XReleas eth edoor handle.
XInser tth emechanical ke yint oth eloc kof th e
driver's door as far as it will go.
XTurn th emechanical ke ycounter-clockwise
as far as it will go to position 1.
The locking knob pops up and th edoor
unlocks .
XTurn themechanical ke ybac kand remove it .
XInsertth emechanical ke yint oth eSmartKey
(Ypage 82) .
XCarefully press th eprotective cap onto th e
loc kcylinder until it engage sand is seated
Doors87
Opening and closing
Z

Vehicles with trunk lid remote closing fea-
ture or power closing:
XLightly push the trunk lid closed.
The power closing function pulls the trunk lid
closed.
XLock the vehicle if necessary with the&
button on the SmartKey or with KEYLESS-GO
(
Ypage 80).
iIf KEYLESS-GO detects a SmartKey in the
trunk, the trunk lid cannot be locked. It then
opens again.
Opening/closing automatically from
outside
Important safety notes
GWARNING
Parts of the body could become trapped dur-
ing automatic closing of the trunk lid. More-
over, people, e.g. children, may be standing in the closing area or may enter the closing area
during the closing process. There is a risk of
injury.
Make sure that nobody is in the vicinity of the
closing area during the closing process.
Use one of the following options to stop the
closing process:
Rpress the Fbutton on the SmartKey.
Rpull or press the remote operating switch
on the driver's door.
Rpress the closing or locking button on the
trunk lid.
Rpull the trunk lid handle
Vehicles with HANDS-FREE ACCESS: it is also
possible to stop the closing process by perform-
ing a kicking movement under the rear bumper.
GWARNING
Combustion engines emit poisonous exhaust
gases such as carbon monoxide. Exhaust
gases can enter the vehicle interior if the
trunk lid is open when the engine is running,
especially if the vehicle is in motion. There is a
risk of poisoning.
Always switch off the engine before opening
the trunk lid. Never drive with the trunk lid
open.
!The trunk lid swings upwards when opened.
Therefore, make sure that there is sufficient
clearance above the trunk lid.
The opening dimensions of the trunk lid can be
found in the "Vehicle data" section
(
Ypage 433).
Opening
You can open the trunk lid automatically using
the SmartKey or the handle in the trunk lid.
XPress and hold the Fbutton on the Smart-
Key until the trunk lid opens.
or
XIf the trunk lid is unlocked, pull the trunk lid
handle and let it go again immediately.
Closing
You can close the trunk lid automatically using
the SmartKey or the closing button in the trunk
lid.
XPress closing button :on the trunk lid.
or
XIf the SmartKey is located in the immediate
vicinity of the vehicle: press the Fbutton
on the SmartKey.
You can release the button as soon as the
trunk lid starts to close.
XTo stop the closing process:
RPress the Fbutton on the SmartKey or
RPull the trunk lid handle, or
RPress closing button :or locking but-
ton ;on the trunk lid, or
90Trunk
Opening and closing