engine MERCEDES-BENZ V-CLASS MPV 2021 Repair Manual

Oil dipstick and engine oil
filler opening (e xample:
petrol engine) Oil dipstick and engine oil
filler opening (e xample:
diesel engine) #
Pull oil dipstick 1out of the dipstick tube. #
Wipe the oil dipstick 1using a lint-free
clo th. #
Insert the oil dipstick 1back into the guide
tube as far as it will go and pull it out again.
If th e le vel is between MIN mark 3and MAX
mark 2,the oil le vel is adequate. #
Ifth e oil le vel has dropped toor below mini‐
mum mark 3, open cap 4and top up the
engine oil (/ page 224).
The dif fere nce in quantity between mar ks2 and
3 depends on the engine:
R Diesel engines, about 2 l
R Petrol engines about 1.5 litres To
pping up the engine oil &
WARNING Risk offire and injury from
engine oil
If engine oil comes into con tact with hot com‐
ponent parts in the engine compartment, it
may ignite. #
Make sure that no engine oil is spilled
next tothefiller opening. #
Allow the engine tocool off and thor‐
oughly clean the engine oil from compo‐
nent parts before starting theve hicle. &
WARNING Risk of burn s from hot com‐
ponent parts in the engine compartment
Cer tain component pa rts in the engine com‐
partment can be very hot, e.g. the engine, the
cooler and pa rts of theex haust sy stem. #
Allow the engine tocool down and only
to uch component parts desc ribed in the
fo llowing. *
NO
TEDama gecaused bytopping up too
much engine oil To
o much engine oil can damage the engine
or the catalytic con verter. #
Have excess engine oil remo ved at a
qu alified specialist workshop. *
NO
TEEngine damage due touse of addi‐
tives in the engine oil The use of additional additives in
the engine
oil can damage the engine. #
Do not use any additional additives in
the engine oil. +
ENVIRONMEN
TALNO TEEnvironmental
damage due tohydraulic fluid le vel spill‐
ages while topping up If
fluid spills on tosoil, the environment will be
damaged. #
Make sure that no fluid spills while top‐
ping up. 224
Maintenance and care

Example: engine oil
filler opening #
Obser vethe information rega rding appr oved
engine oil under "Operating fluids and capaci‐
ties" (/ page273). #
Unscr ewand remo vethe cap 1. #
Top up engine oil. #
Fitthe cap 1onthefiller opening and
tigh ten.
When doing so, make su rethat the cap
engages cor rectly. #
If present, check the oil le vel using the oil dip‐
st ick (/ page 223). #
Inthe case of vehicles without an oil dipstic k,
ch eck the oil le vel with the on-board com‐
puter af terth e next journey (/ page 222).
It is necessary torunth e engine for an extended
pe riod af ter each oil top up tocor rectly de tect
th e oil le vel. Fill le velch anges during oil top ups
may not be immediately visible. Depending on the
driving profile, the new oil le vel can only be dis‐
pla yed af ter a driving time of up to60 minutes.
If necessa ry, only top up thequ antity of oil shown
in the instrument clus ter display and check the
oil le vel again af terth e next journe y. Checking/topping up
the coolant &
WARNING Risk offire ‑ and inju ryfrom
antifreeze
If antifreeze comes into contact with hot com‐
ponent parts in the engine compartment, it
may ignite. #
Allow the engine tocool down before
yo uto p up the antifreeze. #
Make sure that no antifreeze spills out
next tothefiller opening. #
Thoroughly clean the antifreeze from
component parts before starting the
ve hicle. &
WARNING Risk of scalding from hot
coolant
If yo u open the cap, you could be scalded. #
Letthe mo tor cool down before opening
th e cap. #
When opening the cap, wear pr otective
gl ove s and saf etygl asses. #
Open the cap slowly torelease pres‐
sure. Only
check and top up the coolant le vel when the
ve hicle is stationary on a le vel sur face and the
engine has cooled down. The coolant temp era‐
ture must be below 50°C. &
WARNING Risk of burn s from hot com‐
ponent parts in the engine compartment
Cer tain component pa rts in the engine com‐
partment can be very hot, e.g. the engine, the
cooler and pa rts of theex haust sy stem. #
Allow the engine tocool down and only
to uch component parts desc ribed in the
fo llowing. Coolant con
tains glyc ol and is therefore poison‐
ous. #
Obser vethe information under "Operating flu‐
ids and capacities" (/ page274).
* NO
TEPaint wo rkdamage due tocoolant If coolant
gets on painted sur faces, the paint‐
wo rkcan be damaged. #
Add coolant carefully. #
Remo vespilled coolant. Re
gular lych eck the engine cooling sy stem and
th e heating sy stem for leaks . Ifthere is a loss of
coolant, ha vethe cause de term ined and rectified
in a qualified specialist workshop without dela y. Maintenance and care
225

Example: cap and coolant
expansion reser voir
Checking the coolant le vel #
Slowly turn the cap 1ofthe coolant expan‐
sion reser voir2 half a turn anti-clockwise
and allow overpressure toescape. #
Turn cap 1further and remo veit.
The coolant le vel is cor rect in thefo llowing cases:
R uptomar ker bar 3when the engine is cold
R ifth e engine is warm, up to1.5 cm over
mar ker bar 3
To pping up the coolant
Only use coolant appr ovedfo r Mercedes-Benz to
avo id damaging the engine cooling sy stem. #
Refe rto the information on coolant
(/ page 274). #
Refill th e coolant up tothe mar ker bar 3in
th efiller opening of the coolant expansion
re ser voir2. #
Replace cap 1and tighten in a clockwise
direction. #
Start the engine. #
Set thete mp erature in theve hicle interior to
th e maximum output on the cont rol panel of
th e climate cont rol. #
After about five minutes, switch off the
engine again and allow it tocool down. #
Che ckthe coolant le vel again and top up the
coolant if necessar y. Fi
lling up the windscreen washer sy stem &
WARNING Risk offire and injury from
windscreen washer concentrate
Wi ndscreen washer concentrate is highly
fl ammable. #
Avoid fire , naked flames, smoking and
th e creation of spar kswhen using wind‐
screen washer concentrate. &
WARNING Risk of burn s from hot com‐
ponent parts in the engine compartment
Cer tain component pa rts in the engine com‐
partment can be very hot, e.g. the engine, the
cooler and pa rts of theex haust sy stem. #
Allow the engine tocool down and only
to uch component parts desc ribed in the
fo llowing. *
NO
TEDama getotheex terior lighting
due tounsuitable windsc reen washer
fl uid Uns
uitable windsc reen washer fluids may
damage the plastic sur face of theex terior
lighting. #
Only use windscreen washer fluids that
are also suitable for use on plast ic sur‐
fa ces, e.g. MB SummerFit or MB Winter‐
Fit. To
pping up the washer fluid Wa
sher fluid reser voir (e xamp le) #
Obser vethe no tes on windshield cleaning
agents (/ page275). 226
Maintenance and care

#
Do not use a high-p ressure cleaner with
a ro und-spr aynozzle. #
Keep thewate r jet moving cons tantly
while cleaning. #
Do not clean thefo llowing components
with the high-pressure cleaner:
R electrical components
R plug connectors
R reve rsing camera
R drivetra in
R seals
R hoses *
NO
TEDama gecaused bythe use of a
high-pressure cleaner in theve hicle inte‐
ri or The pressurised
water created bythe high-
pressure cleaner and the associated spr ay
could cause considerable damage totheve hi‐
cle. #
Never use a high-pressu recleaner in the
ve hicle interior. *
NO
TEDama getothe emissions cont rol
sy stem due toimproper cleaning Cleaning
the sy stem when it is warm orthe
direct ef fect of water jets in theex haust pipe
can damage the emissions cont rol sy stem. #
Clean the sy stem only when it is cold. #
Do not direct thewate r jet into the
ex haust pipe. Wa
shing the engine
* NO
TEDama geand malfunctions due to
wa shing the engine #
Toprev ent damage and malfunctions of
th e engine, obser vethefo llowing
points:
R when using high-pressure or steam
cleaners, do not point thewa ter jet
directly at electrical components
and the end of electric cables.
R make sure that no water enters the
ve nt and ventilation openings. R
use prese rvative agents in the
engine af terwa shing the engine.
R protect the belt drive from preser va‐
tion agents. Wa
shing theve hicle byhand Obser
vethe legal requ irements, forex ample in
many countries washing byhand is only allo wed
at specially designated wash ba ys. #
Washtheve hicle with luk ewarm wate r and a
soft car sponge. When doing so, do not
ex pose theve hicle todirect sunlight. #
Use a mild cleaning agent, e.g. a Mercedes-
Benz appr oved car shampoo. #
Carefully spr aytheve hicle with water and dry
off with a leath er cloth. Do not point the
wate r jet directly into the air inlet grille.
When operating theve hicle in winter, remo veall
traces of road salt deposits carefully and as soon
as possible. Note
s on care of paint and matt finish *
NO
TEPaint wo rkdamage and cor rosion
due toinadequate care Fa
ilure toprom ptly and thoroughly remo ve
dirt from bird droppings or other residue
could result in paintwork damage and cor ro‐
sion at a later date. #
Clean dirt off paint and matt finish thor‐
oughly and as soon as possible. Obser
vethe no tes on cleaning and care toavo id
paint workdamage.
Pa int
R Insect remains: soak with insect remo ver and
th en wash off.
R Bird droppings: soak with water and then
wa sh off.
R Tree resin, oils, fuels and greases: remo veby
ru bbing gently wi tha clo thsoaked in petro‐
leum ether or lighter fluid.
R Coolant and brake fluid: remo vewith a moist
clo thand clean water.
R Tarst ains: use tarre mo ver.
R Wax: use silicone remo ver. 228
Maintenance and care

Obser
vethefo llowing no tes:
R Recharge the battery more frequently in the
fo llowing cases:
- You predominantly drive short dis tances.
- You predominantly drive at low outside
te mp eratures.
- You lea vetheve hicle par kedfo r a lengt hy
period.
In order forth e batteries toachie vetheir max‐
imum possible service life, they must alw ays
be suf ficiently charge d.
R Consult a qualified specialist workshop if you
wish tolea veyour vehicle par ked up for a
long period of time.
R When you park theve hicle, remo vetheke y if
yo u do not require any elect rical consumers.
The vehicle will then use very little energy,
th us conserving bat tery powe r.
R Ifyo ur vehicle requ ires jump-s tarting, or if you
wish toprov ide jump-s tarting assis tance to
ano ther vehicle, only use the jump-s tart con‐
nection point in the engine compartment
(/ page 237).
Installation locations
Yo ur vehicle may be equipped with thefo llowing
two batteries located in the seat base of the
ri ght-hand front seat, depending on the equip‐
ment version:
R Starter battery
R Suppo rtbattery St
arting assistance and charging the12 V
battery &
WARNING Risk ofexplosion from a fro‐
zen battery
A dischar ged battery may freeze at temp era‐
tures slightly abo veor below freezing point.
During starting assis tance or battery charg‐
ing, battery gas can be released. #
Always allow a battery tothaw before
ch arging it or per form ing starting assis‐
ta nce. If
th ewa rning/indicator lamps do not light up in
th e instrument clus ter at temp eratures around or
below freezing, it is highly probable that the dis‐
ch arge d battery has frozen. In
this case, obser vethefo llowing points:
R do not give theve hicle starting assis tance or
ch arge the battery
R the service life of a battery that has been
th awe d may be reduced drastically
R thest arting behaviour may de teriorate, par‐
ticularly at low temp eratures
R it is recommended that you ha veath awed
battery checked at a qualified specialist work‐
shop &
WARNING Risk ofexplosion during
ch arging process and starting assis tance
During thech arging process and starting
assis tance, the battery may release an explo‐
sive gas mixture. #
Avoid fire , naked flames, creating
spar ksand smoking. #
Make sure there is suf ficient ventilation. #
Do not lean over a batter y. &
WARNING Danger of chemical burns
from the battery acid
Battery acid is caustic. #
Avoid contact with the skin, eyes or
clo thing. #
Do not lean overth e batter y. #
Do not inhale battery gases. #
Keep children away from the batter y. #
Immedia tely rinse battery acid off thor‐
oughly with plenty of clean water and
seek medical attention immediately. St
arting assistance
* NO
TEDama gecaused bynume rous or
ex tended attempts tostart the engine Nume
rous or extended attempts tostart the
engine may damage the catalytic con verter
due tonon-combu sted fuel. #
Avoid numerous and extended attem pts
to start the engine. Do not use a
rapid charging device tostart the
ve hicle. If your vehicle's battery is dischar ged,
th e engine can be jump-s tarted from ano ther
ve hicle or from a donor battery using jump leads.
Fo rth is purpose, theve hicle has a jump-s tart
connection point in the engine compartment. Breakdown assis
tance 237

When jump-s
tarting, obser vethefo llowing points:
R The battery is not accessible in all vehicles. If
th eot her vehicle's battery is not accessible,
st arting assis tance is tobe pr ovided using a
donor battery or a starting assis tance device.
R You may only jump-s tart theve hicle when the
engine and exhaust sy stem are cold.
R Do not start the engine if the battery is fro‐
zen. Let the battery thaw firs t.
R Starting assis tance may only be pr ovided
using batteries with a nominal voltage of 12V.
R Only use jump leads that ha vea suf ficient
cross-section and insulate dte rm inal clamps.
R Ifth e battery is fully dischar ged, attach the
donor battery for a few minutes before
attem pting tostart. This charge sth e dis‐
ch arge d battery a little.
R Make sure that the two vehicles do not touch.
Jump leads and fur ther information rega rding
st arting assis tance can be obtained at any quali‐
fi ed specialist workshop.
Ensure thefo llowing before connecting the jump
lead:
R The jump leads are not damaged.
R Parts of thete rm inal clamps which are not
insulated do not come into conta ct withother
me tal parts while the jump leads are connec‐
te dto the batter y.
R The jump leads do not touch moving parts
when the engine is star ted and while it is run‐
ning, su chastheV- belt pulley or thefa n. #
Apply the parking brake. #
Vehicles with automatic transmission:
shift the transmission toposition 005D. #
Vehicles with manual transmission: shift
to neutral. #
Switch off all electrical consumers, e.g. audio
device, bl ower. #
Switch off the ignition immediately and
re mo vethekey. #
Open the bonn et (/ page 221). Connecting and disconnecting
the ju mp lead Example: jump-s
tart connection point #
Push contact pr otection co ver1 ofthe
jump-s tart connection point towa rdsth ere ar
of theve hicle against the spring pressure as
fa r as it will go.
The jump-s tart connection point is visible. Te
rm inal connection diagram #
Remo vethe co ver from positive term inal 3
of the donor batter y. #
Connect the positive term inal clamp of the
jump lead topositive term inal 3ofthe
donor batter y,and then topositive term inal
5 ofthe jump-s tart connection point. #
Connect the negative term inal clamp of the
jump lead tonegati ve terminal 2ofthe
donor batter y,and then toear thcontact 4
of your ow nve hicle. #
Start the engine of the donor vehicle and run
it at idling speed. 238
Breakdown assis tance

#
Insert theke y into the ignition loc k,start the
engine and let it runfo r se veral minutes. #
Before disconnecting the jump leads, switch
on an electrical consumer in your ow nve hi‐
cle, e.g. there ar wind owheater or the light‐
ing. #
Disconnect the negative term inal clamp of
th e jump lead from ear thcontact 4and
th en from negative term inal 2ofthe donor
batter y. #
Disconnect the positive term inal clamp of the
jump lead from positive term inal 5onthe
jump-s tart connection point, and then from
positive term inal 3ofthe donor batter y.
Con tact pr otection co ver1 is automatically
re turned forw ards toits original position by
th e spring forc e and the jump-s tart connec‐
tion point is closed. #
Position the co ver on positive term inal 3of
th e donor batter y. #
Have the battery checked at a qualified spe‐
cialist workshop.
Charging the12 V battery
* NO
TEDama getothe electronics caused
by non-app rove dch arging devices Charging a
fitted battery wi tha battery
ch arge r which has not been appro vedby
Mercedes-Benz can damage the on-board
electronics. #
Only use a battery charge r which has
been appro vedby Mercedes-Benz and
which permits charging the battery
when it is fitted in theve hicle. #
Only charge the battery using the jump-
st art connection point. A battery
charge r specially adapte dfor
Mercedes-Benz vehicles and tested and appr oved
fo r Mercedes-Benz is available as an accesso ry.
Fu rther information is available from any
Mercedes-Benz Service Cent re.Re ad the operat‐
ing instructions foryo ur charge r before charging
th e batter y.
Re charge the battery more frequently if you use
th eve hicle mainly for short trips and/or drive at
low outside temp eratures. #
Connect the battery charge rto the positive
te rm inal and ear thcontact in the same order
as when connecting the donor battery in the
jump-s tarting procedure. %
If a battery is not
fitted and not in service,
yo u should charge itev ery thre e months. This
helps tocounteract self-discharging and pre‐
ve nt damage tothe batter y.
12 V battery care
* NO
TEBattery discharge due toleakage
cur rents Dirty battery
term inal clamps and battery sur‐
fa ces cause lea kage cur rents. This can lead
to the battery discharging. #
Keep the battery term inals and battery
sur faces clean and dr y. *
NO
TEDama getothe battery housing
due toimproper cleaning If
yo u use cleaning agents con taining fuel,
th ese can damage the battery housing. #
Do not use cleaning agents containing
fuel. *
NO
TEDama getothe battery due toself-
dischar ge If dirt
gets into the battery cell, the self-dis‐
ch arge ofthe battery is increased and the
battery can be damaged. #
Only clean the battery with the cell caps
scr ewed in. Obser
vethefo llowing points on battery care: #
Regular lych eck the battery term inals and the
fast ening of the negative cable tothech assis
to ensure that they are firm lyseated. #
Lightly grease the undersides of the battery
te rm inal clamps with acid- resis tant grease. #
Only clean the battery housing with commer‐
cially available cleaning agents. Disconnecting and
removing the star ter bat‐
te ry &
WARNING Risk ofexplosion from hydro‐
ge nga s igniting
There is a danger of hydrogen gas igniting
when charging the battery if there is a short
circuit or spar ksstart toform. Breakdown assis
tance 239

#
Make sure that the positive term inal of
th e connected battery does not come
into contact with vehicle parts. #
Never place me tal objects or tools on a
batter y. #
The described order of the battery
clamps must be obser ved when con‐
necting and disconnecting the batter y. #
When giving starting assistance, alw ays
make sure that you on lyconnect battery
te rm inals with identical polarity. #
During starting assis tance, you must
obse rveth e described order for con‐
necting and disconnecting the jump
lead. #
Do not connect or disconnect the bat‐
te ry cla mp s while the engine is running. &
WARNING Danger of chemical burns
from the battery acid
Battery acid is caustic. #
Avoid contact with the skin, eyes or
clo thing. #
Do not lean overth e batter y. #
Do not inhale battery gases. #
Keep children away from the batter y. #
Immedia tely rinse battery acid off thor‐
oughly with plenty of clean water and
seek medical attention immediately. *
NO
TEDama getoelectronic components
due towo rkcar ried out incor rectly on the
battery If
th est ar ter battery is disconnected before
th eke y is remo ved from the ignition loc k,
electronic components or assemblies, such
as the alternator, can be damaged. #
Switch off the engine and remo vethe
ke y from the ignition loc k. #
Check tosee that there are no indicator
lamps lit in the instrument clus ter. #
Alwaysre mo vethe negative term inal
clamp firs t and then the positive term i‐
nal clamp. #
Do not inter change the battery clamps. Alw
ays ha vewo rkon the battery car ried out at a
qu alified specialist workshop. If, in
exceptional circums tances, you must dis‐
connect the battery yourself, pay attention tothe
fo llowing:
R Obser vethe no tes on the12 V battery
(/ page 235).
R Secure theve hicle toprev ent it from rolling
aw ay.
R Afterth e battery has been disconnected, the
parking brake is automatically applied. Yo u
can then no longer mo vetheve hicle.
R Forve hicles with an automatic transmission,
th e transmission is loc ked in position 005Dafter
disconnecting the batter y.Yo u can then no
longer mo vetheve hicle.
R The battery and the co ver of the positive ter‐
minal clamp must be fitted securely du ring
ope ration. Seat base (e
xamp le:right-hand front seat)
The following description on connecting and fit‐
ting the battery uses theex ample of thest ar ter
battery in the seat base of theright-hand front
seat. #
Switch off all electrical consumers. #
Switch off the engine and remo vethekey
from the ignition loc k. #
Open the front right-hand door. #
Press bo thcatch springs 1down and
re mo vecover2 upwards from the seat
base. #
Remo vecover2 bypulling upwards at an
angle from the seat base. 240
Breakdown assis tance

Open seat base (e
xamp le:right-hand front seat) #
Remo vescr ews5 from holder 6. #
Remo veholder 6. #
Remo ve ve nt hose 4from theto p of the bat‐
te ry. #
Pull the battery out of the seat base until the
negati ve terminal clamp can be released and
re mo ved. #
Disconnect the negative term inal clamp from
negative term inal 3. #
Remo vethe negative term inal clamp in such a
wa yth at the battery term inal clamp no longer
to uches negative term inal 3. Example:
star ter battery #
Remo vethe battery from the seat base and
place it on the door sill as shown. If neces‐
sar y,hold the battery byhandles 9. #
Remo vethe clamp co ver of positive term inal
8. #
Remo vepositive term inal clamp 8from pos‐
itive term inal 7. #
Remo vepositive clamp 8in such a wayth at
it no lon gerto uches positive term inal 7. #
Lift the battery out of the door sill byhandles
9. Connecting and
fitting the star ter battery &
WARNING Risk ofexplosion from hydro‐
ge nga s igniting
There is a danger of hydrogen gas igniting
when charging the battery if there is a short
circuit or spar ksstart toform. #
Make sure that the positive term inal of
th e connected battery does not come
into contact with vehicle parts. #
Never place me tal objects or tools on a
batter y. #
The described order of the battery
clamps must be obser ved when con‐
necting and disconnecting the batter y. #
When giving starting assistance, alw ays
make sure that you on lyconnect battery
te rm inals with identical polarity. #
During starting assis tance, you must
obse rveth e described order for con‐
necting and disconnecting the jump
lead. #
Do not connect or disconnect the bat‐
te ry cla mp s while the engine is running. *
NO
TEDama getothe on-board electron‐
ics due toreve rsing the battery clamps Incor
rectly connecting the battery can dam‐
age the on-board electronics. #
Always connect the battery as descri‐
bed in thefo llowing sequence. Ne ver
re ve rseth ete rm inal clamps. The
following description on connecting and fit‐
ting the battery uses theex ample of thest ar ter
battery in the seat base of theright-hand front
seat. Example:
star ter battery #
Place the battery on the door sill as shown
and secure with handles 3if necessar y. Breakdown assis
tance 241

#
Turn theke yto position 005Ainthe ignition lock
and remo veit from the ignition loc k. #
Use the parking brake tosecure theve hicle
against rolling away. #
Secu retheve hicle bythe wheels. To
wing eyesto rage location The
towing eye is located in theve hicle tool kit
(/ page 247). Fi
tting/ removing the towing eye Fi
tting and removing the front towing eye
* NO
TEDama getotheve hicle due to
incor rect use of theto wing eye When a
towing eye is used toreco ver a vehi‐
cle, theve hicle may be damaged in the proc‐
ess. #
Only use theto wing eyeto to waw ay or
to w start theve hicle. Fixture
forth e front towing eyeinthe bumper #
Take theto wing eye and scr ewdriver from the
ve hicle tool kit (/ page247).
Fi tting #
Press the ar row on co ver1 and remo ve
co ver1 from the opening.
Yo u will see thefixture forth eto wing eye. #
Screw intheto wing eye clockwise tothe
st op. #
Insert the scr ewdriver into theto wing eyeand
tighten theto wing eye. #
Stow th e screwdriver in theve hicle tool kit.
Re moving #
Remo vethe scr ewdriver from theve hicle tool
kit. #
Insert the scr ewdriver into theto wing eyeand
turn theto wing eye anti-clockwise. #
Unscr ewand remo vetheto wing eye. #
Insert co ver1 with the lug at theto p and
press it in at the bottom until it engages. #
Stow th eto wing eye and the scr ewdriver with
th eve hicle tool kit.
Re ar towing eye Re
ar towing eye under the bumper #
When towing away ortow- starting a vehicle,
attach theto wing device torear towing eye
2 . #
Ifth eve hicle is equipped with a trailer tow
hitch, attach theto wing device tothe trailer
to w hit ch (/page 277). #
Obse rveth e no tes on permissible towing
me thods (/ page242). To
w starting vehicle (eme rgency engine start) Ve
hicles with automatic transmission
* NO
TEDama getothe automatic trans‐
mission due to tow-starting The automatic transmission may be damaged
in
the process of tow- starting vehicles with
automatic transmission. #
Vehicles with automatic transmission
must not be tow- star ted. #
Obser vethe no tes and information on start‐
ing assis tance (/ page 237). 246
Breakdown assis tance