fuel pump PORSCHE 944 1987 1.G Owners Manual

Fuel Economy
Fuel economy will vary depending on where,
when and how you drive, optional equipment installed, and the general condition of your
car. A car tuned to specifications and correctly maintained, will help you get maximum fuel
economy.
Have your vehicle tuned to specifications.
Fuel injection should be adjusted to
specifications.
Spark plugs should be clean, properly
gapped and fire efficiently.
Air cleaner should be dirt free to allow proper engine "breathing". Battery should be fully charged. Wheels should be properly aligned. Tires should be inflated at correct pressures. Keep a light foot on the accelerator pedal. Drive smoothly, avoid abrupt changes in
speed as much as possible.
Avoid jack rabbit starts and sudden stops. Do not drive longer than necessary in the
lower gears. Shifting up early helps to save
fuel.
Avoid unnecessary idling. Turn the engine
off.
Prolonged "warm up" idling wastes gas. Start the vehicle just before you are ready to drive. Accelerate slowly and smoothly.


Any additional weight carried in the vehicle reduces fuel economy. Always keep cargo to
a minimum and remove all unnecessary
items.
Organize your trips to take in several
errands.
Use air conditioner only when needed. All electrical equipment contribute to increased fuel consumption.
The EPA estimated m.p.g. is to be used for
comparison purposes, actual mileage may be
different from the estimated m.p.g., depending on your driving speed, weather conditions and trip length. Your actual highway mileage will
probably be less than the estimated m.p.g.
Please observe all local and national speed
limits.


49


Fuel Filler Cap
The lockable fuel filler cap is on the right side
panel of the car. When putting the cap back
on, twist it clockwise until it stops with an
audible click.
We recommend you turn off the engine
when filling the fuel tank.
Fuel tank capacity is listed under "Filling
Capacities".
If you lose your fuel filler cap, replace it
immediately with a cap of the same design to
reduce the possibility of a fire in a collision.
Fuel Recommendation
Your Porsche is equipped with a catalytic
converter and must use UNLEADED FUEL
ONLY.
944:
Minimum octane rating is 91 RON (87
CLC or AKI rating on US fuel pumps).
944 S / 944 Turbo: Minimum octane rating is
95 RON (90 CLC or AKI rating on US fuel
pumps).
Federal law prohibits use of leaded fuel in
this vehicle.
The use of UNLEADED FUEL ONLY is
critically important to the life of the catalytic
converter. Deposits from leaded gasolines will ruin the converter and make it ineffective as
an emission control device.
Cars with a catalytic converter have a smaller
fuel tank opening, and gas station pumps
have smaller nozzles. This will prevent
accidental pumping of leaded fuel into cars
with a catalytic converter.
Unleaded fuels may not be available outside
the continental U.S. and Canada. Therefore,
we recommend you do not take your car to areas or countries where unleaded fuel may
not be available.
Octane ratings
Octane rating indicates a gasoline's ability to
resist detonation. Therefore, buying the
correct octane gas is important to prevent
engine "knock" and possible engine damage.
The 91 RON (95 RON) octane rating of your
car is based on the research method. The CLC (U.S. Cost of Living Council octane
rating) or AKI (antiknock index) usually
displayed on U.S. gasoline pumps is
calculated as research octane number plus
motor octane number, divided by 2, that is
written as:


The CLC or AKI octane rating is usually lower
than the RON rating:
91 RON equals ............ 87 CLC or AKI
95 RON equals ............ 90 CLC or AKI

50

WARNING
Never carry additional fuel in portable containers in your car. Such containers,
full or partially empty, may leak, cause an
explosion, or result in fire in case of a
collision.
Porsche does not recommend the use of
fuel additives.
Do not use any fuel with octane ratings
lower than 91 RON or 87 CLC or AKI,
944S/944 Turbo 95 RON or 90 CLC or AKI.
Gasolines containing alcohol
Gasoline containing alcohol is available at gas
stations in some areas. The gas pump may not
be labeled to identify that alcohol is present in
the gasoline. If it is labeled, it may not identify
what amount and type(s) of alcohol
are used. We recommend you DO NOT use
fuels where the alcohol content cannot be
identified.
Gasolines containing methanol
DO NOT
use fuels containing methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol). The use of fuel
containing this type of alcohol can result in
vehicle drivability and performance problems
and may damage critical parts of your vehicle's
fuel and emission control systems.
Gasolines containing ethanol
A mixture of unleaded gasoline and ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is sold in some
areas. This mixture is sometimes called
"Gasohol".
You may use gasohol in your

Porsche, provided it contains no more than
10% ethanol, and the octane requirements for
your vehicle are met. However, we strongly
recommend to switch back to gasoline without
ethanol, if you experience any of the following
problems with your vehicle:
Deterioration of drivability and performance.
Substantially reduced fuel economy. Vapor lock and non-start problems, especially
at high altitude or at high temperatures.
Engine malfunction or stalling.
Continued use of gasohol under these
conditions may cause costly damage to the fuel system and the emission control system of your vehicle.

51

Gearshifting Manual Transmission


Maximum downshift points
5th to 4th gear
944 115 mph/1 80 km/h or 4300 rpm
944 S 123 mph/1 98 km/h or 5400 rpm
Turbo 130 mph/210 km/h or 5000 rpm
4th to 3rd gear
944 85 mph/1 36 km/h or 4750 rpm
944 S 91 mph/1 46 km/h or 5000 rpm
Turbo 96 mph/1 55 km/h or 4500 rpm
3rd to 2nd gear
944 58 mph/ 94 km/h or 4500 rpm
944 S 61 mph/ 98 km/h or 4600 rpm
Turbo 65 mph/1 05 km/h or 4250 rpm
2nd to 1st gear
944 34 mph/ 55 km/h or 3850 rpm
944 S 36 mph/ 58 km/h or 4000 rpm
Turbo 38 mph/ 62 km/h or 3700 rpm
Minimum upshifting points
1st to 2nd gear at 15 mph/24 km/h or
944 2850 rpm
944 S 2800 rpm
Turbo 2850 rpm
2nd to 3rd gear at 25 mph/40 km/h or
944 2800 rpm
944 S 2750 rpm
Turbo 2400 rpm
3rd to 4th gear at 40 mph/64 km/h or
944 3050 rpm
944 S 3000 rpm
Turbo 2750 rpm
4th to 5th gear at 48 mph/77 km/h or
944 2700 rpm
944 S 2650 rpm
Turbo 2300 rpm
The Porsche transmission with servo-lock
synchronization permits rapid and precise
shifting of gears. But be sure when changing
gears that the clutch pedal is fully depressed
to the floor, and that the gearshift lever is
completely engaged. The engine speeds for
the individual gears are listed on this page.
Reverse
Only shift into reverse when the car has
come to a complete stop.

The clutch pedal must be depressed and the
vehicle must be stationary before shifting into
reverse; only then move the gearshift lever to
the right (overcoming the spring resistance)
and then to the rear. Both back-up lights come on when the
transmission is put into reverse (with ignition
on).
For smooth shifting, observe the following shift points:
The specified maximum rpm figures should
not be exceeded when shifting down, as
otherwise the engine speed would be too
high. This applies to standard gear ratios only.

Please observe all local and national speed limits!
52

How Emission Control Works

When an automobile engine is running, it uses energy generated through the combustion of a mixture of air and fuel. Depending on whether
a car is driven fast or slowly or whether the
engine is cold or hot, some of the fuel
(hydrocarbons) may not be burned completely but be discharged into the engine crankcase
or exhaust system. Additional hydrocarbons
may enter the atmosphere through
evaporation of fuel from the fuel tank. These
hydrocarbons (HC), when released into the
air, contribute to undesirable pollution.
In addition, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) contribute to engine
emissions. They, too, are formed during the
combustion process and discharged into the
exhaust system.
To reduce these pollutants, your Porsche is
equipped with a precisely calibrated fuel
injection system to assure a finely balanced
air/fuel mixture under all operating conditions.

Oxygen Sensor
The oxygen sensor, installed in the exhaust
pipe continuously senses the oxygen content
of the exhaust and signals the information to
an electronic control unit. The control unit
corrects the air/fuel ratio, so that the engine
always receives an accurately metered air fuel mixture. .
Crankcase Ventilation
Through Crankcase Ventilation undesirable
emissions from the engine crankcase are not
permitted to reach the outside atmosphere.
These emissions are recirculated from the
crankcase to the air intake system. From here
the emissions mix with the intake air and are
later burned in the engine.
Catalytic converter
The catalytic converter is an efficient
"cleanup" device built into the exhaust system
of the vehicle. The catalytic converter burns
the undesirable pollutants in the exhaust gas
before it is released into the atmosphere.
The exclusive use of unleaded fuel is critically important for the life of the
catalytic converter. Therefore, only
unleaded gasoline without additives must
be used.
The catalytic converter will be damaged by

push or tow starting your vehicle
misfiring of the engine turning off the ignition while the vehicle is moving or
by other unusual operating conditions.
Do not continue to operate your vehicle
under these conditions, as otherwise fuel
can reach the catalytic converter. This
could result in overheating of the
converter.
Federal law prohibits use of leaded
gasoline in this car.
The Emission Control System and its other
related components are illustrated and
described on the following pages.
101

Emission Control System
1 Fuel pump
2 Fuel filter
3 Pressure damper
3a Pressure regulator
4 Injector
5 Auxiliary air valve
6 Air flow meter
7 Throttle valve switch
8 Temperature sensor
9 Engine temperature sensor
10 Speed sensor
11 Reference mark sensor (TDC)
12 Control unit
13 Ring gear
14 Ignition coil
15 Distributor
16 Relay (fuel pump / control unit)
17 Oxygen sensor
18 Catalytic converter
19 Muffler

102

Fuel Evaporation Control
Fuel Tank Venting
The expansion chamber and the roll over valve prevent fuel from escaping to the outside at
extreme high outside temperatures and when
the car is driven or parked at an incline or in
any other nonlevel position. The safety valve
works as a restrictor in the tank vent line between the expansion chamber and the
canister.
Vapor Control System and Storage
When the fuel tank is filled, vapors are
collected in the expansion chamber and filler
tube by a vent l
ine leading the vapors via a roll over valve to the activated carbon canister where they are stored as long as the engine does not run. During engine operation, the
vapors are stored in the activated carbon
canister as long as the control valve I
(ON/OFF valve) is in the OFF-position.
The control valve I stops purging of the
canister during all other operating conditions of the engine if the coolant temperature of the
engine is below a defined temperature.
Purge System
Fuel vapors from the carbon canister will be
mixed with fresh air taken from the ambient


1 Control valve II
2 Temperature switch
3 Air flow meter
4 Throttle valve 5 Intake manifold
6 Engine
7 Injection valve
8 Control valve I
(ON/OFF) 9 Expansion chamber
10 Charcoal canister
11 Roll over valve
12 Pressure regulator
13 Pressure damper 14 Fuel filter
15 Fuel pump
16 Fuel tank
of the carbon canister or fuel vapors from the
fuel tank. The vapors will be directed via a
control valve I and control valve II to the air
intake system housing. The control valve I has the following functions:
To stop purging of the canister during idle (the rich vapor flow from the canister would
influence the mixture characteristic).
To allow purging of the canister during all
other operating conditions of the engine.
The control valve II controls the vapor flow to
the engine.
103


http://www.9ss1.dk/porsche944

104

Technical Data
105

Engine 944 Number of cylinders
4
Bore 3.94 in. / 100 mm
Stroke 3.11 in. / 78.9 mm
Displacement 151 cu. in. / 2479 cm
3
Compression ratio 9.7:1
SAE net-power 147 hp/ 110 kW at 5800 rpm
SAE net-torque 140 ft lb / 190 Nm at 3000 rpm
Output per liter 59,3 SAE net-hp / 44,4 SAE net-kW
Max. permissible rpm 6500
Fuel octane rating Unleaded fuel only 91 RON (87 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pump s in U.S.A.)

Spark plugs Bosch WR 7 DC or
Champion RN 9 YC
Electrode gap 0.028 + 0.004 in. / 0.7 + 0.1 mm
Battery capacity 12 volts, 63 Ah
Alternator output 1610W/115A
Firing order 1-3-4-2
Ignition timing Self-adjusting DME (Digital-Motor-E lectronic)
Ignition Transistorized ignition system with breake r less distributor
Belt for alternator Polyrib K6 1000 Lw
Belt for servo pump 9.5 x 950 LA
Valve clearance Hydraulic valve clearance compensat ion

106

Engine 944 S Number of cylinders
4
Bore 3.94 in. / 100 mm
Stroke 3.11 in. / 78.9 mm
Displacement 151 cu. in. / 2479 cm
3
Compression ratio 10.9:1
SAE net-power 188 hp/ 140 kW at 6000 rpm
SAE net-torque 170 ft lb / 230 Nm at 4300 rpm
Output per liter 75,8 SAE net-hp / 56,5 SAE net-kW
Max. permissible rpm 6800
Fuel octane rating Unleaded fuel only 95 RON (90 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pump s in U.S.A.)

Spark plugs Bosch WR 7 DC
Electrode gap 0.028 + 0.004 in. / 0.7 + 0.1 mm
Battery capacity 12 volts, 63 Ah
Alternator output 1610W/115A
Firing order 1-3-4-2
Ignition timing Self-adjusting DME (Digital-Motor-E lectronic)
Ignition Transistorized ignition system with breake r less distributor
Belt for alternator Polyrib K6 1000 Lw
Belt for servo pump 9.5 x 950 LA
Valve clearance Hydraulic valve clearance compensat ion

107

Engine 944 Turbo
Number of cylinders
4
Bore 3.94 in. / 100 mm
Stroke 3.11 in. / 78.9 mm
Displacement 151 cu. in. / 2479 cm
3
Compression ratio 8.0:1
SAE net-power 217 hp/ 162 kW at 5800 rpm
SAE net-torque 243 ft lb / 330 Nm at 3500 rpm
Output per liter 87,5 SAE net-hp / 65,3 SAE net-kW
Max. permissible rpm 6500
Fuel octane rating Unleaded fuel only 90 RON (90 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pump s in U.S.A.)

Spark plugs Bosch WR 7 DC
Electrode gap 0.028 + 0.004 in. / 0.7 + 0.1 mm
Battery capacity 12 volts, 63 Ah
Alternator output 1610W/115A
Firing order 1-3-4-2
Ignition timing Self-adjusting DME (Digital-Motor-E lectronic)
Ignition Transistorized ignition system with breake r less distributor
Belt for alternator Polyrib K6 1000 Lw
Belt for servo pump 9.5 x 950 LA
Valve clearance Hydraulic valve clearance compensat ion

108

Engine Design Specifications
Design
Operating cycle
Lubrication
Cylinder block
Cylinder head
Valve operation
Camshaft drive
Crankshaft
Fuel injection 4-cylinder, in-line engine, front mount with two ba
lance-shafts
4-stroke
Pressure oil circulation from oil sump,
full flow filter
Light metal
Light metal
Overhead camshaft
(944 S: 2 overhead camshafts)
Spur belt drive
Forged, 5 main bearings
AFC (Air Flow Control) Power Train
Manual transmission
Gear ratio
1st gear
2nd gear
3rd gear
4th gear
5th gear
Axle ratio Gear ratio 944
3.600:1
2.125:1
1.458:1
1.071:1
0.730:1
3.500:1
3.889:1 Gear ratio 944 S
3.500:1
2.059:1
1.400:1
1.034:1
0.829:1
3.500:1
3.889:1 Gear ratio 944 Turbo
3.500:1
2.059:1
1.400:1
1.034:1
0.829:1
3.500:1
3.375:1
Clutch
Power transmission Single plate dry disc, hydraulically operated
Double constant velocity joints and drive shaft
Automatic transmission 944
Gear ratio 1st gear
2nd gear
3rd gear
Reverse gear
Axle ratio
Clutch 2.714:1
1.500:1
1.000:1
2.429:1
3.455:1
Hydrodynamic torque converter
109

Filling Capacities
Engine oil With filter change approx. 6.34 (Turbo: approx. 6.87) U.S. qts. or 6 (Turbo: approx. 6.5) liters.
Check oil level with dipstick a few minutes after e ngine has stopped. The difference between
the max. and min. marks on the dipstick is approx. 1 U.S. qt. or 1 liter.
Only use brand name oil which has been tested and a pproved by Porsche.
Your authorized Porsche dealer will be glad to advi se you.
Porsche does not recommend the use of oil additives . See also "Engine Oils".
Cooling system with heating
Approx. 8,2 U.S. qts. or 7,8 liters. Factory filled to -31°F (-35°C). Only use phosphate-free
anti-freeze containing ethylene glycol recommended for aluminum engines and radiators.
Manual transmission
Approx. 0.53 U.S. gal. or 2.0 liters. Use hypoid oi l SAE 80 labeled "For Service API/GL4 or
Mil-L 2105".
Automatic transmission with
torque converter Approx. 1.72 U.S. gal. or 6.5 liters ATF Dexron®. At oil c hanges 3 U.S. qts. or 2.8 liters are
required.
Differential of automatic transmission
Approx. 1 U.S. qts. or 1 liter hypoid oil SAE 90 ac cording to API classification GL 5 or
Mil-L 2105 B.
Power steering
Approx. 0.63 U.S. qts. or 0.6 liter ATF Dexron®
Fuel tank Approx. 21.1 U.S. gals, or 80 liters including a re serve of 2.1 U.S. gals, or 8 liters.
Unleaded fuel only! Minimum octane rating 944 91 RO N (87 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel
pumps in U.S.A.), 944 S / 944 Turbo 95 RON (90 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pumps in U.S.A.)
Brake fluid Approx. 0.42 U.S. pint or 0.2 liter. Only use brake fluid conforming to specifications
SAE J 1703, DOT 3 or DOT 4.
Windshield and headlight washer system
Approx. 1.59 U.S. gals, or 6.0 liters.
Refrigerant for air conditioning Approx. 33.5 oz or 950 g. Refrigerant R 12 (CCI2F2)
Cooling system mixing chart
(Approximate values)
Anti-freeze-Water
Consult your authorized dealer about
the approved anti-freeze mixtures. Temp, down to
-13° F (-25°C) -23° F (-30° C) -31° F (-35° C)
Anti-freeze
40%
45%
50% Water
60% 55% 50%
Anti-freeze

3.1 liters / 3.3 U.S. qts.3.5 liters / 3.7 U.S. qts.3.9 liters / 4.1 U.S. qts.
Water
4.7 liters / 5.0 U.S. qts.
4.3 liters / 4.5 U.S. qts. 3.9 liters / 4.1 U.S. qts.
110

Transmission Diagram Manual gearbox 944Turbo
125

Gas Station Information Fuses and relays
The fuses are located within the
central electric box at the rear left
of the e
ngine compartment in front of the pivot point for the left windshield wiperarm (under black plastic cover). The use of the
fuses and relays is shown in a
list on the inside of the cover of
the fuses and relays.
Fuel recommendation
944: 91 RON (87 CLC or AKI
((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pumps in
U.S.A.) minimum.
944 S / 944 Turbo: 95 RON (90
CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on
fuel pumps in U.S.A.)
UNLEADED FUEL ONLY.
Fuel tank capacity: 21.1. U.S.
gals, or 80 liters.
Federal law prohibits use of
leaded fuel in this vehicle. Starting Manual transmission: Only start in Neutral, clutch pedal depressed. Automatic transmission:
Start in Park.
Starting cold or hot engine
Just turn ignition key. No need to
depress accelerator pedal.
Emergency starting
Car must not be started by
pushing or towing.

Seat adjustment

Pull lever in front of seat.
Backrest

Lift lever on side of seatback.
Fuel cap

Located in the right rear panel. To close, turn cap clockwise to stop. 126