wheel alignment SSANGYONG MUSSO 1998 Workshop User Guide

SECTION 2B
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SPECIFICATIONS
WHEEL ALIGNMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Application
Camber
Caster
Toe-in
King Pin InclinationDescription
0° ± 30'
2°30' ± 30'
0 - 4 mm
12°30'
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-1
Wheel Alignment Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-1
Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-2
Tire Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-2
Radial Tire Lead/Pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-3
Vibration Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-5
Maintenance and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-6
On-Vehicle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-6Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-6
General Description and System
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-9
Four Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-9
Toe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-9
Caster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-9
Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2B-9

2B-2 WHEEL ALIGNMENT
DIAGNOSIS
TIRE DIAGNOSIS
Irregular and Premature Wear
Irregular and premature tire wear has many causes.
Some of them are incorrect inflation pressures, lack of
regular rotation, poor driving habits, or improper wheel
alignment.
Rotate the tires if :
lThe front tire wear is different from the rear.
lThe left and right front tire wear is unequal.
lThe left and right rear tire wear is unequal, Check
wheel alignment if :
lThe left and right front tire wear is unequal.
lThe wear is uneven across the tread of either front
tire.
lThe front tire treads are scuffed with “feather” edges
on the side of the tread ribs or blocks.
Tread Wear Indicators
The original equipment tires have built-in tread wear
indicators to show when the tires need replacement.
These indicators appear as bands when the tire tread
depth becomes shallow. Tire replacement is
recommended when the indicators appear in three or
more grooves at six locations.
Radial Tire Waddle
Waddle is side-to-side movement at the front or rear of
the vehicle. It is caused by the steel belt not being straight
within the tire, or by excessive lateral runout of the tire
or wheel.
The vehicle must be road tested to determine which end
of the vehicle has the faulty tire. The rear end of the
vehicle will shake from side to side or “waddle” if the
waddle tire is on the rear of the vehicle. From the driver’s
seat, it feels as though someone is pushing on the side
of the vehicle. If the faulty tire is on the front of the vehicle,
the waddle is more visual. The front sheet meld appears
to be moving back and forth, and the drivers seat feels
like the pivot point in the vehicle.
Waddle can be diagnosed using the method of
substituting known good tire and wheel assemblies on
the problem vehicle
1. Road test the vehicle to determine if the waddle is
coming from the front or the rear of the vehicle.
2. Install good tires and wheels from a similar vehicle in
place of those on the offending end of the problem
vehicle. If the source of the waddle is not obvious,
change the rear tires.

WHEEL ALIGNMENT 2B-3
3. Road test the vehicle. If there is improvement, install
the original tires to find the offending tire. If there is
no a straight improvement, install good tires in place
of all four offending tires.
4. Install original tires one at a time to find the offending
tire.
RADIAL TIRE LEAD/PULL
Lead/pull is the deviation of the vehicle from a straight
path on a level road with no pressure on the steering
wheel. Lead is usually caused by:
lIncorrect alignment.
lUneven brake adjustment.
lTire construction.
The way in which a tire is built can produce lead/pull in
the vehicle.011-center belts on radial tires can cause
the tire to develop a side force while the vehicle rolls
straight down the road. If one side of the tire has even a
little larger diameter than the diameter of the other side,
the tire will tend to roll to one side. Unequal diameters
will cause the tire to develop a side force which can
produce vehicle lead/pull.
The radial lead/pull diagnosis chart should be used to
determine whether the problem originates from an
alignment problem or from the tires. Part of the lead
diagnosis procedure calls for tire rotation that is different
from the proper tire rotation pattern. If a medium- to high-
mileage tire is moved to the other side of the vehicle, be
sure to check for ride roughness. Rear tires will not cause
lead/pull.

2B-4 WHEEL ALIGNMENT
1. Perform wheel alignment preliminary inspection.
2. Check the brakes for dragging.
3. Road test the vehicle.
Does the vehicle lead/pull?
1. Cross switch the front tire and wheel assemblies.
2. Road test the vehicle.
Does the vehicle lead/pull?
1. Check the front wheel alignment.
Is the alignment within specifications?
1. Compare the front camber and front caster to
specifications.
Are they within specifications?
1. Check the vehicle frame.
Is the frame bent?
1. Straighten the frame.
Is the repair complete?
1. The probable cause is the tires.
2. Switch the left front tire and wheel assembly with
the left rear tire and wheel assembly.
3. Road test the vehicle.
Does the vehicle still lead/pull?
1. Switch the left front tire and wheel assembly with
the left rear tire and wheel assembly and replace the
left front tire.
Does the repair complete?
1. Switch the right front tire and wheel assembly with
the right rear tire and wheel assembly.
2. Road test the vehicle.
Does the vehicle still lead/pull?
1. Switch the right front tire and wheel assembly with
the right rear tire and wheel assembly and replace
the right front tire.
Is the repair complete?Action
Radial Tire Lead/Pull Diagnosis Chart
Step
1Values(s)
-Yes
Go to
Step 2
Go to Step 3
Go to Step 4
Go to Step 7
Go to Step 6
Go to Step 3
Go to Step 9
System OK
Go to
Step 1
System OKNo
System OK
System OK
Adjust
alignment
Go to
Step 5
Go to Step 1
-
Go to
Step 8
Go to Step 1
Go to Step 10
Go to Step 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

WHEEL ALIGNMENT 2B-5
VIBRATION DIAGNOSIS
Wheel imbalance causes most highway speed vibration
problems. A vibration can remain after dynamic
balancing because:
lA tire is out of round.
lA rim is out of round.
lA tire stiffness variation exists.
Measuring tire and wheel free runout will uncover only
part of the problem, All three causes, known as loaded
radial runout, must be checked using method of
substituting known good tire and wheel assemblies on
the problem vehicle.
Preliminary Checks
Prior to performing any work, always road test the car
and perform a careful visual inspection for:
lObvious tire and wheel runout.
lObvious drive axle runout.
lImproper tire inflation.
lIncorrect trim height.
lBent or damaged wheels.
lDebris build-up on the tire or the wheel.
lIrregular or excessive tire wear.
lImproper tire bead seating on the rim,
lImperfections in the tires, including: tread
deformations, separations, or bulges from impact
damage. Slight sidewall indentations are normal and
will not affect ride quality.
Tire Balancing
Balance is the easiest procedure to perform and should
be done first if the vibration occurs at high speeds. Do
an off-vehicle, two-plane dynamic balance first to correct
any imbalance in the tire and wheel assembly.
An on-vehicle finish balance will correct any brake drum,
rotor, or wheel cover imbalance, If balancing does not
correct the high-speed vibration, or if the vibration occurs
at low speeds, runout is the probable cause.

2B-6 WHEEL ALIGNMENT
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
ON VEHICLE SERVICE
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
Vehicle Height
1. Check the tire for proper inflation.
2. Measure ‘A’ from the center of the lower arm rear mounting
bolt end to the ground.
3. Measure ‘B’ from the center of the steering knuckle shaft to
the ground.
4. If the difference between ‘A’ and ‘B’ is not within specification,
adjust vehicle height using torsion bar height control bolt.
‘B’ - ‘A’
Notice
Before wheel alignment, adjust vehicle height first.
31 - 36mm
Toe-in
1. Measure toe-in.
Specification0 - 4mm
2. If toe-in is not within specification, loosen the tie rod nuts
and adjust it by turning the tie rod.

WHEEL ALIGNMENT 2B-7
Camber
1. Remove the free wheel hub.
2. Measure camber with a wheel alignment equipment.
3. If camber measurements are not within specification, adjust
it by increasing or decreasing the number of adjusting shims
(1) inserted between the upper arm shaft and cross bracket.
Camber Change
Notice
Difference between the left and right should be adjusted
within 30’.
Specification0°±30’
Caster
1. Remove the free wheel hub.
2. Measure caster with a wheel alignment equipment and a
turning radius gauge.
Specification2° 30’ ± 30’
Adjusting Shims
1.6 Iarge
3.2 largeIncreasing 1 ea
+ 19’
+ 38’Decreasing 1 ea
- 19’
- 38’

2B-8 WHEEL ALIGNMENT
Increasing 1ea
- 11’
- 43’
3. If caster measurements are not within specification, adjust
it by increasing 1ea (rear) or decreasing 1ea (front).
Caster Change
Notice
Difference between the left and right should be adjusted
within 30’.
0.4 small
1.6 small
Decreasing 1ea
+ 11’
+ 43’
FRONT
Adjusting Shims
Increasing 1ea
+ 11’
+ 43’ 0.4 small
1.6 small
Decreasing 1ea
- 11’
- 43’
REAR
Adjusting Shims

WHEEL ALIGNMENT 2B-9
GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM OPERATION
FOUR WHEEL ALIGNMENT
CASTER
Caster is the tilting 91 the uppermost point of the steering
axis either forward or backward from the vertical when
viewed from the side of the vehicle. A backward tilt is
positive, and a forward tilt is negative. Caster influences
directional control of the steering but does not affect
tire wear. Weak springs or overloading a vehicle will affect
caster. One wheel with more positive caster will pull
toward the center of the car. This condition will cause
the car to move or lean toward the side with the least
amount of positive caster. Caster is measured in degrees.
CAMBER
Camber is the tilting of the top of the tire from the vertical
when viewed from the front of the vehicle. When the
tires tilt outward, the camber is positive. When the tires
tilt inward, the camber is negative. The camber angle is
measured in degrees from the vertical. Camber
influences both directional control and tire wear.
If the vehicle has too much positive camber, the outside
shoulder of the tire will wear. If the vehicle has too much
negative camber, the inside shoulder of the tire will wear. The first responsibility of engineering is to design safe
steering and suspension systems. Each component
must be strong enough to withstand and absorb extreme
punishment. Both the steering system and the front and
the rear suspension must function geometrically with
thebody mass.
The steering and the suspension systems require that
the front wheels self-return and that the tire rolling effort
and the road friction be held to a negligible force in order
to allow the customer to direct the vehicle with the least
effort and the most comfort.
A complete wheel alignment check should include
measurements of the rear toe and camber.
Four-wheel alignment assures that all four wheels will
be running in precisely the same direction.
When the vehicle is geometrically aligned, fuel economy
and tire life are at their peak, and steering and
performance are maximized.
TOE
Toe-in is the turning in of the tires, while toe-out is the
turning out of the tires from the geometric centerline or
thrust line. The toe ensures parallel rolling of the wheels.
The toe serves to offset the small deflections of the wheel
support system which occur when the vehicle is rolling
forward. The specified toe angle is the setting which
achieves 0 degrees of toe when the vehicle is moving.
Incorrect toe-in or toe-out will cause tire wear and
reduced fuel economy. As the individual steering and
suspension components wear from vehicle mileage,
additional toe will be needed to compensate for the wear.
Always correct the toe dimension last.

FRONT SUSPENSION 2C-7
Removal & Installation Procedure
1. Remove the fixing nuts and bolts of the shock absorber
and lower arm connection.
Installation Notice
2. Remove the connecting nuts of the stabilizer bar link to the
lower arm.
Installation Notice
3. Turn the height control bolt until the distance between the
end of the height control bolt end piece and the bolt end
becomes 0-5 mm.
Installation Notice
Install the torsion bar spring and adjust the distance between
the end of the height control bolt and piece end the bolt
end to be 50-55 mm. Adjust the vehicle height.
Tightening Torque 60 - 80 Nm
Tightening Torque 16 - 22 Nm
4. Remove the torque arm fixing nuts and bolts and then
withdraw the torsion bar spring.
Installation Notice
M10
M12Tightening Torque40 - 60 Nm
60 - 80 Nm
5. Installation should follow the removal precedure in the
reverse order.
6. Check and adjust the wheel alignment.