sensor ASTON MARTIN V8 VANTAGE 2010 Workshop Manual

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)
Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 7-3-13
6. Remove and discard gasket (see Figure 3).
7. Remove and discard hose O-rings (x3).
Install
1. Install new O-rings to hoses.
2. Clean mating faces and install new gasket to dowels.
3. Ensure alignment of selector mechanism with shifter unit and install shifter unit.
4. Install hoses into shifter unit and install clips.
5. Install harness clip into shifter casing.
6. Install Gear position se nsor (see Workshop Manual
procedure 07.03.AL Sensor - Transmission Assembly -
Sportshift - Renew).
7. Connect vehicle battery.
8. Test drive vehicle.
9. Raise vehicle on ramp; Check transaxle and Sportshift fluid.
10. Lower vehicle on ramp.
Reservoir Tank Assembly-Renew-
Roadster Only
Removal
1. Disconnect vehicle battery.
2. Raise vehicle on ramp.
3. Remove rear undertray (see Workshop Manual procedure 01.02.PB Undertray - Rear - Renew). 4. Remove clips and release reservoir hoses from valve unit
and pump (place drain tray to collect fluid) (see Figure
1).
5. Release reservoir hoses from transaxle mounting clips
(x2) (see Figure 2).
Figure 2
Figure 3
WA R N I N G
ALWAYS CONNECT THE BATTERY EARTH (+VE)
TERMINAL FIRST.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
!
Figure 1
WA R N I N G
TRANSAXLE OIL CAN BE HARMFUL.
OBEY ALL TRANSAXLE OIL MANUFACTURER’S SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS WHEN YOU HANDLE COMPONENTS THAT HAVE TOUCHED TRANSAXLE OIL.
Figure 2
!
!

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)
Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 7-3-21
14. Position earth lead to transaxle, install and torque tighten bolt.
15. Install shear plate, install bolts (x8), tighten bolts to correct torque.
16. Install tunnel heatshield, install bolts/washers (x4), tighten bolts to correct torque.
17. Install centre and rear exhaust pipe assembly, align to both catalysts. tighten clamp nuts to correct torque.
18. Install bolts (x4) into centre mounting.
19. Install subframe cross brace, install bolts (x4) and torque.
20. Install rear exhaust silencer assembly (see Workshop Manual procedure 09.00.KA Muffler & Bypass Valve
Assembly - Remove for Access & Refit).
21. Install centre undertra y (see Workshop Manual
procedure 01.02.MB Undertray - Centre - Renew).
22. Install road wheel(s).
23. Lower vehicle on ramp, remove securing straps.
24. Connect vehicle battery.
25. Bleed clutch system (see Workshop Manual procedure 08.00.AE Clutch Hydraulic System - Sportshift - Bleed).
26. Test drive vehicle.
Clutch Position Sensor-Renew-Roadster/
Sportshift Only
Removal
1. Disconnect vehicle battery.
2. Raise vehicle on ramp.
3. Remove torque tube (see Workshop Manual procedure 05.01.CA Torque Tube - Re move for Access & Refit).
4. Remove grommet sealing clutch position sensor harness to torque tube. 5. Disconnect multiplug between clutch position sensor
and transmission harness (see Figure 1).
6. Release clip securing clutch position sensor harness to top of torque tube.
7. Release clips (x2) securing clutch position sensor harness to side of torque tube (see Figure 2).
8. Remove bolts (x2) securing clutch position sensor to slave cylinder and remove sensor.
Install
1. Secure clutch position sensor to slave cylinder using bolts.
2. Install clutch position sensor harness to side of torque tube and secure with clips.
3. Secure clutch position sens or harness to top of torque
tube using clip.
4. Connect multiplug between clutch position sensor and transmission harness.
5. Install grommet sealing clutch position sensor harness to
torque tube.
6. Install torque tube (see Workshop Manual procedure 05.01.CA Torque Tube - Remo ve for Access & Refit).
7. Lower vehicle on ramp.
WA R N I N G
ALWAYS CONNECT THE BATTERY EARTH (+VE)
TERMINAL FIRST.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
Figure 1
Figure 2
!
!

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)7-3-22 Workshop Manual Issue 5, January 2010
8. Connect vehicle battery.
Transmission Sensor Assembly-Renew-
Sportshift Only
Removal
1. Disconnect vehicle battery.
2. Raise vehicle on ramp and secure with straps.
3. Remove road wheel(s).
4. Remove rear exhaust silencer assembly (see Workshop Manual procedure 09.00.KA Muffler & Bypass Valve
Assembly - Remove for Access & Refit).
5. Roadster Only - Remove centre undertray (see
Workshop Manual procedure 01.02.MB Undertray -
Centre - Renew).
6. Remove bolts (x4), subframe cross brace.
7. Remove centre exhaust mounting bolts (x4) (see Figure 1).
8. Loosen clamp nuts (x2), release centre pipe from both catalysts.
9. Remove centre pipe and rear exhaust pipes as an assembly.
10. Remove bolts/washers (x4), tunnel heatshield to body, remove heatshield. 11. Remove bolts (x8), shear plate to body, remove shear
plate.
12. Remove bolt securing earth lead to transaxle.
13. Mark drive shaft to differential flanges for assembly purposes.
14. Remove and discard Allen bolts (x12), collect plates (x6), drive shaft flanges to transaxle.
15. Position drain container to collect oil spillage.
16. Loosen unions and disconnect oil cooler pipes (x2) from transaxle interconnecting pipe s. Plug pipe connections
(x4).
17. Remove drain container.
18. Disconnect transaxle breather pipe.
19. Release reservoir hose from mounting bracket (clips x2 (see Figure 2).
20. Remove bolt from reservoi r bracket, release and remove
clamp, tie reservoir aside (see Figure 3).
WAR NI NG
ALWAYS CONNECT THE BATTERY EARTH (+VE)
TERMINAL FIRST.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
!
WAR NI NG
OBSERVE ALL OIL/FLUID MANUFACTURERS SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS WHEN HANDLING COMPONENTS
THAT HAVE BEEN IN CONTACT WITH TRANSAXLE OIL.
Caution
Plug oil cooler connections to prevent ingress of dirt or
moisture into the system.
Figure 2
!
!

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)
Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 7-3-23
21. Remove nuts (x2), hydramounts to subframe mountings.
22. Position hydraulic lift er to support transaxle.
23. Remove and discard bolts (x8, 4 each side), mounting brackets to transaxle. Remove mounting brackets with
hydramounts.
24. Release drive shafts from transaxle and position aside.
25. Lower transaxle sufficien tly to access harness to
subframe clip, release harness to subframe clip (see
Figure 4).
26. Lower transaxle to approx. 420mm from fitted position and retain on hydraulic lifter (see Figure 5).
27. Remove gear position sensor (screws x4). 28. Disconnect gear position
sensor from multiplug (see
Figure 6).
Install
1. Connect gear position sensor to multiplug .
2. Install gear position sensor (screws x4).
3. Raise transaxle, install harness clip to subframe.
4. Connect transaxle breather pipe.
5. Raise transaxle to fitted position. Install transaxle mounting brackets and hydramounts, install and torque
tighten new bolts (x8).
6. Align hydramounts to subfra me, lower lifter, install and
torque nuts. Remove lifter.
7. Position reservoir to bracket and fit clamp (bolt x1).
8. Position reservoir hose and secure clips.
9. Remove plugs, connect and torque oil cooler unions.
10. Apply thread lock to new Allen bolts.
11. Align drive shafts to transaxle flanges, clean and install plates (x6), install and torque tighten Allen bolts (x12).
12. Position earth lead to transaxle, install and torque tighten bolt.
13. Install shear plate, install bolts (x8), tighten bolts to correct torque.
14. Install tunnel heatshield, install bolts/washers (x4),
tighten bolts to correct torque.
15. Install centre and rear exha ust pipe assembly, align to
both catalysts. tighten clamp nuts to correct torque.
16. Install bolts (x4) into centre mounting.
17. Install subframe cross brace, install bolts (x4) and torque.
18. Install rear exhaust silencer assembly (see Workshop Manual procedure 09.00.KA Muffler & Bypass Valve
Assembly - Re move for Access & Refit).
19. Roadster Only - Install centre undertray (see Workshop
Manual procedure 01.02.MB Undertray - Centre -
Renew).
20. Install road wheel(s).
21. Lower vehicle on ramp, remove securing straps.
Figure 3
Figure 4
WA R N I N G
THE TRANSAXLE ASSEMBLY IS VERY HEAVY. GET THE AID OF ONE MORE PERSON WHEN YOU MOVE THE
TRANSAXLE. IF YOU DO NOT, PERSONAL INJURY CAN
OCCUR.
Figure 5
!
!
Figure 6
!

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)7-3-26 Workshop Manual Issue 5, January 2010
33. Remove bolt valve block to transaxle (see Figure 8).
34. Remove nuts (x3) securing valve block to transaxle and remove valve block from studs (see Figure 12).
Install
1. Install valve block to stud and fit nuts.
2. Install bolt valve block to transaxle.
3. Install hoses (x3) to valve block and install new clips.
4. Install pipe into valve bl ock and bolts (x2) pump to
transaxle (renew O-ring on hose).
5. Install clip pump hose to valve block.
6. Install reservoir hose to valve block and install new clip.
7. Connect multiplugs (x5) to valve block.
8. Connect dry break quick-fit connector to torque tube pipe.
9. Raise transaxle, install harness clip to subframe.
10. Connect transaxle breather pipe.
11. Raise transaxle to fitted position.
12. Install transaxle mounting brackets and hydramounts, install and torque tighten new bolts (x8).
13. Align hydramounts to subfra me, lower lifter, install and
torque nuts. Remove lifter.
14. Position reservoir to bracket and fit clamp (bolt x1).
15. Position reservoir hose and secure clips.
16. Remove plugs, connect and torque oil cooler unions.
17. Apply thread lock to new Allen bolts.
18. Align drive shafts to transaxle flanges, clean and install plates (x6), install and torque tighten Allen bolts (x12).
19. Position earth lead to transaxle, install and torque tighten bolt.
20. Install shear plate, install bolts (x8), tighten bolts to correct torque.
21. Install tunnel heatshield, install bolts/washers (x4), tighten bolts to correct torque.
22. Install centre and rear exhaust pipe assembly, align to both catalysts then tighten clamp nuts to correct torque.
23. Install bolts (x4) into centre mounting.
24. Install subframe cross brace, install bolts (x4) and torque. 25. Install rear exhaust silencer assembly (see Workshop
Manual procedure 09.00.KA Muffler & Bypass Valve
Assembly - Remove for Access & Refit).
26. Roadster Only - Install centre undertray (see Workshop
Manual procedure 01.02.MB Undertray - Centre -
Renew).
27. Install road wheel(s).
28. Lower vehicle on ramp, remove securing straps.
29. Connect vehicle battery.
30. Test drive vehicle.
Shifter Assembly Gasket-Renew
Removal
1. Disconnect vehicle battery.
2. Raise vehicle on ramp and secure with straps.
3. Remove gear position sens or (see Workshop Manual
procedure 07.03.AL Sensor - Transmission Assembly -
Sportshift - Renew).
4. Remove shifter unit fixings (bolts x6, nut x1), release from dowels (x2) and tie shifter aside (see Figure 1).
Figure 8
!
WAR NI NG
ALWAYS CONNECT THE BATTERY EARTH (+VE) TERMINAL FIRST.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
ItemCode
Shifter Assembly Gasket-Renew 07.03.AN
WAR NI NG
ALWAYS DISCONNECT THE BATTERY EARTH (- VE) TERMINAL FIRST.
WAR NI NG
WHEN YOU LIFT THE VEHICLE ON A 'TWO POST' LIFT MAKE SURE THAT YOU USE A STRAP TO HOLD THE REAR END OF THE VEHICLE TO THE RAMP. IF YOU
DO NOT, THE VEHICLE CAN FALL OFF THE RAMP AND CAUSE PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.
Figure 1
!

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)
Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 7-3-27
5. Remove and discard gasket (see Figure 2).
Install
1. Clean mating faces and install new gasket to dowels.
2. Ensure alignment of selector mechanism with shifter unit and install shifter unit.
3. Install Gear position se nsor (see Workshop Manual
procedure 07.03.AL Sensor - Transmission Assembly -
Sportshift - Renew).
4. Connect battery.
5. Test drive vehicle.
6. Lower vehicle on ramp.
Transaxle Assembly - Sportshift Only -
Remove for Access & Install
Remove for Access
1. Set the transaxle to neutral.
2. Disconnect the battery ground cable.
3. Remove the rear undertray (refer to Workshop Manual procedure 01.02.PB - Rear Undertray). 4. Raise the vehicle and install straps to hold it to the lift
(refer to Figure 1).
Figure 1
5. Remove the four bolts that attach the cross-brace to the rear subframe.
Figure 2
6. Remove the cross brace.
7. Remove the four bolts that attach the exhaust centre pipe to the rear silencer.
8. Loosen the two clamps that attach the exhaust centre pipe to the catalytic converters.
9. Move the clamps along the exhaust pipes.
Figure 2
WA R N I N G
ALWAYS CONNECT THE BATTERY EARTH (+VE)
TERMINAL FIRST.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
!
WA R N I N G
THE EXHAUST SYSTEM WILL BE VERY HOT AFTER
OPERATION. LET THE EXHAUST COOL BEFORE YOU DO WORK. IF YOU DO NO T, PESONAL INJURY CAN
OCCUR.

Manual Transmission (07.03)
Transmission (07.00)
Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 7-3-31
43. Disconnect the electrical connector from the wiring
harness for the torque tube.
44. Remove the bolt that attaches the bracket for the electrical connector.
45. Move the bracket for the electrical connector away.
46. Remove the bolt that attaches the transaxle ground cable to the transaxle Automatic Shift Mechanism (ASM)
pump.
47. Disconnect the electrical connector from the ASM
pump.
48. Release the wiring harness for the ASM pump from the two clips that attach it to the transxle.
49. Identify and disconnect the five electrical connectors from the transaxle.
50. Disconnect the electrical connector from the selector
position sensor.
51. Remove the bolt that attaches the ground cable eyelet to the transaxle.
52. Put the wiring harness under the hydraulic pipe for the clutch, and move it away from the transaxle.
53. Put a transmission jack belo w the torque tube (refer to
Figure 18).
Figure 18
54. Adjust the height of the tran smission jack until it holds
the torque tube.
55. Remove the eight bolts that attach the torque tube to the transaxle.
Figure 19
56. Move the transaxle rearwards to give clearance between the torque tube and the transaxle.
57. Carefully lower the transaxle on the transmission jack to remove the transaxle from the vehicle.
Figure 20
58. Clean the mating faces of the component.
Install
1. Move the transaxle and transm ission jack into position
below the vehicle.
2. Remove the filler plug for the transaxle oil.
3. Do a level check of the transaxle oil.
4. Install and tighten the filler plug for the transaxle oil.
5. Use the transmission jack to adjust the height of the transaxle to align the transaxle with the torque tube.
6. Lower the transmission jack away from the torque tube.
7. Install and tighten the eight bolts that attach the torque tube to the transaxle.
8. Put the wiring harness for the transaxle into position.
9. Install the ground cable eyelet to the transaxle.
10. Install and tighten the bolt that attaches the ground cable eyelet to the transaxle.
11. Connect the electrical connector to the selector position sensor.
12. Connect the five electrical connectors to the transaxle.
13. Install the wiring harness for the ASM pump to the two clips that attach it to the transaxle.
14. Connect the electrical connector to the ASM pump.
15. Install the transaxle ground cable to the transaxle ASM pump.
16. Install and tighten the bolt that attaches the transaxle ground cable to the transaxle ASM pump.
17. Put the bracket for the electrical connector into position.
18. Install and tighten the bolt that attaches the bracket for the electrical connector.
WARNING
THE TRANSAXLE ASSEMBLY IS VERY HEAVY. GET THE AID OF ONE MORE PERSON WHEN YOU MOVE THE
TRANSAXLE. IF YOU DO NOT, PERSONAL INJURY CAN OCCUR.
WARNING
THE TRANSAXLE ASSEMBLY IS VERY HEAVY. GET THE AID OF ONE MORE PERSON WHEN YOU MOVE THE
TRANSAXLE. IF YOU DO NOT, PERSONAL INJURY CAN
OCCUR.

Clutch Assembly (08.01)
May 2007 Workshop Manual 8-1-3
8. Remove bolts (x8) from flywheel to crankshaft and discard bolts (see Fig. 3).
9. Remove bolts (x2) and collect special tool SKAM14546 OTC.
10. Release flywheel from dowels and remove flywheel.
Installation
1. Clean flywheel and mating face on crankshaft flange.
2. Inspect pilot bearing for wear.
3. Position flywheel and align to dowel(s) on crankshaft flange.
4. Install bolts (x8) and install special tool SKAM14546 OTC to restrain flywheel.
5. Tighten flywheel bolts in the correct sequence.
6. Clean clutch cover and drive plate.
7. Install clutch assembly on flywheel and align to dowels.
8. Install bolts (x8), insert clutch alignment tool and evenly tighten bolts to the correct torque.
9. Remove clutch alignment tool.
10. Remove bolts (x2) and collect tool.
11. Install inspection cover to crankcase and tighten bolts (x2).
12. Install torque tube assembly (see Workshop Manual procedure 05.01.CA Torque Tube Remove for Access
and Refit).
13. Lower vehicle on ramp.
14. Connect vehicle battery.
Slave Clutch Cylinder-Renew
08.00.AC
Removal
1. Disconnect vehicle battery.
2. Raise vehicle on ramp.
3. Remove torque tube (see Workshop Manual procedure 05.01.CA Torque Tube Remove for Access and Refit).
4. Release clips and remove bleed and supply pipes from slave cylinder.
5. Install clips in union
6. Loosen and remove pipe adaptors (x2) from slave cylinder (see Fig. 1).
7. Sportshift Only - Remove bolts (x2) securing clutch
position sensor to slave cylinder.
Fig. 3
Warning
The flywheel is heavy. Ensure the flywheel is supported
before removing.
Warning
The flywheel is heavy. Ensure the flywheel is supported
when installing.
Warning
The clutch assembly is heavy. Ensure the clutch
assembly is supporte d when installing.
Caution
The flywheel and pressure are a balanced assembly. Ensure alignment marks are aligned.

Repair Operation Time (ROT)
Warning
Always disconnect the battery earth (- ve) terminal first.
Warning
When raising the vehicle on a ‘two post’ ramp, ensure
that the rear end of the vehicle is securely strapped to
the ramp. Failure to strap the rear of the vehicle down may lead to the vehicl e falling off the ramp.
Caution
Always plug pipe ends to prevent ingress of dirt or moisture into the system.
Fig. 1


Clutch Assembly (08.01)
8-1-4 Workshop Manual May 2007
8. Remove bolts (x2) that secure slave cylinder to torque tube (see Fig. 2).
9. Remove slave cylinder and collect spacer.
Installation
1. Clean slave cylinder, spacer and pipe adaptors.
2. Install spacer and slave cylinder and tighten bolts (x2).
3. Sportshift Only - Install clutch position sensor to slave
cylinder and secure with bolts.
4. Install pipe adaptors (x2) in slave cylinder.
5. Install bleed and supply pipes onto slave cylinder adaptors (x2) and secure with clips.
6. Install torque tube (see Workshop Manual procedure 05.01.CA Torque Tube Remove for Access and Refit).
7. Bleed clutch (see Workshop Manual procedure 08.00.AF Clutch Hydraulic System - Bleed).
8. Lower vehicle on ramp.
9. Connect vehicle battery.
Clutch Bleed Hose Assembly-Renew
08.00.AD
Removal
1. Raise vehicle on ramp.
2. Coupe Only - Remove deflector - front floor heatshield
(see Workshop Manual proc edure 09.04.AA Heatshield
- Front Floor - Renew).
3. Roadster Only - Remove exhaust sysytem (see
Workshop Manual procedure 09.00.NB Exhaust System
- Excluding manifold/down pipes - Renew). 4.
Roadster Only - Remove grommet sealing clutch bleed
pipe to torque tube.
5. Roadster Only - Position a piece of cloth in torque tube
aperture to collect spring clip (if dropped) and fluid loss.
6. Release clip and disconnect bleed hose from slave cylinder adaptor.
7. Plug slave cylinder to prevent fluid loss.
8. Release and remove bleed pipe assembly from support bracket.
Installation
1. Clean bleed hose assembly.
2. Remove plug from slave cylinder adaptor.
3. Install bleed hose and secure with clip.
4. Install bleed hose in support bracket.
5.Roadster Only - Install grommet sealing clutch bleed
pipe to torque tube.
6. Bleed clutch (see Workshop Manual procedure 08.00.AF Clutch Hydraulic System - Bleed).
7. Roadster Only - Install exhaust sysytem (see Workshop
Manual procedure 09.00.NB Exhaust System -
Excluding manifold/down pipes - Renew).
8. Coupe Only - Install deflector - front floor heatshield
(see Workshop Manual procedure 09.04.AA Heatshield
- Front Floor - Renew).
9. Lower vehicle on ramp.
Clutch Hydraulic System-Bleed-
Sportshift Only
08.00.AE
1. Raise vehicle on ramp.
2. Install Diagnostic tool and navigate to appropriate screen.
3. Position cloth around fluid reservoir to collect any spillage.
4. Remove fluid reservoir cap, en sure fluid level is correct
in reservoir.
5. Clean area around clutch bleed nipple.
6. Remove cap from bleed nipple.
7. Position bleed container containing clean hydraulic fluid, connect hose to bleed nipple.
8. Initiate bleed procedure on Diagnostic tool.
9. Loosen bleed nipple, allow air/fluid to escape and tighten bleed nipple.
10. Repeat procedure until air free fluid emerges.
11. Disconnect bleed hose, remo ve container, install dust
cap to bleed nipple.
12. Top-up fluid reservoir.
Fig. 2Warning
Always connect the battery earth (+ve) terminal first.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
Before proceeding with the ne xt step, position a piece of
cloth in the torque tu be aperture to collect the spring clip
if dropped.
Caution
Always plug pipe ends to prevent ingress of dirt or moisture into the system.

Repair Operation Time (ROT)
ItemCode
Clutch Hydraulic System-Bleed
Warning
Observe all oil/fluid manufactu rers safety instructions
when handling components th at have been in contact
with transaxle oil.

Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 9-1-1
Exhaust (09.00)
Contents
Exhaust Overview .................................................. 9-1-2
Silencer Assembly (09.01) ..................................... 9-1-3Variable Flow Silencer Assembly ............................ 1-3
Maintenance ........................................................... 1-3 LH Catalyst & Pipe Assembly-Renew ...................... 1-3
RH Catalyst & Pipe Assembly-Renew ..................... 1-3
LH Exhaust Manifold-Renew-Roadster Only ........... 1-4
Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen (HEGO) Sensor
- Remove and Install .............................................. 1-4
Silencer and Bypass Valve Assembly-Remove for
Access/Refit-Coupe Only........................................ 1-5
Silencer and Bypass Valve Assembly-Remove for
Access/Refit-Roadster Only .................................... 1-5
Silencer and Bypass Valve Assembly-Renew ........... 1-6
Exhaust Rear Silencer Mounting Rubber-Renew ..... 1-7
Exhaust System-Renew........................................... 1-7
Exhaust System (Excludi ng Manifold/Downpipes)
-Renew .................................................................. 1-8
Pipes and Supports (09.03) ................................... 9-2-1 Specifications.......................................................... 2-1
Maintenance ........................................................... 2-1RH/LH Catalyst and Pipe Assembly-Renew............. 2-1
Exhaust Centre Pipe-Renew ................................... 2-1
RH Exhaust Manifold-Renew.................................. 2-2
LH Exhaust Manifold-Renew .................................. 2-2
RH Exhaust Manifold Gasket-Renew ...................... 2-3
LH Exhaust Manifold Gasket-Renew....................... 2-3
Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensor-Renew................ 2-4
Exhaust Gas Heated Temperature Sensor-Renew ... 2-4
RH/LH Rear Exhaust Pipe Assembly-Renew............ 2-5