seat adjustment AUDI Q7 2011 Owner´s Manual

___ C_h _i_ld _ S_ a_ f_ e_ t_,, y'-----------------------------------------------
& WARNING (cont inued )
-Always move the front passenger seat into the rearmost
position of the passenger seat's fore and aft adjustment range,
and as far away from the airbag as possible before installing
the child restraint.
- Always make sure that nothing prevents the front
pas senger' s seat from being moved to the rearmost position in
its fore and aft adjustment range.
- Always make sure that the backrest i s in the upright pos i­
tion.
• Always buckle the child safety seat firmly in place even if a
child i s not sitting in it. A loo se child safety seat can fly around
during a sudden stop or in a collision .
• Always read and heed all WARNINGS whenever using a child
restrained in a vehicle is being used=>
page 201, "Safety belts",
=>
page 211 , "Airbag system " and => page 233, "Child Safety ".
& WARNING
To reduce the risk of seriou s injury, make sure that the
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF light comes on and stays on whenever a
child restraint is installed on the front passenger seat and the
ign ition is switched on.
• Take the child re straint off the front pa ssenger seat and install
it prope rly at one of the rear seat positions if the PASSENGER AIR
BAG OFF light does not stay on.
• Have the airbag system inspected by your authorized Audi
dealer immediately .
& WARNING
A child in a child restraint installed with the LATCH lower anchor­
ages or with the standard safety belt on the rear seat may play
& WARNING (cont inued )
with unused rear seat safety belts and become entangled
re sulting in serious personal injury and even death.
• Always buc kle unused rear se at safety belts out of reach of chil­
dren in child seats and p roperly activate the convertible locking
retractor so that the child cannot unreel the safety belt from the
retractor. •
Child safety seats
Infant seats
Babi es an d infants up to about one year old and 20 lbs. or
9 k g n eed sp ecial r earward -facing child res traints tha t
suppor t the back, neck and head in a cras h.
Fig. 208 Schemati c
ove rview : re arwa rd­
facing infan t seat ,
prope rly installed o n
t he rear s eat
- W hen usi ng the ve hicle safety bel t to i nstall a c hild safety
seat, you must first activa te the co nvert ible locki ng
ret ractor on the safety belt to preven t the child sa fety seat
fro m mo ving=>
page 243 o r install the seat usi ng the
L ATCH attach ments. ..,_

& WARNING (continued)
• Make sure the forward-facing seat has been designed and certi·
fied by its manufacturer for use
on a front seat with a passenger
front and side airbag.
• Always follow the manufacturer's instructions provided with
the child safety seat or infant carrier.
• Always move the front passenger seat into the rearmost posi­
tion of the passenger seat's fore and aft adjustment range, and as
far away from the airbag as possible before installing the child
restraint.
• Always make sure that nothing prevents the front passenger's
seat from being moved to the rearmost position in its fore and aft
adjustment range.
• Always make sure the backrest is in an
upright position.
• Make sure that the PASSENGER AIR BAG
OFF light comes on
and stays on all the time whenever the ignition is switched
on.
• If the light does not stay on, perform the checks => page 222,
"Monitoring the Advanced Airbag System".
• Take the child restraint off the front passenger seat and install
it properly at one of the rear seat positions if the PASSENGER AIR
BAG
OFF light does not stay on whenever the ignition is switched
on. a
Safety first Vehicle OP-eration
Child Safety
Booster seats and safety belts
Properly used booster seats can help protect children
weighing between about 40 lbs. and 80 lbs. (18 kg and
36 kg) who are less than 4 ft.
9 in.
(57 inches/1.45 meters) tall .
Fig. 211 Rear seat:
child properly
restrained in a booster
seat
The vehicle's safety belts alone will not fit most children until
they are at least 4 ft. 9 in. (57 inches/1.45 meters) tall and
weigh about 80 lbs. (36 kg). Booster seats raise these chil­
dren up so that the safety belt will pass properly over the
stronger parts of their bodies and the safety belt can help
protect them in a crash.
- Do not use the convertible locking retractor when using
the vehicle's safety belt to restrain a child on a booster
seat.
- Always position the shoulder portion of the safety belt
midway over the child's shoulder. If you must transport an
older child in a booster seat on the front passenger seat,
you can use the safety belt height adjustment to help
adjust the shoulder portion prop erly.
- Always make sure that the shoulder portion of the safety
belt never rests against or across the child's neck.
9'>
Vehicle care Do-it-yourselt service iTechnical data

lffll.___C_ h_ il_d _ S_a _ f_ e _ t--= y '------------------------------------------------
& WARNING (cont inued)
• If the backrest is not securely latched, the child and the child
restraint will be thrown forward together with the backrest and
will strike parts of the vehicle interior. The child can be seriously
injured or killed.
• Never install rear-facing child safety seats or infant carriers on
the front passenger seat. A child will be seriously injured and can be killed when the passenger airbag inflates.
• The inflating airbag will hit the child safety seat or infant
carrier with great force and will smash the child safety seat and
child against the backrest, center armrest, door or roof .
• Always install rear-facing child safety seats or infant carriers
on the rear seat.
• Forward-facing child safety seats or infant carriers installed on
the front passenger's seat may interfere with the deployment of
the airbag and cause serious injury to the child.
• It is safer to install a forward -facing child safety seat on the
rear seat.
• Always read and heed all WARNINGS whenever using a child
restrained in a vehicle is being used~
page 233. Special precau­
tions apply when installing a child safety seat on the front
passenger seat~
page 213, "Child restraints on the front seat -
some important things to know".
L1}. WARNING
Always take special precautions if you must install a forward or
rearward -facing child restraint on the front passenger's seat in
exceptional situations:
• Whenever a forward or rearward-facing child restraint is
installed on the front passenger seat, the PASSENGER AIR BAG
OFF light must come on and stay on whenever the ignition is
switched on.
& WARNING (co ntinued )
• If the PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF light does not come on and
stay on, perform the checks described
~ page 222, "Monitoring
the Advanced Airbag System".
• Take the child restraint off the front passenger seat and install
it properly at one of the rear seat positions if the PASSENGER AIR
BAG OFF light does not stay on whenever the ignition is switched
on.
• Improper installation of child restraints can reduce their effec­
tiveness or even prevent them from providing any protection.
• An improperly installed child restraint can interfere with the
airbag as it deploys and seriously injure or even kill the child.
• Always carefully follow the manufacturer's instructions
provided with the child safety seat or carrier.
• Never place additional items on the seat that can increase the
total weight registered by the weight-sensing mat and can cause injury in a crash.
L1}. WARNING
Forward-facing child restraints:
• Always make sure the forward-facing seat has been designed
and certified by its manufacturer for use on a front seat with a
passenger front and side airbag .
• Never put the forward-facing child restraint up, against or very
near the instrument panel.
• Always move the passenger seat into its rearmost position in
the seat's fore and aft adjustment range, as far away from the airbag as possible before installing the forward-facing child
restraint . The backrest must be adjusted to an upright position.
• Make sure that the PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF light comes on
and stays on all the time whenever the ignition is switched on . _.

____________________________________________ .!:F~u~s~e~s ~a~n~d~b~u~l~b~S ~_J-
• The crank in the fuse cover is used for emergency operation of the
Panoramic slid ing sunroof*. •
Left cockpit fuse assignment
Fig . 26 1 L eft coc kpit : fu se panel w ith p lastic clip
Amps
Fu se panel © (re d )
1 DC/DC converter
5
3 MMI 7,5
6 Lumbar support driver's seat 10
7 Window regulators (left side of vehicle)
35
8 Door control module (left side of vehicle)
15
9 Tire pressure monitoring system
5
Vehicle OP-eration
No. Consume r
10
11
.,
Electronic ignition lock,
power steering column adjustment
Switch module steering column
12 Intelligent power module convenience
Fu se pa nel© {b row n)
3 Seat ventilation (left)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Wiper system
Rain sensor
Horn
Intelligen t power module driver
Intelligent power modu le dr iver
(lights left side of vehicle)
Intelligen t power module driver
(lights right side of vehicle)
I nstrument cluster
11 Headlight washer system
12 Diagnostic connector
Fuse panel © {black )
1 Headlight electronic system (left side of vehicle)
2 Adaptive Cruise Control
6 Term
inal 15 (interior)
7 Oil level sensor
8 Diagnostic connector
9 Automatic dipping interior mirror
Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service
Amps
30
10
5
15
30
5
25
30
25
25
10
30
10
10 5
5
5
5
5
iTechnical data

-Fuses and bulbs PW.___ ______________ _
No. Consumer
10 HomeLink
11 Control module Gateway
1 2 Headlight range adjustment
Right cockpit fuse assignment
Fi g. 262 Right co ckp it : fu se pane l with plastic cl ip
No. Consumer
Fuse p anel © (black )
1 Heated rear seats
2 Telephone, ce ll phone package
3 Front seat hating/seat ventilation (right)
4 Electronic S tabi lity Program (ESP)
•
Amps
5
5
5
Amps
20
5
30/15
20
•
No . Consumer
5
Door control module (right side of vehicle)
6 Rear electrical ou tlets
7 Lumbar support passenger's seat
8 C igarette lighter front
9 Fron t electrical outlets
1 0 A/C contro ls
11 Cooler
12 I ntelligent power mo du le passenge r
Fuse panel® (brown)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Headlight ele ct ro nic sys tem (r ight side of vehi­
cle)
Ride height adjustment
Telephone package Audi side assist Electronic Stabilization Program (ESP)
Automat ic transmission
Electronic Stabilization Program (ESP)
Shift gate automatic transmission
9 Pa rk ing system
11 Heated rear seats
12 Air-condition ing
Fuse panel © ( red )
1 Instrumen t cluster
2 Rear view camera
II Amps
15
25
10
20
25
10
15
15
10
5
5
5
5
5/20
5
5
5
5
5
5
1 0
5

-Alphabetical inde x _ ___,_ ______ .::..:....=.:..:..__ __________________________ _
Dimensions ... ............ ....... .. 364 Duplicate key .. .. .. ..... ..... ... .. .. 42
Dipstick Dust filter
Reading the dipstick properly ......
305 Climate controls ................. 111
Distance control system
See Adaptive Cruise Control ........ 136 E
Doors
Power child safety lock .............
54 Easy entry feature ............ ..... . 126
Eff . Driver information system ......... .... 22 iCJency program ......... .... .. .. .. 28
Digital speedometer ............... 24 Fuel economy messages ............ 29
Driver information messages ........ 32 Memory levels . ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. 27
Open door or rear lid warning ....... 24 Other equipment ...... .. ....... .. 29
Outside temperature display ..... ... 23 Electric seat adjustment
Sound system display .. .. ..... .....
23 See Power seat ............ ... .. .. 86
Drive r seat Electronic differential lock (EDL)
See Seating position .............. 192 How the system works ............ 258
Driver's seat .... .. .. .. .. .. .......... 86 Warning/indicator l ights ... .. .... .. 19
Driver's seat memory .............. ... 89 Electronic immobilizer .............. .. 45
Activating remote control key .... ...
90 Electronic power control
Recalling a seat position ............
89 (EPC) warn ing/indicator light ........ 16
Storing a seat position ... ..... ..... 89 Electronic speed limiter ............... 30
Driving messages .................... 32 Electronic stabilization program (ESP)
Driving mode
See Adaptive Air Suspens ion . .... .. 180
Driving offroad
Driving through water .... .. ... ...
271
Dr iving tips .. ............ .... ... 270
H ill descent contro l ....... .. .. .. . 256
How the system works .......... .. 256
Offroad mode ................... 256
Warning/indicator l ights .. . .. .... .. 16
Emergency flasher ............. .... .. 70
Rules of behavior ........ .... .... 270 Wa rning/indicator l ights . .. .. .... .. 17
Sand and mud ................. .. 271 Emergency locking of doors ... ... ... .. SO
Snow -covered g round .. .. .... .....
271 Emergency operation
Unpaved roads . .. .. .. .. .... .....
271 Panoramic sliding sunroof . ... 64, 65, 66
Driving safely . .. ..... ... ........... 190 Rear lid ............ .... . .. .... .. 54
Driving through water ... .. .. .. .... .. 271 Emergency starting .......... .. .. .. . 355
D. . t· riving 1me .... .... ...... .......... 26 Emergency towing ...... ... . ... .. .. . 358
Energy management ... ............ . 263
Battery power .............. ... .. 264
Driver notification ................ 264
Engine
Compartment ............. .... ..
302
Coolant . ........... ...... .. .. .. 308
Hood . .. ................. .... .. 300
Starting .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .... 126, 127
Starting with jumper cables .. .. .. .. 355
Stopping ............ .... ... ... . 128
Engine compartment
s f . . a ety instructions .............. .
Working the engine compartment .. 301
301
Engine coolant system ............... 308
Adding coolant .............. .. .. 310
Checking coo lant level ............ 309
Checking the engine coolan t level ... 309
Malfunction .. ... . .. .... .......... 35
Radiator fan . ................... 311
Engine coolant temperature
Temperature gauge ....... ... .. .. .
10
Engine data .. ............ .... ... .. 365
Engine hood
Closing ......... .. ... . .. .. .... ..
301
How to release the hood .......... 300
Engine oil ............. .. ... ..... .. 303
Adding .............. .... ..... .. 306
Additives ................ ... .. .. 306
Changing ............. .... .... .. 307
Checking the engine oil level ....... 305
Consumption .... .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. 304
Indications and conditions requiring extra
checking ... .. .. .. .............
305

_____________________________________________ A_ L .... p_ h _ a_b_ e_ t_ ic_a_ l_ in_ d_e _ x __ _
Installing child safety seats
Safety belts ............. ........ 243
Installing the upper tether strap on the
anchorage .......... ... ... ..... 252
Instrument cluster illumination ........
13
Instruments and controls ... ....... .... 10
General illustration ............ .. .. . 9
Interior lights Front . .. ..... ....... .... ... .. .. .. 72
Rear ............................ 72
Intermittent wiping
Rain sensor ........ ...... .. .. .. .. 74
J
Jack .............................. 340
Jumper cables ........ ... ... ... ..... 356
Jump-starting .............. ... ..... 355
K
Key ...... ..... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42
Battery replacement .. .. .. .. ....... 44
Coded sett ings ...................
111
Convenience open ing and closing of
windows .......................
60
Emergency key ................ .. .. 42
Key replacement ............. .... . 42
Master key .............. ......... 42
Valet key ........................ 42
Key coded settings
Climate controls .................
111
Keyless entry remote control ... .. ...... 43
Controls and equip­
ment Safety first
Kick-down
tiptron ic ® . ................ ......
166
L
LATC H ....... ..... ........ ........ 246
Description .. ... .... .. .. .. ... .... 248
Guidance fixtures for lower anchorages ..
249
Installing a child restraint ......... 250
Location ..... ........... ...... .. 247
Mounting and relea ,sing the anchorage
hook ........................ .. 250
Lateral angle ....... ... .. .. ......... 270
Leather ...... .. .. ...... ........... 287
Cleaning ..... ........... ........ 288
Level adjustment
See Adaptive A ir Suspens ion ........ 178
Lifting jack .. .......................
346
Lifting vehicle ...................... 360
Light
Exterior lighting in the mirror housing . 70
leaving home . ................. .. . 70
See also Ambience lighting ...... .. .. 73
Light sensor defective ...... ...... ... . 38
Lighting
See Ambience lighting ............. 73
L ighting in the m irror hous ing ..........
70
Lights ..................... .. .. .. .. . 67
Coming home ......... . ... .. .. ... 68
Daytime running lights ............. 68
Emergency flashers ................ 70
Exterior lights .................... 68 Front
fog lights .......... ...... ...
69
Headlights ................... ... . 67
High beam ................... 67, 71
High beam warning/indicator light ... 19
Leaving home ................... .. 68
Rear fog lights ...... ...... .... .. .. 69
Side marker lights .................
67
Turn signals ...................... 71
Xenon headlights ... ... ... ......... 67
Loading the luggage compartment ..... 197
Loading the roof rack .............. .. 103
Locking
Power locking switch ...... ..... .. .. 49
Rear lid/trunk lid ... ............... 51
Remote control key ... ..... .. .. .. .. 47
Using th e key ........ .... ..... .. .. 48
Lower universal anchorage bars (Canada) .. .
246
Lower universal anchorages (Canada) .. . 246
L ug gage
Stowing ............ ... .. .. .....
197
Luggage compartment ................ 96
Cargo net . .. ...... ............... 98
Expanding .. ...... ............... 96
Retractable cover ................. 98
Sk i sack ....... .... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .
101
See also Loading the luggage
compartment ................ .. 197
luggage compartment Tie-down rings .................. .. 97
M
Maintenance . .... .. .. ..... ..... ... . 368
Vehicle operation Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service Technical data

_____________________________________________ A_ L .... p_ h _ a_b_ e_ t_ ic_a_ l_ in_ d_e _ x __ _
Pollen filter
Climate controls ......... ... ..... 111
Power locking switch ............ ... .. 49
Power locking system ................ . 46
Convenience close/open feature .. .. .. 60
Locking and unlocking the vehicle from
inside ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. 49
Opening and closing the windows .... 60
Rear lid/trunk lid ......... ... ...... 51
Remote control key .......... ...... 43
Select ive unlock feature ........ .. .. 49
Sett ings ..................... .. .. 49
Unlocking and locking vehicle .... .. .. 47
Power outlets ............. .. .. .. .. . 106
Power seat Controls ... ................. ... .. 86
Seat adjustment ...... .... .. .. .. .. 86
Power steering .......... .. .. .. .... . 261
Power window switches .... .. ... ...... 58
In the driver 's door ....... .... ... .. 58
In the front passenger 's door ....... . 59
Reactivating the system ...... .. .. .. 61
Pregnant women Special considerations when wearing a safety belt .......... .. .. .. .... . 207
Programming the Homelink ® universal re-
mote control ................ ... 185
Proper occupant seating pos it ions . .. .. . 192
Proper safety belt position ....... .. .. . 206
Proper seating position
Front passenger .. .... .. .......... 193
Occupants ......... .. ... ..... ... 192
Rear passengers . ..... ........ .... 194
Controls and equip­
ment Safety first
Protective tray
... .. ..... .... ... ..... . 99
Q
Quartz clock ...... .................. 11
quattro ®
See All Wheel Drive ............... 262
Question What happens to unbelted occupants? ..
203
Why safety belts? ................ 201
R
Radiator fan .. .. .. ................. 311
Rain sensor ................. ..... ... 7 4
Rain sensor defective ............. ... . 38
Reading lights Front . ................. .. .. .. .. . 72
Rear .. .. .. .. ... ........ ...... .. . 72
Rear ashtray .. .. .. .... ... .......... 105
Rear fog lights .. .. ... ...... .. .. .. .. . 69
Rear lid Automatic operation ............ .. . 52
Emergency unlocking .. .. .......... 54
Opening and closing ............ ... 51
Valet key function ...... ... ........ 45
Rear light
Defective .... .. ... ............... 24
Rear ope ration
Four-zone automatic comfort air
condi tioning ................. .. 121 Rear park assist ...
....... ... ... .. .. . 170
Adjusting the display ....... .. .. ... 176
Adjusting the warning tones ........ 176
Trailer hitch . .. .. .. .. .. ... ..... .. 177
Rear seats Adjusting seat ...... ...... .. . ... .. 90
Entry assist ... .. .. ............... 91
Folding seatback up and down .. ... .. 92
Rear view camera
Parking mode 1 ................ .. 174
Parking mode 2 ................ .. 175
Rear view mirror
Inside rear view mirror . . . . . . . . . 79, 80
Rear window defogger ............. .. 115
Red symbols ........................ 33
Refue lling ... .... ........... .... .. . 294
Gasoline inhibitor flap ............. 294
Release lever for hood . ....... .. .. .. . 300
Remote control garage door opener
(Homelink ®) ........... ... .. ... 185
Remote control key ................... 43
Unlocking and locking .............. 47
Remote rear lid release ............... 51
Repair manuals ..... .... ... .. .. .. ... 368
Repairs Airbag system ................ ... 225
Replacing a fuse ......... .. .. .. .. .. . 350
Replacing light bulbs .. .. .. .......... 354
Replacing tires and wheels ............ 330
Report ing Safety Defects ............. 199
Reset button ...... . .. ............... 12
Residual heat .. .. .. .. .............. 112
Vehicle operation Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service Technical data

___ A_ l_. p_ h _ a_b_ e_ t_ic _a_ l_ in_ d_e _ x ____________________________________________ _
Retractor ... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... ... . .. 205
Rims Cast a lloy . ... ... ... ... ... .... ... 284
Roof rack . .. .. .................. ... 102
Loading ..... ................. .. 103
Mounting locat ions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103
Roof we ight ....... ... ............. 103
Rule of behavior offroad 270
s
Safe driving habits ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 190
Safety belt he ight ad justment .. .. .. .. . 208
Safety belt position .. .. .... ......... 206
Safety belt he ight adjustment ...... 208
Safety belts worn by pregnant women ...
2 07
Safety belt p retensioner ............. 209
Service and disposal ........ .... .. 210
Safety belt warn ing light .... .. .. .. 18, 201
Safety bel ts ... ................... .. 20S
cleaning ...................... .. 28 9
Dange r to passengers who do no t wear a
safety belt ............ ... ... ... 203
Fasten ing ... ...... .............. 205
Improperly worn .. .... .. ......... 209
N ot wo rn .... ................. .. 203
Safety bel t position ....... .. .. .. .. 206
Sa fety ins truc tions . .... ... .... . .. 204
Sec uring child sa fety seats ...... .. . 243
Special considerations fo r pregnant Why YOU MUST wear them .
.. .. .. . 201
Worn properly ............... ... . 204
Safety compliance sticker . ... .... ... . 362
Safety equipment ................... 190
Safety features for occupant restraint and protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 0
Safety guidelines Seat adjustment ................ .. 85
Safety instructions Engine compartme nrt ...... .. .. .. . 301
for side curtain airbags ........... . 232
for using child safety seats .. .. .... . 236
for using safety be lt s ... .. ... .. .. . 204
Monitor ing the Advanced Airbag System
224
Safety lock
Igni tion key, au tomatic transmission 1 27
Seat ad justment
Adjusting the seat height manually ... 88
Adjusting the seatback ma nua lly . .. .. 88
Dr iver's seat .......... .... ....... 85
Dr ive r's seat memory ............ .. 89
Front passenger's seat .. .. .. ... .... 86
Front sea ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Head res trai nts ......... .. .. .. 92, 19 4
M anu al con trols . ................. 88
Moving the seat forward o r bac kward
manua lly ....... ..... ........ ... 88
Powe r .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. ... ... 86
Seat be lts
See Safety be lts ................ . 201
women .. ..... ........ ...... .. 207 Seat memory ...... .... ... . ... .... . . 8 9
Unfasten ing ·· ············ ···· ··· 208 Seat vent ilat ion .. ..... .... . ... .. .. . 121
Wa rning/ind icator light .. ......... 201 Seat
ing capac ity . ... ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. 201
Seat ing pos it ion
Driver ... .. .. .. ... ... ... .. .. . ... 192
Front passenger ... ... ... .. .. . ... 193
How to adjust the front seats ...... 193
Incorrect seat position ... ......... 195
Occupants . .. .. .... ............. 192
Rear passengers
Seats Numbe r of seats 194
201
Selective un lo ck feat ure .. .. ..... .. ... 49
Selector lever . .. .... .. ........... .. 164
Service and disposal Safety belt pretensioner . .... ... ... 2 10
Serv ice in terva l disp lay . ........... .. . 25
Service posit ion
Windshield wipers .. .... .......... 77
Servo tro n ic
Powe r stee ring . ..... .. .. .. .... .. 2 61
Shift buttons ..................... . 168
Side airbags Description ........ ............. 227
How they work ............ .... .. 228
Side ass ist
Act ivat ing and deact ivat ing . .. .. ... 154
Description . ... .. .. ..... ..... .. . 154
Informational and a lert stage signals 156
Messages in instrument cluster disp lay ..
16 1
MM I setti ngs ........ .. .... .... .. 160
Ope ra tion ..... .. .. ... .... .. . ... 156
Safety tips ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. . ... 162
Sensor detect ion area . ... ... ... ... 1 56