AUDI RS7 SPORTBACK 2016 Manual Online

Audi ada pti ve c ruise contr ol and br akin g gu ard
Audi adaptive cruise
control and braking
guard
Introduction
A ppl ies to: ve hicles with Audi adaptive cruise co ntro l
The adaptive cruise contro l system assists the
driver by regulat ing vehicle speed and helping to
maintain a set distance to the vehicle ahead,
within the limits of the system.
If the system de­
tects a moving vehicle up ahead, adaptive cruise
control can brake and then accelerate your veh i­
cle. This helps to make driving more comfortable
both on long highway stretches and in stop-and­
go traffic.
The braking guard system can warn you about an impending collision and initiate braking maneu­
vers¢
page 85.
Adaptive cruise control and braking guard have
technical limitations that you m ust know, so
please read this section carefully, understand
how the system works and use them properly at
all times.
General information
General information
App lies to: ve hicles with Audi adaptive cruise contro l
Fig. 86 Front of th e veh icle: sensors and vi deo camera
The areas that contain the radar and u ltrason ic
sensors and the video camera¢
fig. 86 must nev­
er be covered by stickers o r other objects or ob­
structed with dirt, insects, snow or ice that wi ll
interfere with the adaptive cruise control system
and braking guard. For information on cleaning, refer to
¢
page 193. The same applies for any
modifications made in the front area.
The function of the adaptive cru ise control sys­
tem and braking g uard is limited under some
conditions:
- Objects can on ly be de tected when they are
w ith in sensor range¢
page 81, fig. 89.
- The system has a limited ability to detect ob­
jects that are a short d istance ahead, off to the
side of your vehicle or mov ing into your lane .
- Some kinds of veh icles are hard to detect; for
examp le motorcycles, veh icles w ith high
gro und clea rance or overhanging loads may be
detected when it is too late o r they may not be
detected at all.
-When driving through curves
¢page 80 .
- Stat iona ry obje cts¢ page 80.
_& WARNING
A lways pay attention to traff ic when adaptive
cruise control is sw itched on and brak ing
guard is active . As the driver, you are still re­
sponsible for starting and for maintaining
speed and distance to other objects. Braking
guard is used to assist you. The driver must
always take act ion to avoid a collision . The
driver is always respons ible for braking at the
cor rect time.
- Improper use of adaptive cruise control can cause collisions, other accidents and ser ious
pe rsonal injury.
- Never let the comfort and conven ience that
adapt ive cr uise control and braking g ua rd
offe r dist ract you from the need to be a lert
to traffic conditions and the need to remain
in full control of your vehicle at all times,
- Always remember that the adaptive c ruise
control and braking gua rd have limits -they
will not slow the vehicle down or maintain the set distance when you drive towards an
obstacle or something on or near the road
that is not moving, such as vehicles stopped
in a traffic jam, a stalled or disabled vehicle.
If reg istered by the radar sensors, vehicles
or obstacles that are not moving can trigger
a collision wa rning and if confirmed by the
video came ra, an acute co llision wa rning.
~
79

Audi adapt ive crui se con trol a nd b rakin g guar d
-For safety reasons, do not use adaptive
cruise control when driving on roads with
many curves, when the road surface is in
poor condition and/or in bad weather (such
as ice, fog, gravel, heavy ra in and hydroplan­
ing). Using the system under these condi·
tions co uld result in a collision.
- Switch adaptive cruise control off tempora­
rily when driving in turn ing lanes, on ex­
pressway exits or in construction zones. Th is
prevents the vehicle from accelerating to
the set speed when in these situat ions .
- The adapt ive cr uise control system will not
brake by itself if you put your foot on the ac­
celerator peda l. Doing so can override the
speed and distance regu lation.
- When approaching stat ionary objects such
as stopped traffic, adaptive cruise control
will not respond and braking guard will have limited function.
- The adaptive cruise control system and
braking guard do not react to people, ani­
mals, objects crossing the road or oncom ing
objects.
- The function of the radar sensors can be af­
fected by reflective objects such as guard
rails, the entrance to a tunnel, heavy rain or
ice.
- Never follow a vehicle so closely that you
cannot stop your vehicle safely. The adap·
t ive cruise control cannot slow or brake the
vehicle safely when you fo llow another veh i­
cle too close ly. Always remember that the
automatic braking function ca nnot br ing the
vehicle to a sudden o r emergency stop un­
der these conditions .
- To prevent unintended operation, always
switch ACC off when it is not be ing used .
(D Note
The sensors can be displaced by impacts or
damage to the bumpe r, whee l housing and
unde rbody. That co uld affect the adaptive
cruise control system and braking guard .
Have your authorized Audi dealer or author­
ized Audi Service Facility check their function.
80
In curves
Applies to: vehicles with A udi adaptive cruise control
Fig. 87 Example : dr iving into a curve
When driving into a curve c:::> fig. 87 and out of a
curve, the adapt ive cruise control may react to an
object in the neighboring lane and apply the
brakes . You can prevent that by pressing the ac­
ce lerator pedal br iefly.
Stationary objects
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cruise control
Fig. 88 Example: object chang ing lanes and stat ionary ob ·
jec t
The adaptive cruise control system only reacts to
objects that are moving or that the system has
already detected as moving . For example, it can
react when a vehicle that has already been de·
tected @ turns or changes lanes, but adaptive
cruise control does not react to a stationary vehi­
cle @.

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
Audi adaptive cruise
control
Description
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cruise control
Fig. 89 Detectio n ra n ge
What can adaptive cruise control do?
The adaptive cruise control system uses video, ra­
dar and ultrasound . Moving vehicles ahead can
be recognized up to about 650 feet (200 m)
away .
On open roads with no traffic, adaptive cruise
control works like a regu lar cruise contro l sys­
tem. The stored speed is ma intained . When ap­
proaching a moving vehicle detected up ahead,
the adaptive cruise control system automatically
slows down to match that vehicle's speed and
then maintains the distance that the driver previ­
ously stored. As soon as the system does not de­
tect a vehicle up ahead, adaptive cruise control
accelerates back up to the stored speed.
In stop-and-go traff ic, adaptive cruise control can
brake until the vehicle stops and accelerate again
under certain conditions and if this is possible
within the system's limits and capabilities
c;, page 83 . Adaptive cru ise control will not
make an emergency stop .
Which functions can be controlled?
When you switch adaptive cruise control on, you
can set the current speed as the "control speed"
c;, page 81, Switching on and off.
When driving, you can stop cruise control
c;, page 83 or change the speed ¢ page 82 at
any time. You can also set the distance to the object ahead
and set the adapt ive cruise control driv ing pro­
gram
c;, page 83.
Switching on and off
Applies to : vehicles wit h Aud i adaptive cruise control
Fig. 90 Se lecto r lever: sw itc hin g on/off
Fig. 91 Instrume nt cluster: adapt ive cru ise con tro l
You can set any speed between 20 mph and 95
mph (30 and 150 km/h) .
0 5 N ~ co
co
Indicator lamps and messages in the instrument
cluster display inform yo u about the current sys­
tem status and settings.
An additional indicator appears in the Head -up
Display*.
Switching adaptive cruise control on
"' Pull the lever toward you into position @
c;, fig. 90 . ACC standby appears in the instru­
ment cluster display .
Setting the speed and activating regulation
"'To set the current speed, press the ISETI button
c;, fig. 90 . The set speed is shown in the tach­
ometer @and is also shown briefly in the dis-
play @¢
fig. 91. .,._
81

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
• You must also press the brake pedal when the
vehicle is stopped.
Switching adaptive cruise control off
• Push the lever away from you into position @
until it clicks into place. The message
ACC off
appears.
@ Indicator lights
• • Adaptive cruise control is switched on. No
vehicles are detected up ahead. The stored speed
is maintained .
• · A moving vehicle is detected up ahead. The
adaptive cruise control system regulates the
speed and distance to the moving vehicle ahead
and accelerates/brakes automatically.
r -.j · Adaptive cruise control is switched on . A
moving vehicle up ahead was detected. Your vehi­
cle remains stopped.
• • When automatic braking is not able to keep
enough distance to a previously detected moving
vehicle up ahead, you must take control and brake
9 page 84, Prompt for driver interven­
tion.
© Display
If adaptive cruise contro l is not shown in the dis­
play, you can call it up with the multifunction
steering wheel buttons
9 page 22.
Based on the symbols in the display, you can de­
termine if the system is maintaining a distance to
the vehicle ahead and what that distance is.
No vehicle· No vehicle ahead was detected.
White vehicle· A vehicle ahead was detected.
Red vehicle · Prompt for the driver to take action
9page84.
Both arrows on the scale© indicate the distance
to the vehicle ahead. No arrow appears when the
vehicle is on an open road and there is no object
ahead . If an object is detected ahead, the arrow
moves on the scale.
The green zone on the scale shows the stored dis·
tance. For information on changing the stored
distance, refer to
9 page 83. If the distance se·
82
lected is too close or may soon become too close,
the arrows move into the red zone on the scale.
A WARNING
Improper use of the adaptive cruise control
can cause collisions, other accidents and seri­
ous personal injuries.
- Pressing the
ISETI button when driving at
speeds below 20 mph (30 km/h), will auto­
matically accelerate the vehicle to 20 mph (30 km/h), which is the minimum speed
that can be set.
@ Tips
-If you switch the ignition or the adaptive
cruise control off, the set speed is erased
from the system memory.
- The electronic stabilization control (ESC)
and the anti-slip-regulation (ASR) are auto·
matically turned on when the adaptive
cruise control is turned on. Both systems
cannot be turned off if the adaptive cruise
control is turned on .
Changing the speed
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adapt ive cru ise control
0
f
JJ
0
Fig. 92 Operating lever: changing the speed
;;; N 9 :c .., m
• To increase or reduce the speed in increments,
tap the lever up or down.
• To increase or decrease the speed quickly,
hold
the lever up or down until the red LED@reach­
es the desired speed
9 page 81, fig. 91.
After each change, the new stored speed appears
briefly in the information line¢
page 81, fig. 91
@.

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
Driving in stop-and-go traffic
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cruise contro l
The adap tive cruise co nt rol sys tem also assis ts
y o u in stop- and-go t raffic.
Stopping automatically
If an object ahead stops, your ve hicle w ill bra ke
a nd stay a t a stop, w ith in th e lim its of the sys­
tem.
Driving manually
.. Tap the acce lerato r pedal, o r
.. pull the lever toward you into position @.
{D) Tips
- If an o bstacle is detecte d w hen yo ur vehicle
starts movi ng , the dr iver intervent io n re­
quest appears
c:> page 84 . You r vehicle
will drive more slowly w hen starti ng. This
m ay also happen in so me situati ons whe n
th ere is no appa rent o bstacle .
Interrupting cruise control
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cruise control
Fig . 93 Se lecto r leve r
Requi rement: adapt ive c ruise contro l must be
sw itched on .
Overriding cruise control
.. To accelera te manually, p ull the lever toward
you into pos ition @and hold it there. The mes­
sage
ACC: override a ppears. Or
.. press the acce lera tor pedal.
.,. To resu me cr uise con trol , release t he leve r or
t ak e your foot off the a cce le rator pedal.
Canceling cruise control while driving
.. Move the lever in to position @. Th e message
ACC: standby appears . Or
.. press the brake pedal.
.. To resume the stored speed, move the lever in­
to position @.
Canceling cruise control when stopped
.. Push the lever aw ay fr om yo u into position @.
The message
ACC: standby ap pears.
.. To res ume c ruise contro l, press the bra ke peda l
an d pu ll the leve r towa rd yo u into posit io n @ .
A WARNING
=
It is dangerous to activate cruise cont rol and
r esume the stored speed when the current
r oad, traffic or weathe r cond itio ns do not per­
mi t this . T hi s co uld res ult in a crash.
Setting the distance
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cru ise control
Fi9 . 94 Selecto r lever : setting t he d istance
.. Tap the sw itch to display the current set d is­
tance
c:> fig. 94.
.. To increase or reduce the d istance by incre ­
ments , tap the switch aga in to the l eft o r right.
T he di sta nce between t he two v eh icles w ill
c hange i n the ins trumen t clu ste r dis play.
When app roaching a moving veh icle up ahead ,
the adaptive cruise contro l system a utomat ically
br ak es to match tha t obje ct's spee d an d t hen
m ainta in s the stored dist an ce.
If th e ve hicle
ahe ad acc eler ates, a daptive cruise co ntro l w ill a l-
so accelerate up to t he store d speed .
llll>
83

Audi adapt ive crui se con trol a nd b rakin g guar d
The higher the speed, the greater the distance in
yards (meters)
c::;, .&. . The Distanc e 3 setting is
recommended .
The distances provided are specified values. De ­
pending on the driving situat ion and the how the
vehicle ahead is driving, the actual distance may
be more or less than these target d istances.
The various symbols for the time increments ap­
pear briefly in the information line@q
page 81,
fig. 91
when you change the settings.
c:::, _c:::, __ _ Dist ance 1 : This setting co rresponds
to a distance of 92 feet/28 meters when travel­ ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), or a time interval of 1
second.
c:::, __ c:::, __ Dista nc e 2 : This setting corresponds
to a distance of 118 feet/36 mete rs when trave l­
ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), or a time interval of
1.3 seconds .
c:::, ___ c:::,_ Distance 3: This setting corresponds
to a distance of 164 feet/SO mete rs when trave l­
ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), or a time interval of
1.8 seconds .
c:::, __ __ c:::, Distance 4 : This setting corresponds
to a distance of 210 feet/64 mete rs when trave l­
ing at 62 mph (100 km/h), or a time interval of
2.3 seconds .
A WARNING
Following other vehicles too closely increases
the risk of collisions and ser ious personal in­
jury.
- Setting short distances to the traffic ahead
reduces the time and distance available to
br ing your vehicle to a safe stop and makes
it eve n mo re necessary to pay close atten ­
tion to traffic .
- Always obey applicable traffic laws, use
good judgme nt, and select a safe following
distance for the traffic, road and weathe r
condit ions.
(0 Tips
- Distanc e 3 is set automatically each time
you switch the ignit ion on .
84
- Your standard settings are automatically
stored and assigned to the remote control
key being used.
Selecting the driving mode
App lies to: vehicles with Aud i adapt ive cru ise control
.,. Select the desired driving mode in drive select
c::;,page95.
@ Tips
Your settings are automatically stored and as­
signed to the remote contro l key being used.
Prompt for driver intervention
App lies to : vehicles with A udi ada ptive c ruise control
Fig . 95 Ins trume nt cluster: request for d river intervention
In c ertain situations, the system w ill prompt you
to take action. This could happen, for example, if
braking by the adaptive cruise control system is
not enough to maintain enough distance to the
vehicle ahead .
The ind icator light . and the symbol in the dis­
play will warn you about the s ituation
c::;, fig . 95 .
You w ill also hear an acoustic signal.
- Press the brake pedal to slow your vehicle
down.

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
.... N
a:: CJ ' Audi braking guard
Description
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adaptive cruise contro l
Fig. 96 Instrument cluster: approach warning
Braking guard uses radar sensors and a video
camera. It also functions within the limits of the
system when adaptive cruise control is switched
off.
What can braking guard do?
When detected in time, the system can assess
situations when a vehicle ahead brakes suddenly
or if your own veh icle is traveling at a high speed
and approaching a vehicle up ahead that is mov­
ing more slowly. Braking guard does not react if
it cannot detect the si tuat ion.
The system advises you of various situations:
- The
distance warning is given if you are too
close to the vehicle ahead for a long time. If the
vehicle ahead brakes sharply, you will not be
able to avoid a collision . T he indicator light .
in the d isplay comes on .
- The
approach warning is given when a detected
vehicle up ahead in your lane is moving much
more slowly than you are or if it brakes sharply.
When this warning is g iven, it may only be pos­
s ib le to avoid a collision by swerving or braking
sharp ly. The indicator light. and indicator in
the display will warn yo u about the danger
¢
fig. 96. You will also hear an acoustic signa l.
If you do not react fast enough or do not react at
all to the situation, braking guard will intervene
by braking.
N "' ll This is not available in some countries . ......
-If a collision is imminent, the system wi ll first
provide an
acute warning by briefly and sharply
apply ing the brakes .
- If you do not react to the acute warning, brak­
ing guard can brake with increas ing force with­
in the limits of the system. This reduces the ve­
hicle speed in the event of a collision.
- The system can initiate maximum braking
shortly before a collision
1 ). Full dece leration at
high speeds occurs only in vehicles with adap­
tive cruise control and side assist (pre sense plus).
- If the braking guard senses that you are not
braking hard enough when a collision is immi­
nent, it can increase the braking force.
- The pre sense functions also engage when a
collision is imm inent ¢
page 177.
Which functions can be controlled?
You can switch braking guard and the distance/
approach warning on or off in the MMI
¢ page 86, Settings in the Infotainment sys­
tem .
A WARNING
--
Lack of attention can cause collisions, other
accidents and serious personal injuries. The
braking guard is an assist system and cannot
prevent a collision by itself . Th e driver must
always intervene. The driver is always respon­
sib le for b raking at the co rrect time.
- Always pay close attention to traffic, even
when the braking guard is switched on. Be
ready to intervene and be ready to take
complete control whenever necessary. Al­
ways keep the safe and legal distance be­
tween your vehicle and vehicles up ahead.
- Brak ing guard works with in limits and will
not respond outside the system limits, for
example when approach ing a stopped vehi­
cle or stationary obstacle (end of a traffic
jam or vehicle that has broken down in traf­
f ic).
- Always remember that the radar sensor for
the braking guard works only within defined
~
85

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
detection and range limits that may prevent
the proper detection of other vehicles .
- The radar sensor's function and range can
be reduced by rain, snow and heavy spray.
Moving vehicles up ahead may not be
promptly detected or may not be detected
at all.
- Reflective surfaces including crash barriers
or tunnel entrances may impair the function
of the radar sensor.
@ Tips
- You can cancel the braking with increasing
force that is initiated by the system by brak­
ing yourself, by accelerating noticeably or
by swerving .
- Braking guard error messages¢
page 86.
- Keep in mind that braking guard can brake
unexpectedly. Always secure any cargo or
objects that you are transporting to reduce
the risk of damage or injury.
Settings in the Infotainment system
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adapt ive cruise contro l
~ Select: the ICARI function button > (Car)* Sys­
tems
control button > Driver assistance > Audi
braking guard.
System -
Switch the braking guard On/Off . When
you switch the ignition on, the message
Braking
guard: Off
appears if the system is switched off.
Early warning -The distance and approach warn ­
ings in the display can be switched
On/Off .
(D Tips
-Your settings are automatically stored and
assigned to the remote control key being
used.
- If you restrict or switch off the ESC, the braking guard also switches itself off
¢page 181 .
- Switch braking guard off when you are load­
ing the vehicle onto a vehicle carrier, train,
ship or other type of transportation. This
can prevent undesired warnings from the
braking guard system.
86
Messages
Applies to: vehicles with Audi adapt ive c ru ise control
Braking guard: off
This driver message appears if the system is
turned off via the infotainment . Otherwise, if the
system is turned off, the information appears ev­
ery time shortly after the start of the trip.
The driver message also appears if the system is
not available due to a malfunction or if the ESC is
not switched on¢
page 181. If this is the case,
the system will not provide warnings about a
possible collision.
Braking guard: activated
This driver message appears if sharp brake pres­
sure was applied due to an acute warning .
ACC: Unavailable!
ACC and Audi braking guard: not available
The system cannot detect moving vehicles up
ahead correctly and is switched off. The sensors
have been displaced or are not working properly.
T he Audi pre sense funct ions may also be affect­
e d. Dr ive to your authorized Audi dealer or au­
thori zed Audi service facility immediately to have
the malfunction corrected.
ACC: currently unavailable. No sensor vision
ACC and braking guide: currently unavailable.
No sensor vision
This message appears if the sensor view is ob­structed, for example by leaves, snow , heavy
spray or dirt. Clean the sensors ¢
page 79,
fig. 86.
ACC: Currently unavailable. Gradient too steep
The road exceeds the maximum possible angle
for proper adaptive cruise control operation .
Adaptive cruise control is switched off .
ACC: Only available in D, S or M
Select the D/S or M selector lever position.
ACC: currently unavailable. Parking brake ap­
plied

Audi adaptive cruise control and braking guard
The adaptive cruise contro l sy stem switches off
automatically if t he parking bra ke is set .
ACC: Currently unavailable . Stability control
(ESC) input .
This message appea rs if the Elect ronic S tabiliza­
tion Cont rol ( ESC) is wor king to help s tab iliz e the
ve hicl e. In th is case, adapti ve cru ise con trol
sw itches off au tom atic ally.
ACC off: Manual control!
This message appea rs when adapt ive cr uise con ­
tro l ca nnot set the parking brake. Press the brake
pedal to preve nt the vehicle from rolling .
•••
Three white dots appear if a se tting cannot be se ­
l ected with t he se lector lever. For examp le, t his
h appens if adaptive cruise contro l cannot resume
d rivin g in stop-and -go traffic beca use one o f the
conditions requ ired for ACC to work is not
p resent .
Door open
The ad aptive cruise co ntro l sy stem cannot sw itc h
on w hen a door is o pen .
Stationary object ahead
This message appea rs if you would like to switc h
a d apt ive cr uise control o n an d th ere is a stat io n­
a ry vehicle or obs tacle d irec tly ahead of your ve ­
hicl e.
87

Audi acti ve la n e ass is t
Audi active lane assist
Lane assist
Description
A pp lies to: ve hicles w ith Audi active lane assist
Active lane ass ist detects lane marker lines with­
in the limits of the system us ing a camera in the
windshie ld. If you are approaching a detected
lane marker line and it appears likely that you
will leave the lane, the system will warn you with
corrective steering. You can override this steering
at any time. If you pass over a line, the steering
wheel will vibrate lightly. In order for this warn­ ing vibration to occur, it must first be switched
on in the Infotainment system. Act ive lane assist
is operable when the lane marker line is detected
on at least one side of the vehicle.
The system is designed for driving on freeways
and expanded highways and thus works only at
speeds of 40 mph (65 km/h) or more.
Applies to vehicles w ith side assist*: if you act i­
vate a turn s ignal when active lane assist is ready
and it classif ies a lane change as critical because
of vehicles traveling alongside you or approach­ ing you, there w ill be not iceable correct ive steer­
i n g short ly before you leave the lane. This will at­
tempt to keep your vehicle in the lane.
Appl ies to veh icles w ithout s ide ass ist* : the sys­
tem does not warn when it is ready if you activate
the t urn signa l before crossing the lane marker
line. In this case, it ass umes that you a re chang ­
ing lanes intentionally.
Applies to vehicles w ith adapt ive cr uise control*
or pa rk ing aid*: the co rrective steering is ta rget­
ed based on the d riving situation. In addition to
the lane marker lines, the system can also take
into account other objects such as guard rails. If
they are detected in close proximity to the vehi­
cle, active lane assist helps prevent the vehicle
from dr iv ing too close to them. There is a lso
passing assistance . The system does not provide
any corrective steer ing if it detects that you are
passing anothe r vehicle.
88
A WARNING
-
- The system warns the driver that the vehicle
is leaving the lane using correct ive steering.
The driver is always responsible for keeping
the vehicle within the lane.
- The system can help you keep the vehicle in the lane, but it does not drive by itse lf. Al­
ways keep your hands on the steering
wheel.
- Cor rective steering may not occur in certain
situations, such as du ring heavy braking.
- There may be cases whe re the camera does
not recognize all lane marker lines. Correc­
tive stee ring can only take place on the s ide
of the vehicle where lane marker lines are
detected.
- Othe r road stru ctures or objects could poss i­
bly be identified un intent ionally as lane
marker lines . As a result, corrective steering
may be unexpected or may not occ ur.
- The camera view can be restricted, for ex ­
ample by vehicles driving ahead or by rain,
snow, heavy spray or lig ht shining into t he
camera. Th is can result in active lane ass ist
not detecting the lane marker lines or de­
tect ing them incorrectly.
- Under certain cond it ions such as r uts in the
road, a banked roadway or crosswinds, the
corrective steer ing alone may not be enough
to keep the vehicle in the m iddle of the lane .
- For safety reasons, act ive lane assist must
not be used when there are poor road and/
or weather conditions such as slippery
roads, fog, gravel, heavy rain, snow and the po tential fo r hydrop laning. Using active lane
assist under these cond it ions may increase
the risk of a crash .