engine AUDI S3 2016 Owners Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2016, Model line: S3, Model: AUDI S3 2016Pages: 328, PDF Size: 81.78 MB
Page 297 of 328

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General
This chapter is intended for trained emergency
crews and working personnel who have the nec
essary tools and equipment to perform these
ope rations.
Starting by pushing or
towing
(D Note
Veh icles with an automatic transmission can
not be started by pushing or towing.
Starting with jumper
cables
If necessary, the engine can be started by con
necting it to the battery of another vehicle.
Plug-in hybrid drive*: the connection points for
the jump start cables vary ¢
page 108.
If the engine should fail to start because of a dis
charged or weak battery, the battery can be con
nected to the battery of
another vehicle, using a
pair of jumper cables to start the engine.
Jumper cables
Use only jumper cables of suffic iently large cross
section
to carry the starter current safely. Refer
to the manufact urer 's specifications.
Use only jumper cables with
insulated term inal
clamps which are distinct ly ma rked:
plus (+) cable in most cases colored red
minus (-) cable
in most cases colored black .
.,&. WARNING -
Plug-in hybrid drive*: you must not give a
jump start with your vehicle. This could cause significant damage to the electrical system in
your vehicle ¢
page 108.
Emergency situations
.,&. WARNING
-
Batteries contain electricity, acid, and gas.
Any of these can cause very serious or fatal in
jury . Follow the instruct ions below for safe
handling of your vehicle's battery.
- Always shield your eyes and avoid leaning over the battery whenever possible.
- A discharged battery can freeze at tempera
tures just below 32 °F (0 °C) . Before con
necting a jumper cable, you must thaw the
frozen battery completely, otherwise it
could explode.
- Do not allow battery acid to contact eyes or
skin. Flush any contacted area with water
immed iate ly.
- Improper use of a booster batte ry to sta rt a
veh icle may cause an exp losion .
- Veh icle batteries generate exp losive gases .
Keep sparks, flames and lit cigarettes away
from batteries.
- Do not try to jump start any vehicle with a
low acid level in the battery .
- The voltage of the booster battery must also
have a 12 volt rat ing. The capacity (Ah) of
the booster battery should not be lower
than that of the discharged battery. Use of
batteries of different voltage or substantial ly different "Ah" rating may cause an explo
sion and personal injury.
- Never charge a frozen battery . Gas trapped
in the ice may cause an explosion.
- Never charge or use a battery that has been
frozen. The battery case may have been
weakened.
- Use of batteries with different voltage or
substantially different Ah rating may cause
an explosion and injury. The capacity (Ah) of
the booster battery should not be lower
than that of the discharged battery .
- Before you check anyth ing in the eng ine
compartment, always read and heed all
WARNINGS
¢page 236.
(D Note
-App lying a higher voltage booster battery
will cause expensive damage to sensitive
295
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Emergency situations
electronic components, such as control
units, re lays, radio, etc.
- There must be no electrical contact between
the vehicles otherwise current could already
start to flow as soon as the positive(+) ter minals are connected.
@ Tips
The discharged battery must be properly con
nected to the vehicle's electrical system .
When jump starting or charging the battery,
never connect the negative ground cable to
the battery negative post because the battery
manager system must be able to detect the
battery's state of charge. Always connect the
negat ive g ro und cable to the negative g round
post on the battery manager control unit.
Using jump start cables
Connect the jump start cables in the exact order
described below.
Fig. 228 Engine co mpartment : connectors for ju mp start
cables and a charger
Fig. 229 Jump starting the battery wit h another vehicle:
@ -drained battery, @- starter battery
Plug-in hybrid drive* : the connection points for
the jump start cables vary<=>
page 108.
296
00 ~
5 > 00 ID
The battery is located to the left in the engine
compartment.
Do not jump start a frozen or
thawed battery
¢ A in Starting with jumper ca
bles on page 295 !
Replace the battery. The pro
cedure for connecting jump start cables that is
described next is designed to help jump start
your vehicle.
Vehicle with drained battery :
.,. Read the following carefu lly <=> page 295
.,. Set the parking brake and place the selector
lever in the P position.
.,. Turn the ignition and electr ical equipment off
in both vehicles .
Connecting the negative terminal(-) to the
negative terminal(·) (black)
.,. To reach the battery terminals, flip the battery
cover cap to the side¢
fig. 228 .
1. Clamp the end of the red jump start cab le to
the terminal @¢
fig. 229 on the dead bat
te ry @ ¢
0 in Starting with jumper cables
on page 295.
2. Clamp the other end of the red jump start ca
ble to the terminal @on the charging bat
tery @.
Connect NEGATIVE(-) to NEGATIVE(-)
(black)
3. Clamp the black end of the jump start cable
preferably at the ground point, or on the
negative terminal @ on the charging battery
®·
4. Clamp the other end of the black jump start
cable
only to the ground point © on your
vehicle @
¢0.
5. Route the jump start cables so they cannot
get caught in the moving parts in the engine
compartment.
Starting the engine
6 . Start the engine in the vehicle giving the
charge and let it run at idle.
7. Start the engi ne in the vehicle with the dead
batte ry and wait two to three minutes until it
"runs smoothly".
8. If the engine does not start, stop the starting
procedure after 10 seconds and then repeat
it after approximately 30 seconds. ..,_
Page 299 of 328

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switch the heater fan and rear window de
froster on to reduce any voltage peaks that
may occur when disconnecting the jumper
cab les. The he adlights must be switched off.
10 . With the engines running, remove the cables
i n
reverse order of the way they were instal
l ed . Make sure the cables do not get caught
in mov ing engine components.
11. Sw itch the heater fan and rear w indow de-
froster off.
12. Close the battery cover .
The battery is vented to the o utside so that not
gases enter the passenger compartment. Make
sure that the connected positive terminal clamps
on the jump start cab le have sufficient contact
with m etal.
.&_ WARNING
Follow the warnings and instructions from
the jump start cable manufacturer to reduce
the risk of serious injuries and vehicle dam
age. If you are unsure about anything, call
roads ide assistance.
- The jump start cables must be long enough
so that the veh icles do not touch .
-
-Route the jump start cables so they cannot
get caught in the moving parts in the engine
compartment .
- Always read and follow the warnings before
check ing anything in the engine compart
me nt ¢
page 236.
Connecting jump start cables incorrectly can
destroy the alternator .
- Always connect the positive terminal(+) to
the positive term inal( +) and the negative
term inal(-) to the negat ive termi nal( -) on
the body ground po int, but not the negative
te rminal on t he battery.
- Make sure the screw plugs on the battery
ce lls are installed securely .
If not, tighten
the p lugs before connecting the clamps to
the negat ive termina l on the battery.
- Please note that the connecting p rocess de
scribed below for the j ump start cables is in-
Emergency s ituatio ns
tended for when your vehicle is be ing j ump
started.
If you are jump starting another ve
hicle, do not connect the negat ive cab le to
the negative term inal( -) on the dra ined
battery, but rather connect it to a large
metal component that is bolted secure ly to
the engine block, or to the engi ne b lock it
self . If the batte ry in the veh icle being jump
s tarted is not ven ted to the outside, there is
a risk of explos ion due to hyd rogen gas .
- Make sure that the connected pos itive ter
m inal clamps have suff ic ien t conta ct with
metal.
- Do not use the battery negative terminal for
jump starting or a m alfunction co ul d o ccur
in the vehicle e lectrica l system.
Towing with a tow truck
General hints
Your Audi requires special handling for towing.
T he following information is to be used by com
mercial tow truck operators who know how to op
e rate th eir equipment safely.
- Ne ver tow your Audi. Towing will caus e dam
age to the engine and tr ansmi ssion.
- Neve r wrap th e safety ch ains or win ch c able s
a round the brake lin es.
- To pr event unn ecess ary damag e, your Audi
must be tran sport ed with a flat bed tru ck.
- To load th e ve hicl e on to the flat bed, use the
towin g loop found in the v ehicle tools and at
t ac h t o the front o r rea r anchorage
¢ page 298 and ¢ page 298 .
.&_ WARNING ~
A vehicle being towed is not safe for passen-
gers. Never allow anyone to ride in a vehicle
being towed, for any reason.
297
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Emergency situations
distribut ion and ba lance . This might hap
pen, for example, when heavy compo
nents such as the engine block or trans
miss io n are removed.
- When removing heavy components like
th ese, a nch or vehicle to ho ist o r add corre
sponding weights to maintain the cen ter of
gr avity. Otherwise , th e vehicle migh t ti lt or
s li p off the h ois t, causing ser ious perso nal
rnJury.
0 Note
- Be aware of t he following poi nts before lift
i ng t he veh icle:
-The vehicle should never be lifted or
jacked up from underneath the engine oil
pan , the transmission housing, the front
or rear axle or the body side members.
This could lead to serious damage.
- To avoid damage to the underbody or
chassis frame, a rubber pad must be in·
serted between the floor jack and the lift points.
- Before driving over a workshop hoist,
check that the vehicle weight does not
exceed the permissible lifting capacity of
the hoist .
- Before driving over a workshop hoist, en
sure that there is sufficient clearance be
tween the hoist and low parts of the ve ·
hide .
300
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Technical data
Vehicle identification
F ig . 237 Vehi cle Ide ntif icatio n Number (VlN) plate : loca·
t ion on dr iver 's side dash pane l
XXXXX XX -X -XXXX XXX XX
CD+ ~t :1:: xxxxxxxx xx x xxxxxxxx
T VP /fffl XXX XXX
XX XXXXXXX XX X X XX
XXX
K W XXX
®i ~:J ·f lfils~~ XXXX XXX XXX
®-+ ~N:a=i~l xxxx ; xxxx xxx ; xx
II.· AUSS, I OPTIONS
E0A
7D5 4UB 6XM 5SG 5RW
2EH J0Z lLB l
A S lBA
3FC SMU 7Xl
F0A 9G3 0G7 0YH 0JF
TL6 3KA 8EH UlA X98 QZ7
lXW 803 908 824 020
7T6 CV7 7K0 4X3 2K2
3L4
4KC 3Y0 413 502
lSA 7GB 01A 4G0
XX. X XX X XX X xxxx
Fig. 238 Th e ve hicle iden tifica tion label- inside the lug
gage co mpartment
Veh icle Identification Number (VlN )
The Vehicle Identific ation N umbe r is lo cate d in
d if f eren t places:
- u nder the w indshield on the dr iver's side
c:> fig. 23 7.
- in the M MI: Select: the I MENU I button >Car >
Sy stems *
control b utton > Service & control >
;::: VIN number .
~ -on the vehicle identification label. CX)
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rl I.Cl rl
Technical data
Vehicle identification label
T he vehicle identi fica tion label is lo cate d in t he
l uggage compa rtment in the sp are whee l we ll.
T he lab el
c:> fig. 238 shows the fo llow ing vehicle
da ta:
(D Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
@ Vehicle type, eng ine output, transm ission
@ Engine and transmission code
@ Paint numbe r and in terior
® Optional equipment numbers
T he inf ormation of the veh icle identification label
can al so be fo und in your W arranty
& M ainte
nance booklet.
Safety compliance sticker
The safety co mpliance sticker is yo ur ass ura nce
t h at your new vehi cle complies w ith all appli cable
Fede ral Motor Vehicle Safety Stand ards which
we re in effe ct at t he tim e the veh icle w as manu
fac tured. Yo u ca n fi nd this sticker on the door
jamb on the driver 's side. It shows the month and
year of production and t he ve hicle identification
number of your vehicle (perforation) as well as
t h e Gross Vehicle Weight Rat ing (GVWR) and the
G ross Axle We ight Rati ng (GAWR).
H igh- voltage warning label
T he high-voltage wa rnin g labe l is located in the
engine compartment next to the engine hood re
lease. The spark ignition system complies with
t h e Canadian standard ICES-002.
Weights
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
The Gross Vehicle We ight Rating (GVWR), and
t h e Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) for front
and rear a re listed on a sticker on the door jamb
o n the driver 's side .
The Gross Vehicle Weight Rating includes the
weight o f the basic vehicle plus f ull fuel tank, oil
and coolant, p lus maxim um load, which includes
passenger weight (150 lbs/68 kg per des ignated
seat ing pos it ion) and luggage weight
c:> .&, . .,.
301
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Tech nical data
Gasoline engines
A3 Sportback e-tron 1.4, 4 cylinder
Maximum output SAE net hp@ rpm 150@ 5000 -6000 l/min2>
Max
imum torq ue SAE net lb-ft@ rpm 184@ 1600 - 3500 l/min2>
Displacement
CID (cm3
) 85 (1395)
Engine oil with filter change
1>
Fuel ¢ page 228, Gasoline fuel
Electric output (short-term)
hp
E lectr ic torque (short-te rm) lb-ft
Total output (short-term) hp
T otal torque (short-term) lb-ft
Battery type
Battery energy content kWh
1> For specific engine oil capacities, please see
the most cur rent informa tion fo r th e USA at
http :/ /www.aud iusa.com/he lp/ma intenance o r
for Canad a at http ://www. aud i.c a/ca/ brand/ en/
A3 Sedan l.8L, 4-cylinder
Maximum output SA E net hp@rpm
Maximum torq ue SAE net lb-ft@ rpm
Displa cement C
ID (cm
3
)
Engine oil with filter change1>
102 (75 kW) (107 (80kW) max. nomina l
power) 2
l
243 2
)
204 (150 kW)2l
2582
)
Lithium-ion 8.8 kWh 2
l
you r _ aud i/aud i_ services_ and/Care _a nd_Ma i nte
nance/schedule. html or call 800-822-2834.
2)
1 70 @ 4500 - 6200
200@ 1600 - 4400 110 (1798)
Fuel
¢ page 228, Gasoline fuel
l ) For specific engine oil capac it ies , please see
the mos t cur rent informa tion fo r the USA at
http :/ /www. audi usa.com/he lp/ma inten ance o r
A3 Sedan 2.0L, 4-cylinder
Maximum output SA E net hp@ rpm
Maximum torque SAE net lb-ft@ rpm
Displa cement C
ID (cm
3
)
Engine oil with f ilter changell fo
r Canada at http://www.audi.ca/ca/brand/ en/
yo ur _a ud i/aud i_services_and/Care_a nd_Ma i nte
nance/sched ule. h tml or c all 8 00-822- 2834.
220 @ 4500 - 6200
258@ 1600 -4400
12 1 (1984)
Fuel
¢ page 228 , Gasoline fuel
l) For specific engine oil capac ities, please see
the most cur rent informa tion fo r th e USA at
http://www.au diusa.com/he lp/ma inten ance o r
for C anada at h ttp://www.au di.ca /ca/br and/ en/
304
you r _ a ud i/aud i_ services_ and/Care _and _Ma i nte
nance/schedule. html or call 800-822-283 4.
Page 307 of 328

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53 Sedan 2.0L, 4-cylinder
Maximum output SAE net hp@rpnn 292 @ 5400 -6200
Maximum torque SAE net lb
-ft@ rpm 280@ 1900 -S300
Displacement CID (cm
3
) 121 (1984)
Engine oil with filter change
1>
Fuel <=> page 228, Gasoline fuel
ll For specific engine oil capacities, please see
the most current information for the USA at
http:/ /www.audiusa.com/help/ma intenance or
Diesel engine
A3 Sedan, 2.0L TDI, 4-cylinder
Max imum outpu t SA E net hp@ rpnn
Maximum torque SAE net lb-ft@ rpm
Displacement C
ID (cm
3
)
Engine oil with filter change1l for
Canada at http:/ /www.audi.ca/ca/brand/ en/
your _audi/aud i_services_and/Care_a nd_Mainte
nance/schedule. html or call 800-822-2834.
150@ 3S00 -4000
237@ 1750 -3000
120 (1968)
Fuel
<=> page 2 2 9, Diesel fuel
l ) For specific engi ne oil capac ities, please see
the most current information fo r the USA at
http:/ /www .a udiusa .com/he lp/maintenance or
A3 Sportback, 2.0L TDI, 4-cylinder
Maximum output SA E net hp@rpnn
Maximum torque SAE net lb-ft@ rpm
Displacement C
ID (cm
3
)
Engine oil with filter change1l for Canada at http://www.audi.ca/ca/brand/ en/
you
r _ audi/ aud i _serv ices _and/Care _a nd _Ma inte
nance/schedule . html or call 800 -822 -2834 .
1 50@ 3S00 -4000
237@ 1750 -3000
120 (1968)
Fuel
c> page 229, Diesel fuel
l ) For specific engine oil capac ities, please see
the most current information for the USA at
h ttp:/ /www .audiusa .com/he lp/maintenance or
for Canada at http://www .audi .ca/ca/brand/ en/
your _aud i/ aud i_services _a nd/Ca re _and _M a i nte
na nce/ schedu le.html or call 800-822-2834.
305
Page 308 of 328

Consumer information
Consumer information
Warranty coverages
Your Audi is covered by the following warran
ties:
- New Vehicle Limited Warranty
- Limited Warranty Against Corrosion Perfora-
tion
- Emissions Control System Warranty
- Emissions Performance Warranty
- California Emissions Control Warranty (USA
vehicles only)
- California Emissions Performance Warranty
(USA vehicles only)
Detailed information regarding your warranties
can be found in your
Warranty & Maintenance
booklet .
Operating your vehicle
outside the U.S.A. or
Canada
Government regulati ons in the United States and
Canada require that automobi les meet specific
emission regulations and safety standards.
Therefore, vehicles built for the U.S.A. and Cana
da differ from vehicles sold in other countries.
If you plan to take your vehicle outside the conti
nenta l limits of the United States or Canada,
there is the poss ibility that:
- un leaded fue ls for vehicles with catalytic con
verter may not be available;
- fuel may have a considerably lower octane rat
ing . Improper fuel may cause engine damage;
- service may be inadequate due to lack of proper
service facilities, tools or testing equipment;
- r eplacement parts may not be readily available.
- Nav igation systems for veh icles built for the
U.S .A . and Canada will not necessarily work in
Europe, and may not work in other countries
outside North America.
306
(D Note
Audi cannot be responsib le for mechanical
damage that could result from inadequate
fuel, service or parts ava ilability.
Audi Service Repair
Manuals and Literature
Audi Official Factory Service Manuals and Litera
ture are published as soon as poss ible after mod
el introduction . Service manuals and literature
are available to order from the Audi Technical Lit
erature Ordering Center at :
www.audi.techliterature .com
Maintenance
General '
Your vehicle has been designed to help keep
maintenance requirements to a minimum. How
ever, a certain amount of regular maintenance is
still necessary to assure your vehicle's safety,
economy and reliability . For detailed vehicle
maintenance consult your Warranty & Mainte
nance booklet .
Under difficult operating conditions, for exam
ple at extremely low outside temperatures, in
very dusty regions, when towing a trailer very fre
quently, etc., some service work should be per
formed between the intervals specified. This ap
plies particularly to:
- oil changes, and
- cleaning or replac ing the a ir filter .
'
@) For the sake of the environment
By regularly maintain ing your vehicle, you
help make sure that em iss ion standards are
maintained, thus minimizing adverse effects
on the environment .
Important considerations for you and your
vehicle
The increasing use of electronics, sophisticated
fuel injection and emission control systems, and
the generally increas ing technica l complexity of ..,_
Page 309 of 328

today's automobiles, have steadily reduced the
scope of maintenance and repairs which can be
carried out by vehicle owners.
Also, safety and
environmental
concerns place very strict limits
on the n ature of repairs and adjustments to en
gine and transmission parts which an owner can perform .
Maintenance, adjustments and repairs usually re
quire special tools, testing devices and o ther
equipment available to specially trained work
shop personnel in order to assure proper per
formance, reliability and safety of the vehicle and
its many systems.
Improper maintenance, adjustments and repairs
can impair the operation and reliability of your
vehicle and even void your vehicle warranty .
Therefore, proof of servicing in accordance with
the maintenance schedule may be a condition for upholding a possible warranty claim made within
the warranty period.
Above all , operational safety can be adversely af
fected, creating unnecessary risks for you and
your passengers.
If in doubt about any servicing, have it done by
your authorized Audi dealer or any other properly equipped and qualified workshop. We strongly urge you to give your authorized Audi dealer the
opportunity to perform all scheduled mainte nanc e and necessary repairs. Your dealer has the
facilities, original parts and trained specialists to keep your vehicle running properly .
Performing limited maintenance yourself
The following pages describe a limited number of
procedures which can be performed on your vehi
cle with ordinary tools, should the need arise and
trained personnel be unavailable. Before per
forming any of these procedures, always thor
oughly read all of the applicable text and careful ly follow the instructions given . Always rigorously
observe the
WARNINGS provided .
Before you check anything in the engine com-
,.., partment, always read and heed all WARNINGS
N
~ c::> .&. and c::> page 236.
co ,....,
A WARNING
-Serious personal injury may occur as a result
of improperly performed maintenance, ad
justments or repairs .
- Always be extremely careful when working
on the vehicle. Always follow commonly ac
cepted safety practices and general com mon sense. Never risk personal injury.
- Do not attempt any of the maintenance,
checks or repairs described on the following pages if you are not fully familiar with these
or other procedures with respect to the ve hicle, or are uncertain how to proceed.
- Do not do any work without the proper tools
and equipment. Have the necessary work
done by your authorized Audi dealer or an
other properly equipped and qualified work
shop.
- The engine compartment of any motor vehi cle is a potentially hazardous area. Never
reach into the area around or touch the radi
ator fan.
It is temperature controlled and
can switch on suddenly - even when the en
gine is off . The radiator fan switches on au
tomatically when the coolant reaches a cer
tain temperature and will continue to run
until the coolant temperature drops.
- Always switch off the ignition before anyone
gets under the vehicle .
-Always support your vehicle with safety
stands if it is necessary to work underneath
the vehicle . The jack supplied with the vehi
cle is not adequate for this purpose and
could collapse causing serious personal in
jury.
- If you must work underneath the vehicle
with the wheels on the ground, always make
sure the vehicle is on level ground, that the
wheels are always securely blocked and that
the engine cannot be started.
- Always make sure the transmission selector
lever (automatic transmission) is in P (Park
position) and the park brake is applied .
II>
307
Page 310 of 328

Consumer inf orm ation
@ For the sake of the env ironment
- Changing the engine settings wi ll adversely
affect emission levels. Th is is detrimental to
the environment and increases fuel con
sumption.
- A lways observe environmental regu lations
when disposing of old engine o il, used brake
fl ui d, d irty engine coolant, spent batteries
or worn out tires.
- Undeployed airbag modules and pretension
ers mig ht be classified as Perchlorate Mate
rial -special handl ing may apply, see
www.dtsc .ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlo
r ate. When the vehicle or parts of the re
straint system including airbag modu les
safety be lts wi th pretensioners are scrap
ped, all applicab le laws and regulations
must be observed. Your authorized Audi
dealer is familiar with these requirements
and we recommend that you have your deal er perform this service for you.
Accessories and technical changes
Additional accessories and parts replacement
Always consult an authorized Audi dealer before
purchasing accessories.
Your vehicle incorporates the latest safety design
features ensuring a high standard of active and passive safety.
This safety could be comp romised by non-ap
proved changes to the vehicle . For this reason, if
parts have to be replaced, please observe the fo l
lowing points when insta lling addit ional accesso
ries:
Approved Audi accessories and genuine Audi parts are available from author ized Audi dealers.
These dealers also have the necessary facilities,
too ls and trained specialists to install the parts
and accessories properly.
308
A WARNING
-
Using the wrong spare parts or using non-ap-
proved accessories can cause damage to the
vehicle and serious personal injury.
- Use only accessories expressly approved by
Aud i and genuine Audi spare parts
- These parts and accessor ies have been spe
cially designed to be used on your vehicle.
- Never install accessor ies such as telephone
cradles or beverage holders on airbag covers
or w ith in the airbag deployment zones. Do
ing so will increase the risk of injury if a ir
bags are triggered in an accident!
- Before you check anything in the eng ine
compartment, always read and heed all
WARN INGS
Qpage 236.
(D Note
-If items other than genu ine Audi spare
parts, add-on equipment and accessory
items are used or if repair wor k is not per
formed a ccording to specified methods, this
c an resul t in severe damage to you r vehi
cle's eng ine and body (such as corrosion)
and adve rsely af fect your vehicle's war ranty.
- I f emergency repai rs must be performed
elsewhere, have the vehicle exam ined by an
authorized A udi dealer as soon as possib le .
- T he manuf acture r ca nnot be held liable for
damage which occurs d ue to failure to com
ply with these stipulations.
Technical Modifications '
Our guidelines must be complied with when tech
nical modifications are made .
Always consult an a uthorized Audi de aler bef ore
sta rt ing work on any modifica tions.
This will help ensure that vehicle fu nction, per
fo rmance and safety are not impaired
Q ,& .
Attempting to work on electronic components
and the software used with them can cause mal
funct io ns. Because of the way elect ronic compo
nen ts a re interconnected with each othe r, such
malfunc tions c an also have an adverse affect on
othe r systems that are not d irectl y involved. This ..,.