sensor MERCEDES-BENZ CLA-Class 2016 C117 Owner's Manual

Display message ............................ 240
Brakes
ABS .................................................. 65
Adaptive Brake Assist ...................... 68
BAS .................................................. 66
Brake fluid (notes) .........................3 69
Display message ............................ 228
EBD ..................................................7 2
Hill start assist ............................... 151
HOLD function ............................... 187
Important safety notes .................. 175
Maintenance .................................. 176
Parking brake ................................ 171
Riding tips ...................................... 175
Warning lamp ................................. 260
Breakdown
Where will I find...? ........................ 310
see Flat tire
see Tow-starting
see Towing away
Brightness control (instrument
cluster lighting) ................................... 31
Buttons on the steering wheel ......... 211
C
California
Important notice for retail cus-
tomers and lessees .......................... 23
Calling up a malfunction
see Display messages
Car
see Vehicle
Care
Car wash ........................................ 302
Carpets .......................................... 308
Display ........................................... 306
Exhaust pipe .................................. 306
Exterior lights ................................ 305
Gear or selector lever .................... 307
Interior ........................................... 306
Matte finish ................................... 304
Notes ............................................. 301
Paint .............................................. 303
Plastic trim .................................... 306
Power washer ................................ 303
Rear view camera .......................... 306
Roof lining ...................................... 308 Seat belt ........................................ 308
Seat cover ..................................... 307
Sensors ......................................... 305
Steering wheel ............................... 307
Trim pieces .................................... 307
Washing by hand ........................... 302
Wheels ........................................... 304
Windows ........................................ 304
Wiper blades .................................. 305
Wooden trim .................................. 307
Cargo compartment enlargement ... 275
Cargo tie down rings ......................... 276
CD player (on-board computer) ........ 217
Center console
Lower section .................................. 36
Upper section .................................. 35
Central locking
Automatic locking (on-board com-puter) ............................................. 222
Locking/unlocking (SmartKey) ........ 76
Changing bulbs
Brake lamps ................................... 123
Cornering light function ................. 123
High-beam headlamps ................... 122
Low-beam headlamps .................... 122
Rear fog lamp ................................ 123
Turn signals (front) ......................... 123
Turn signals (rear) .......................... 123
Child
Restraint system .............................. 59
Child seat
Forward-facing restraint system ...... 63
LATCH-type (ISOFIX) child seat
anchors ............................................ 60
On the front-passenger seat ............ 62
Rearward-facing restraint system .... 63
Top Tether ....................................... 61
Child-proof locks
Important safety no
tes .................... 63
Rear doors ....................................... 64
Children
Special seat belt retractor ............... 59
Cigarette lighter ................................ 280
Cleaning
Mirror turn signal ........................... 305
Climate control
Air-conditioning system ................. 131
6Index

Lane Keeping AssistActivating/deactivating (on-
board computer) ............................ 220
Display message ............................ 246
Function/information .................... 207
Lane Tracking package .....................205
Lap time (RACETIMER) ......................224
LATCH-type (ISOFIX) child seat
anchors ................................................ 60
License plate lamp (display mes-
sage) ................................................... 241
Light function, active
Display message ............................ 242
Light sensor (display message) ....... 242
Lights
Adaptive Highbeam Assist ............. 118
Automatic headlamp mode ............ 114
Cornering light function ................. 117
Fog lamps ...................................... 115
Fogged up headlamps .................... 119
Hazard warning lamps ................... 117
High beam flasher .......................... 117
High-beam headlamps ................... 116
Light switch ................................... 114
Low-beam headlamps .................... 115
Parking lamps ................................ 116
Rear fog lamp ................................ 116
Setting exterior lighting ................. 114
Standing lamps .............................. 116
Switching the daytime running
lamps on/off (on-board com-
puter) ............................................. 222
Turn signals ................................... 116
LIM indicator lamp
DISTRONIC PLUS ........................... 182
Loading guidelines ............................ 272
Locking
see Central locking
Locking (doors)
Automatic ........................................ 84
Emergency locking ........................... 85
From inside (central locking but-
ton) ..................................................8 4
Locking centrally
see Cent ral loc
king
Locking verification signal (on-
board computer) .............................. .222 Low-beam headlamps
Changing bulbs .............................. 122
Display message ............................ 240
Switching on/off ........................... 115
Lumbar support
Adjusting the 4-way lumbar sup-
port ................................................ 104
M
M+S tires ............................................ 330
Malfunction message
see Display messages
Matte finish (cleaning instruc-
tions) ..................................................3 04
mbrace
Call priority ....................................2 85
Display message ............................ 234
Downloading destinations
(COMAND) ..................................... 286
Downloading routes ....................... 289
Emergency call .............................. 283
General notes ................................ 282
Geo fencing ................................... 289
Locating a stolen vehicle ...............2 88
MB info call button ........................ 285
Remote fault diagnosis .................. 288
Remote vehicle locking .................. 287
Roadside Assistance button .......... 284
Search & Send ............................... 286
Self-test ......................................... 282
Speed alert .................................... 289
System .......................................... 282
Triggering the vehicle alarm ........... 289
Vehicle remote unlocking .............. 287
Mechanical key
Function/notes ................................ 78
Inserting .......................................... 79
Locking vehicle ................................ 85
Removing ......................................... 79
Unlocking the driver's door .............. 85
Memory card (audio) ......................... 217
Memory function ............................... 110
Message memory (on-board com-
puter) .................................................. 227
Messages
see Display messages
12Index

Operating safetyDeclaration of conformity ................ 25
Important safety notes .................... 24
Operating system
see On-board computer
Operator's Manual
Vehicle equipment ........................... 22
Outside temperature display ........... 211
Overhead control panel ...................... 39
Override feature
Rear side windows ........................... 64
P
Paint code number ............................ 364
Paintwork (cleaning instructions) ... 303
Panic alarm .......................................... 42
Panorama roof with power tilt/
sliding panel
Important safety notes .................... 92
Operating ......................................... 93
Operating the roller sunblinds for
the sliding sunroof ........................... 94
Problem (malfunction) ..................... 97
Reversing feature ............................. 93
Parking
Important safety notes .................. 169
Parking brake ................................ 171
Position of exterior mirror, front-
passenger side ............................... 109
Rear view camera .......................... 200
see Active Parking Assist
see PARKTRONIC
Parking aid
Active Parking Assist ..................... 195
see Exterior mirrors
see PARKTRONIC
Parking assistance
see PARKTRONIC
Parking brake
Display message ............................ 231
Electric parking brake .................... 171
Warning lamp ................................. 266
Parking lamps
Switching on/off ........................... 116
PARKTRONIC
Deactivating/activating ................. 194
Driving system ............................... 192 Function/notes ............................. 192
Important safety notes .................. 192
Problem (malfunction) ................... 195
Range of the sensors ..................... 192
Warning display ............................. 193
PASSENGER AIR BAG
Display message ............................ 238
Indicator lamps ................................ 43
Problem (malfunction) ................... 238
Pets in the vehicle ............................... 64
Plastic trim (cleaning instruc-
tions) .................................................. 306
Power washers .................................. 303
Power windows
see Side windows
Protection against theft
ATA (Anti-Theft Alarm system) ......... 73
Immobilizer ...................................... 73
Protection of the environment
General notes .................................. 21
Pulling away
Automatic transmission ................. 150
General notes ................................ 150
Hill start assist ............................... 151
Q
QR codeMercedes-Benz Guide App ................. 1
Rescue card ..................................... 27
Qualified specialist workshop ........... 25
R
RACE START
Important safety notes .................. 189
RACE START (AMG vehicles) ............. 189
RACETIMER (on-board computer) .... 224
Radio
Selecting a station ......................... 217
see separate operating instructions
Radio-wave reception/transmis-
sion in the vehicle
Declaration of conformity ................ 25
Rain closing feature (panorama
roof with power tilt/sliding panel) .... 94
Reading lamp ..................................... 119
14Index

Seat heating problem .................... 106
Storing settings (memory func-
tion) ............................................... 110
Switching seat heating on/off ....... 105
Securing cargo .................................. 276
Selector lever
Cleaning ......................................... 307
Sensors (cleaning instructions) ....... 305
Service menu (on-board com-
puter) .................................................. 221
Service message
see ASSYST PLUS
Service products
Brake fluid ..................................... 369
Coolant (engine) ............................ 369
Engine oil ....................................... 368
Fuel ................................................ 365
Important safety notes .................. 365
Refrigerant (air-conditioning sys-
tem) ............................................... 371
Washer fluid ................................... 370
Setting the air distribution ............... 138
Setting the airflow ............................ 138
Settings
Factory (on-board computer) ......... 223
On-board computer ....................... 221
SETUP (on-board computer) ............. 224
Side impact air bag ............................. 50
Side marker lamp (display mes-
sage) ................................................... 242
Side windows
Cleaning ......................................... 304
Convenience closing feature ............ 90
Convenience opening feature .......... 89
Important safety information ........... 88
Opening/closing .............................. 89
Problem (malfunction) ..................... 92
Resetting ......................................... 91
Reversing feature ............................. 88
Sliding sunroof
see Panorama roof with power
tilt/sliding panel
SmartKey
Changing the battery ....................... 80
Changing the programming ............. 78
Checking the battery ....................... 79
Convenience closing feature ............ 90 Convenience opening feature .......... 89
Display message ............................ 257
Door central locking/unlocking ....... 76
Important safety notes .................... 76
KEYLESS-GO start function .............. 78
Loss ................................................. 81
Mechanical key ................................ 78
Positions (ignition lock) ................. 147
Problem (malfunction)
..................... 81
Sta

rting the engine ........................ 149
SmartKey positions (ignition lock) .. 147
Snow chains ...................................... 331
Sockets
Center console .............................. 281
General notes ................................ 281
Rear compartment ......................... 281
Trunk ............................................. 281
Special seat belt retractor .................. 59
Specialist workshop ............................ 25
Speed, controlling
see Cruise control
Speedometer
Activating/deactivating the addi-
tional speedometer ........................ 221
Digital ............................................ 215
In the Instrument cluster ................. 31
Segments ...................................... 210
Selecting the display unit ............... 221
SPORT handling mode
Deactivating/activating
(Mercedes-AMG vehicles) ................ 70
Warning lamp ................................. 264
Standing lamps
Display message ............................ 241
Switching on/off ........................... 116
Start-off assist
Activating ....................................... 189
Important safety notes .................. 189
Start/Stop button
Removing ....................................... 148
Starting the engine ........................ 150
Start/stop function
see ECO start/stop function
Starting (engine) ................................ 149
STEER CONTROL .................................. 72
Steering
Display message ............................ 256
16Index

Protection of the environment
General notes
HEnvironmental note
Daimler's declared policy is one of compre-
hensive environmental protection.
The objectives are for the natural resources
that form the basis of our existence on this
planet to be used sparingly and in a manner
that takes the requirements of both nature
and humanity into account.
You too can help to protect the environment
by operating your vehicle in an environmen-
tally responsible manner.
Fuel consumption and the rate of engine,
transmission, brake and tire wear are affected by these factors:
Roperating conditions of your vehicle
Ryour personal driving style
You can influence both factors. You should
bear the following in mind:
Operating conditions:
Ravoid short trips as these increase fuel con-
sumption.
Ralways make sure that the tire pressures
are correct.
Rdo not carry any unnecessary weight.
Rremove roof racks once you no longer need
them.
Ra regularly serviced vehicle will contribute
to environmental protection. You should
therefore adhere to the service intervals.
Ralways have service work carried out at a
qualified specialist workshop.
Personal driving style:
Rdo not depress the accelerator pedal when
starting the engine.
Rdo not warm up the engine when the vehicle
is stationary.
Rdrive carefully and maintain a safe distance
from the vehicle in front.
Ravoid frequent, sudden acceleration and
braking.
Rchange gear in good time and use each gear
only up to Ôof its maximum engine speed.
Rswitch off the engine in stationary traffic.
Rkeep an eye on the vehicle's fuel consump-
tion.
Environmental concerns and recom-
mendations
Wherever the operating instructions require
you to dispose of materials, first try to regen-
erate or re-use them. Observe the relevant
environmental rules and regulations when
disposing of materials. In this way you will
help to protect the environment.
Genuine Mercedes-Benz parts
HEnvironmental note
Daimler AG also supplies reconditioned major
assemblies and parts which are of the same
quality as new parts. They are covered by the
same Limited Warranty entitlements as new
parts.
!Air bags and Emergency Tensioning Devi-
ces, as well as control units and sensors for these restraint systems, may be installed in
the following areas of your vehicle:
Rdoors
Rdoor pillars
Rdoor sills
Rseats
Rcockpit
Rinstrument cluster
Rcenter console
Do not install accessories such as audio
systems in these areas. Do not carry out
repairs or welding. You could impair the
operating efficiency of the restraint sys-
tems.
Have aftermarket accessories installed at a qualified specialist workshop.
Introduction21
Z

ROnly secure a child in a rearward-facing
child restraint system on the front-
passenger seat when the front-passenger
front air bag is deactivated. If the
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF indicator lamp ispermanently lit, the front-passenger front
air bag is deactivated (
Ypage 43).
RAlways observe the instructions and safety
notes on the "Occupant Classification Sys-
tem (OCS)" (
Ypage 51) and on "Children
in the vehicle" (
Ypage 58) in addition to
the child restraint system manufacturer's
installation instructions.
Objects in the vehicle interior may pre-
vent an air bag from functioning correctly.
Before starting your journey and to avoid risks
resulting from the speed of the air bag as it
deploys, make sure that:
Rthere are no people, animals or objects
between the vehicle occupants and an air
bag.
Rthere are no objects between the seat, door
and B-pillar.
Rno hard objects, e.g. coat hangers, hang on the grab handles or coat hooks.
Rno accessories, such as cup holders, are
attached to the vehicle within the deploy-
ment area of an air bag, e.g. to doors, side
windows, rear side trim or side walls.
Rno heavy, sharp-edged or fragile objects
are in the pockets of your clothing. Store
such objects in a suitable place.
GWARNING
If you modify the air bag cover or affix objects
such as stickers to it, the air bag can no longer
function correctly. There is an increased risk
of injury.
Never modify an air bag cover or affix objects
to it.
GWARNING
Sensors to control the air bags are located in
the doors. Modifications or work not per-
formed correctly to the doors or door panel-
ing, as well as damaged doors, can lead to the
function of the sensors being impaired. The air
bags might therefore not function properly
anymore. Consequently, the air bags cannot
protect vehicle occupants as they are
designed to do. There is an increased risk of
injury.
Never modify the doors or parts of the doors.
Always have work on the doors or door pan-
eling carried out at a qualified specialist work-
shop.
Front air bags
Driver's air bag :deploys in front of the
steering wheel. Front-passenger front air
bag ;deploys in front of and above the glove
box.
When deployed, the front air bags offer addi-
tional head and thorax protection for the
occupants in the front seats.
The PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF and
PASSENGER AIR BAG ON indicator lamps
inform you about the status of the front-
passenger air bag (
Ypage 43).
The front-passenger front air bag will only
deploy if:
Rthe system, based on the OCS weight sen-
sor readings, detects that the front-
passenger seat is occupied (
Ypage 51).
The PASSENGER AIR BAG ON indicator
lamp is lit (
Ypage 51)
Rthe restraint system control unit predicts a
high accident severity
Occupant safety49
Safety
Z

The pulsating brake pedal can be an indica-
tion of hazardous road conditions, and func-
tions as a reminder to take extra care while
driving.
BAS (Brake Assist System)
General information
BAS operates in emergency braking situa-
tions. If you depress the brake pedal quickly,
BAS automatically boosts the braking force,
thus shortening the stopping distance.
Important safety notes
iObserve the "Important safety notes" sec-
tion (
Ypage 65).
GWARNING
If BAS is malfunctioning, the braking distance
in an emergency braking situation is
increased. There is a risk of an accident.
In an emergency braking situation, depress
the brake pedal with full force. ABS prevents
the wheels from locking.
Braking
XKeep the brake pedal firmly depressed until
the emergency braking situation is over.
ABS prevents the wheels from locking.
The brakes will function as usual once you
release the brake pedal. BAS is deactivated.
COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST
PLUS
General information
iObserve the "Important safety notes" sec-
tion (
Ypage 65).
COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS con-
sists of a distance warning function with an
autonomous braking function and adaptive
Brake Assist. COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS can
help you to minimize the risk of a front-end
collision with a vehicle ahead or reduce the
effects of such a collision.
If COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS
detects that there is a risk of a collision, you
will be warned visually and acoustically. If you
do not react to the visual and audible collision
warning, autonomous braking can be initiated
in critical situations. If you apply the brake
yourself in a critical situation, the COLLISION
PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS adaptive Brake
Assist assists you.
Important safety notes
Detection of hazardous situations can be par-
ticularly impaired by:
Rthere is dirt on the sensors or anything else
covering the sensors
Rthere is snow or heavy rain
Rthere is interference by other radar sources
Rthere are strong radar reflections, for
example in parking garages
Ra narrow vehicle traveling in front, e.g. a
motorbike
Ra vehicle traveling in front on a different line
Rnew vehicles or after a service on the COL-
LISION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS system
Observe the important safety notes in the
"Breaking-in notes" section (
Ypage 146).
Following damage to the front end of the vehi-
cle, have the configuration and operation of
the radar sensor checked at a qualified spe-
cialist workshop. This also applies to colli-
sions at low speeds where there is no visible
damage to the front of the vehicle.
Switching on/off
The COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS is
automatically active after switching on the
ignition.
You can activate or deactivate COLLISION
PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS in the on-board
computer (
Ypage 220). When deactivated,
66Driving safety systems
Safety

the distance warning function and the auton-
omous braking function are also deactivated.
If COLLISION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS is
deactivated, theæsymbol appears in the
assistance graphics display.
Distance warning function
General information
The distance warning function can help you to
minimize the risk of a front-end collision with a vehicle ahead or reduce the effects of such
a collision. If the distance warning function
detects that there is a risk of a collision, you
will be warned visually and acoustically.
Important safety notes
iObserve the "Important safety notes" sec-
tion for driving safety systems (
Ypage 65).
GWARNING
The distance warning function does not react:
Rto people or animals
Rto oncoming vehicles
Rto crossing traffic
Rwhen cornering
Thus, the distance warning function cannot
provide a warning in all critical situations.
There is a risk of an accident.
Always pay careful attention to the traffic sit-
uation and be ready to brake.
GWARNING
The distance warning function cannot always
clearly identify objects and complex traffic
situations.
In such cases, the distance warning function
may:
Rgive an unnecessary warning
Rnot give a warning
There is a risk of an accident.
Always pay careful attention to the traffic sit-
uation and do not rely solely on the distance
warning function.
Function
Starting at a speed of approximately 4 mph
(7 km/h), the distance warning function
warns you if you rapidly approach a vehicle in
front. An intermittent warning tone will then
sound, and the ·distance warning lamp
will light up in the instrument cluster.
XBrake immediately in order to increase the distance from the vehicle in front.
or
XTake evasive action, provided it is safe to do
so.
Due to the nature of the system, particularly
complicated but non-critical driving condi-
tions may also cause the system to display a warning.
With the help of the radar sensor system, the
distance warning function can detect obsta-
cles that are in the path of your vehicle for an
extended period of time.
Up to a speed of approximately 44 mph
(70 km/h), the distance warni
ng function can
also react to stationary obstacles, such as
stopped or parked vehicles.
Autonomous braking function
If the driver does not react to the distance
warning signal in a critical situation, COLLI-
SION PREVENTION ASSIST PLUS can assist
with the autonomous braking function.
The autonomous braking function:
Rgives the driver more time to react to criti-
cal driving situations
Rcan help the driver to avoid an accident or
Rreduces the effects of an accident
Vehicles without DISTRONIC PLUS: the
autonomous braking function is available in
the following speed ranges:
R4 - 65 mph (7 - 105 km/h) for moving
objects
R4 - 31 mph (7 - 50 km/h) for stationary
objects
Driving safet ysystem s67
Safety
Z

Vehicles with DISTRONIC PLUS:the auton-
omous braking function is available in the fol- lowing speed ranges:
R4 - 124 mph (7 - 200 km/h) for moving
objects
R4 - 31 mph (7 - 50 km/h) for stationary
objects
Due to the nature of the system, particularly
complicated but non-critical driving condi-
tions may also cause the Autonomous Brak-
ing Function to intervene.
Adaptive Brake Assist
General information
iObserve the "Important safety notes" sec-
tion (
Ypage 65).
With the help of adaptive Brake Assist, the
distance warning signal can detect obstacles
that are in the path of your vehicle for an
extended period of time.
If adaptive Brake Assist detects a risk of col-
lision with the vehicle in front, it calculates
the braking force necessary to avoid a colli-
sion. If you apply the brakes forcefully, adap-
tive Brake Assist will automatically increase
the braking force to a level suitable for the
traffic conditions.
Adaptive Brake Assist provides braking assis-
tance in hazardous situations at speeds
above 4 mph (7 km/h). It uses radar sensor
technology to assess the traffic situation.
Up to a speed of approximately 155 mph
(250 km/h), adaptive Brake Assist is capable
of reacting to moving objects that have
already been detected as such at least once
over the period of observation.
Up to a speed of approximately 44 mph
(70 km/h), adaptive Brake Assist reacts to
stationary obstacles.
XKeep the brake pedal depressed until the
emergency braking situation is over.
ABS prevents the wheels from locking. The brakes will work normally again if:
Ryou release the brake pedal.
Rthere is no longer any danger of a collision.
Rno obstacle is detected in front of your
vehicle.
Adaptive Brake Assist is then deactivated.
Important safety notes
iObserve the "Important safety notes" sec-
tion for driving safety systems (
Ypage 65).
GWARNING
Adaptive Brake Assist cannot always clearly
identify objects and complex traffic situa-
tions.
In such cases, Adaptive Brake Assist can:
Rintervene unnecessarily
Rnot intervene
There is a risk of an accident.
Always pay careful attention to the traffic sit- uation and be ready to brake. Terminate the
intervention in a non-critical driving situation.
GWARNING
Adaptive Brake Assist does not react:
Rto people or animals
Rto oncoming vehicles
Rto crossing traffic
Rwhen cornering
As a result, the Adaptive Brake Assist may not
intervene in all critical conditions. There is a
risk of an accident.
Always pay careful attention to the traffic sit- uation and be ready to brake.
Due to the nature of the system, particularly
complicated but non-critical driving condi-
tions may also cause Brake Assist to inter-
vene.
If adaptive Brake Assist is not available due to
a malfunction in the radar sensor system, the
brake system remains available with full
brake boosting effect and BAS.
68Driving safety systems
Safety

The SmartKey centrally locks/unlocks:
Rthe doors
Rthe trunk lid
Rthe fuel filler flap
The turn signals flash once when unlocking
and three times when locking.
When the locator lighting is activated in Audio
20/COMAND, it lights up when it is dark after the vehicle is unlocked with the remote con-
trol (see separate operating instructions).
You can also set an audible signal to confirm
that the vehicle has been locked. The audible
signal can be activated and deactivated using
the on-board computer (
Ypage 222).
XTo open the trunk lid automatically:
press and hold the Fbutton until the
trunk lid opens (
Ypage 86).
KEYLESS-GO
General notes
Bear in mind that the engine can be started by
any of the vehicle occupants if there is a
SmartKey in the vehicle.
Locking and unlocking
You can start, lock or unlock the vehicle using
KEYLESS-GO. To do this, you only need carry the SmartKey with you. You can combine the
functions of KEYLESS-GO with those of a con-ventional SmartKey. Unlock the vehicle by
using KEYLESS-GO, for instance, and lock it
using the &button on the SmartKey.
The driver's door and the door at which the
handle is used, must both be closed. The
SmartKey must be outside the vehicle. When
locking or unlocking with KEYLESS-GO, the
distance between the SmartKey and the cor-
responding door handle must not be greater
than 3 ft (1 m). A check which periodically establishes a radio
connection between the vehicle and the
SmartKey determines whether a valid Smart-
Key is in the vehicle. This occurs, for example:
Rwhen starting the engine
Rwhilst driving
Rwhen the external door handles are
touched
Rduring convenience closing
XTo unlock the vehicle:
touch the inner
surface of the door handle.
XTo lock the vehicle: touch sensor sur-
face :or;.
Make sure that you do not touch the inner
surface of the door handle.
XConvenience closing feature: touch
recessed sensor surface ;for an exten-
ded period.
Further information on the convenience
closing feature (
Ypage 90).
XTo unlock the trunk lid: pull trunk lid han-
dle :.
SmartKey77
Opening and closing
Z