park assist AUDI A8 2020 User Guide

Driving

The parking lock was released using the emer-
gency release > page 116 or can no longer be en-
gaged. Drive to an authorized Audi dealer or au-
thorized Audi Service Facility immediately to have
the malfunction corrected.
Move selector lever to automatic position
The transmission has switched out of tiptronic
mode. Switch back to automatic mode with the
selector lever > page 115.
Drive system
A new vehicle must be broken in within the first
1,000 miles (1,500 km) so that all moving parts
work smoothly together, which helps to increase
the service life of the engine and other drive com-
ponents.
Do not drive higher than two-thirds of the maxi-
mum permitted engine RPM during the first 600
miles (1,000 km) and do not use full accelera-
tion. The engine can be increased RPM gradually
during the next 300 miles (500 km).
Conventional and mild hybrid drive system
Applies to: vehicles with a conventional drive system or a mild
hybrid drive system
Vehicles with a conventional or mild hybrid drive
system are powered by a combustion engine. It
uses fuel to recover energy.
Vehicles with a mild hybrid drive system have ad-
ditional battery technology.
Plug-in hybrid drive
Applies to: vehicles with plug-in hybrid drive
With plug-in hybrid drive, you can select between
the electric and combustion engine drive systems
or combine them > page 119, > page 115.
Coasting
Similar to vehicles with a conventional drive sys-
tem, plug-in hybrid drive vehicles can also disen-
gage the combustion engine to save fuel. The ve-
hicle rolls without an engine braking effect in this
mode, which is like “coasting”. However, the elec-
118
tric portion of the drive system remains engaged
and recuperates if necessary. The coasting func-
tion can be automatically activated in the “D” or
“E” driving program. This occurs automatically
when you take your foot off the accelerator ped-
al.
Applies to: vehicles with plug-in hybrid drive
The vehicle is able to recover energy by using “re-
cuperation”. The electric drive system operates
like a generator and converts a large portion of
kinetic energy into electrical energy that is stored
in the high-voltage battery. The vehicle is braked
during recuperation, which is similar to the en-
gine braking effect on a vehicle with a combus-
tion engine. This will happen automatically when
you press the brake pedal while driving in “D”
gear, or when you remove your foot from the ac-
celerator pedal.
When you press the brake pedal, recuperation is
used to brake the vehicle. The brakes will only be
activated if necessary. When driving normally,
this makes it possible to brake using only recu-
peration just before coming to stop and to lose
little energy and range from braking.
Settings options
You can set if recuperation should be adjusted to
be proactive*, for example, to the road.
> Applies to: MMI: Select on the home screen:
VEHICLE > Charging & Efficiency > Efficiency
assist > Intelligent coasting.

Z\ WARNING
In certain situations, the recuperation may
brake proactively. However, the recuperation
braking effect is limited. Always be ready to
brake to reduce the risk of an accident.
G) Tips
If the ESC is limited or switched off, automat-
ic recuperation is not available and will not
brake.

4N0012721BD
Driving

Saisie laine eN eae (eA
driving

Your driving style greatly influences the amount
of fuel and energy consumed, the environmental
impact, and the wear on the engine, brakes, and
tires. Note the following information for efficient
and environmentally-conscious driving:
— Turn off electrical equipment that is not need-
ed, for example seat heating*.
— Anticipate upcoming traffic situations while
driving to avoid unnecessary acceleration and
braking.
— Avoid driving at high speeds.
— Avoid adding extra weight to the vehicle if pos-
sible, for example by not leaving roof racks or
bike racks installed when they are not needed.
— Make sure the tire pressure is correct.
— Have maintenance performed regularly on the
vehicle.
— Do not drive with winter tires during the summ-
er.
— Do not let the engine run while the vehicle
parked.
— Use the Start/Stop system.
— Utilize the engine braking effect.
— Avoid driving short distances when possible.
G) Tips
The amount of noise produced by the vehicle
can increase significantly when driving with a
sporty style. Show respect to others around
you and the environment with the way you op-
erate your vehicle, especially at night.
Energy management
Your vehicle is equipped with an intelligent ener-
gy management system for distributing electrici-
ty. This significantly improves the starting ability
and increases the vehicle battery life.
@ Tips
— If you drive short distances frequently, the
vehicle battery may not charge enough
while driving. As a result, convenience func-
tions for electrical equipment may be tem-
porarily unavailable.
— The vehicle battery will gradually drain if
the vehicle is not driven for long periods of
time, or if electrical equipment is used
when the engine is not running. To ensure
that the vehicle can still be started, the
electrical equipment will be limited or
switched off.
WE Te [1 y
B Drive system: malfunction! Safely stop vehi-
cle
There is a malfunction in the drive system. The
brake
booster and the power steering may stop
working. Stop the vehicle immediately or as soon
as possible and do not continue driving. Have the
problem corrected by an authorized Audi dealer
or authorized Audi Service Facility.
B Drive system: malfunction! Please contact
Service
There is a malfunction in the drive system. Drive
slowly to an authorized Audi dealer or authorized
Audi Service Facility to have the malfunction cor-
rected.
BS Vehicle sound: malfunction! Pedestrians
cannot hear vehicle. Please contact Service
There is a malfunction in the vehicle sound func-
tion. Drive extremely carefully, since other road
users may not be able to hear your electric vehi-
cle. Drive to an authorized Audi dealer or author-
ized Audi Service Facility immediately to have the
malfunction corrected.
Start/Stop system
Applies to: vehicles with Start/Stop system
The Start/Stop system can help increase fuel
economy and reduce CO2 emissions.
In Start/Stop mode, the engine shuts off auto-
matically when stopped, for example at a traffic
light. The ignition and important assist systems
such as power steering and the brake booster will
remain available during the Stop phase. The en-
gine will restart automatically when needed. >
121

Driving

@) Note
— Never let the brakes “rub” by pressing the
pedal lightly when braking is not actually
necessary. This can cause the brakes to over-
heat and increases braking distance and
causes wear.
— Observe the important information for driv-
ing downhill > page 126. This especially ap-
plies when towing a trailer.
@ Tips
— If you retrofit your vehicle with a front spoil-
er, wheel covers or similar items, make sure
that the air flow to the brakes is not ob-
structed. Otherwise the brake system can
overheat.
— Also refer to the information about brake
fluid > page 283.
WEEE Tel
GG 7 @ Brakes: malfunction! Safely stop ve-
hicle
There is a malfunction in the brake system. If
fs) and also turn on, there is a malfunc-
tion in the ABS, ESC, and braking distribution.
Do not continue driving. See an authorized Audi
dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility for as-
sistance. Read and follow the other safety pre-
cautions > A.
Gia / © Brake pads: wear limit reached. You
can continue driving. Please contact Service
The brake pads are worn. Drive to an authorized
Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility as
soon as possible to have the malfunction correct-
ed.
Brake booster: limited functionality.You can
continue driving. Please contact Service
There is a brake booster malfunction. The brake
booster is available, but its effectiveness is re-
duced. The braking performance may be different
compared to the usual performance. Drive to an
authorized Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service
Facility immediately to have the malfunction cor-
rected.
124
Brake booster: deactivated. See owner's manual
The brake booster remains active for a brief peri-
od of time after switching off the ignition. Secure
the vehicle from rolling by setting the parking
brake and select the “P” gear.
Other indicator lights
if is displayed when there is a malfunction,
the brakes were under heavy load. Follow the in-
structions in the message to utilize the engine
braking effect and to relieve the brakes.

Z\ WARNING
If a malfunction occurs in the ABS, ESC, and
braking distribution, interventions that stabi-
lize the vehicle will no longer be available.
This could cause the vehicle to swerve, which
increases the risk that the vehicle will slide.
Do not continue driving. See an authorized
Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility
for assistance.

Electromechanical
parking brake
Operating the parking brake
The electromechanical parking brake is used to
secure the vehicle from rolling away unintention-
ally.
The @) switch is located under the selector lever
in the center console. It turns on when the park-
ing brake is set. You can release the parking brake
manually or automatically when you start to
drive.
Setting and releasing the parking brake
> Closing: Pull the © switch.
> 1* ©) appears, the parking brake is hold-
ing the vehicle. You can remove your foot from
the brake pedal.
> Releasing: when the ignition is switched on,
press and hold the brake pedal and press the
button.
If the red indicator light flashes, the braking
force has not built up enough or it has decreased.
You can also secure the vehicle by selecting the >

4N0012721BD
Driving

“P” gear or pressing the brake pedal. Make sure
the indicator light is off before you start driving.
Automatically releasing the parking brake
when starting to drive
Requirement: the driver's door must be closed
and the driver’s safety belt must be fastened.
> Press the accelerator pedal to start to drive.

ZA\ WARNING
—To reduce the risk of an accident, always
make sure the vehicle is situated safely
while stationary.
— If the parking brake is set, it can release au-
tomatically when the accelerator pedal is
pressed. To reduce the risk of an accident,
do not inadvertently press the accelerator
pedal and always shift into “P” when the ve-
hicle is stopped.
— If the power supply fails, you cannot set the
parking brake once it is released, or release
it if it is set. In this case, park the vehicle on
level ground and secure it by engaging the
"P” gear. Contact an authorized Audi dealer
or authorized Audi Service Facility for assis-
tance.

@) Tips
— On steep inclines, especially when in trailer
mode, the vehicle may roll backwards unin-
tentionally when starting to drive. To re-
duces the risk of this happening, pull and
hold the ©) switch while pressing the accel-
erator pedal. If enough drive power has
built up at the wheels and the vehicle does
not roll backwards, then release the switch
to start to drive.
— If you leave the vehicle when “D” or “R” are
engaged, the parking brake will be set auto-
matically.
— Noises when the parking brake is set and re-
leased are normal and are not a cause for
concern.
— The parking brake goes through a self-test
cycle at regular intervals when the vehicle is
stopped. Any noises associated with this are
normal.
Emergency braking function
Emergency braking should only be used in an
emergency, if the standard brake pedal is mal-
functioning or obstructed. When the emergency
braking function is activated, the braking effect is
similar to a heavy braking maneuver.
> Pull and hold the ©) switch while driving.
> An audio warning signal will sound and emer-
gency
braking will begin.
> If you press the accelerator pedal, emergency
braking will be canceled.

ZA WARNING
Heavy
braking while driving through curves or
in poor road or weather conditions can cause
the vehicle to slide or the rear of the vehicle to
swerve, which increases the risk of an acci-
dent.

Messages
EG / @ Parking brake: malfunction! Safely
stop vehicle. See owner's manual
There is a malfunction in the parking brake. If the
message appears while stationary, check if the
parking brake is released and can be reset. If this
is the case, switch the ignition off and back on.
If the message continues to appear, if the park-
ing brake cannot be released, or if the message
appears while driving, then stop the vehicle on
level
ground and shift to “P”. Do not continue
driving. See an authorized Audi dealer or author-
ized Audi Service Facility for assistance.
GG / @ Parking brake: malfunction! Please
release parking brake
There
is a malfunction in the parking brake. If the
message appears while stationary, check if the
parking brake is released and can be reset. If this
is the case, switch the ignition off and back on.
If the message continues to appear, if the park-
ing brake cannot be released, or if the message
appears while driving, then stop the vehicle on
level
ground and shift to “P”. Do not continue
driving. See an authorized Audi dealer or author-
ized Audi Service Facility for assistance.
125
>

4N0012721BD
High-voltage system



LED on the charging unit Meaning
Pulsing The high-voltage battery is charging.
Green Flashing A timer is active, but charging has not started yet.
On High-voltage battery charging process is completed.

When using the Audi charging system, make sure the power
plug is inserted in the power socket > page 144. No power sup-
ply was recognized even though the charging cable is plugged
On in. Have the power supply or power supply system inspected.
When using the Audi charging system, check the status displays
Yellow on the unit > table on page 145. See an authorized Audi dealer
or authorized Audi Service Facility for assistance if necessary.

The vehicle is not secured from rolling away. Check if “P” is se-
lected and the parking brake is set. If the LED continues to
flash, see an authorized Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service
Facility for assistance.
Flashing

The charging connector may not be able to lock correctly in the
vehicle charging port. Check if the charging connector is insert-
ed correctly. Remove the charging connector and plug it in the
charging port again, or use a different charging station. If the
Red On LED stays turned on, there is a malfunction either in the vehicle
charging system or at the power source. See an authorized Audi
dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility for assistance if neces-
sary.


The outside temperature is too low or too high.

@ Tips > If the timer should be set one time, select Indi-
: vidual timer. If the timer should be set to re-
peat, select Repeat timer.
> Set a preferred charging time if desired, for ex-
ample to use off-peak power rates.
> To also activate the climate control with a tim-
Yad tare mans er, select CD.
Applies to: vehicles with plug-in hybrid drive > Select Next and follow the instructions in the
The operation status indicated by the LED on
the charging unit are is displayed in the in-
strument cluster Es.
menu.
> To turn ona timer, select CD.
> To activate an enabled timer, select s— until the
Timer charging mode is displayed.
Use a timer to set at what departure time your
vehicle should be fully charged. A timer can ei-
ther be set one time or to repeat at the selected
times. You can also specify if your vehicle should
be heated or cooled to the temperature set in the If the set departure time on the timer is too
climate control system. You can turn on multiple close, it may not be possible to charge the vehicle
timers at the same time. fully.
> Applies to: MMI: Select on the home screen: @ :
VEHICLE > Charging & Efficiency > Charging. Tips
It is not possible to charge using the timer at
Multiple timers are displayed that you can set peer
separately.
> To set a timer, select > in the line for the de-
sired timer.
141

Assist systems

Assist systems
General information
Safety precautions

ZA WARNING
— As the driver, you are always completely re-
sponsible for all driving tasks. The assist
systems cannot replace the driver's atten-
tion. Give your full attention to driving the
vehicle, and be ready to intervene in the
traffic situation at all times.
— Activate the assist systems only if the sur-
rounding conditions permit it. Always adapt
your driving style to the current visual,
weather, road, and traffic conditions.
— Loose objects can be thrown around the ve-
hicle interior during sudden driving or brak-
ing maneuvers, which increases the risk of
an accident. Store objects securely while
driving.
— For the assist systems to be able to react
correctly, the function of the sensors and
cameras must not be restricted. Note the in-
formation on sensors and cameras
=> page 155.

@ Tips
— Pay attention to applicable local regulations
relating to driving tasks, leaving space for
emergency vehicles, vehicle distance, speed,
parking location, wheel placement, etc. The
driver is always responsible for following
the laws that are applicable in the location
where the vehicle is being operated.
— You can cancel a steering or braking inter-
vention by the system, by braking or accel-
erating noticeably, steering, or deactivating
the respective assist system.
— Always check the assist systems settings be-
fore driving. The settings could have been
changed, for example, by other drivers or if
another personal profile was used.
154
System limitations
ZA\ WARNING
— The use of an assist system cannot over-
come the natural laws of physics. A collision
cannot be prevented in certain circumstan-
ces.
— Warnings, messages, or indicator lights may
not be displayed or initiated on time or cor-
rectly, for example, if vehicles are approach-
ing very fast.
— Corrective interventions by the assist sys-
tems, such as steering or braking interven-
tions, may not be sufficient or they may not
occur. Always be ready to intervene.
G) Tips
— Due to the system limitations when detect-
ing the surrounding area, the systems may
warn or intervene unexpectedly or too late
in certain situations. The assist systems may
also interpret a driving maneuver incorrectly
and then warn the driver unexpectedly.
— The systems may not function as expected
in unusual driving situations, such as driving
offroad, on unpaved roads, on loose ground,
on inclines, or on grooves in the road.
— The systems may not function correctly in
unclear traffic situations, such as turning
lanes, exit ramps, construction zones, rises
or dips that obstruct visibility, intersections,
toll stations, or city traffic.
— The detection of the surrounding area can
be limited, for example by vehicles driving
ahead or by rain, snow, heavy spray, or light
shining into the camera.
— If accessories have been mounted on the
steering wheel, the ability for the steering
systems to react may be limited.

Assist systems

® Note Industry Canada regulations, see
> page 339.
— Obstacles may disappear from the measure-
ment range when approaching them, even if n
g PP 9 Locations of the sensors and cameras
they were already detected.
—Insome situations, the ability of the sen-
sors and cameras to detect and display cer-
tain objects may be limited.


— Objects located above the coverage area,
such as bumpers on parked cars, garage
doors that are partially open, or objects
that are hanging
— Low obstacles
— Narrow objects, such as barrier chains, fo-
liage, poles, or fences
— Projecting objects, such as trailer draw
bars
— Objects with certain surfaces and struc-
tures, such as fabric
@ Tips
— The sensors and cameras and the areas
around them must not be obstructed be-
cause this can impair the function of the



B8V-0689



systems that depend on them. Make sure Fig. 118 Camera installation location
that the sensors and cameras are free of
snow, ice, and other deposits. Do not use Front area
any accessories, stickers, or other objects
that extend into the range of the sensors
and cameras.
— Do not use a license plate bracket different
from the one installed by the factory in the
front of the vehicle, because it may impair
the function of some systems.
— The function of the sensors and cameras
may be limited when light and visibility con-
ditions are poor, for example when driving
into a tunnel, when there is glare, or when
there are reflective objects.
Depending on the vehicle equipment, the follow-
ing sensors and cameras may be installed:
— Laser scanner in the front in the radiator grille
oA
— Camera behind the windshield @
— Peripheral cameras on the exterior mirrors (2)
— Front peripheral camera in the radiator grille @)
— Night vision camera in the radiator grille @)
— Front ultrasonic sensors
— Radar sensors at the front corners of the vehi-
cle
— External ultrasonic sensors, such as those in ~ Radar sensor in the front in the bumper
other vehicles, can interfere with the sen- Rear area
sors.
— The coverage areas of the sensors > fig. 115
are diagrams and do not represent a true-
to-scale image of the sensor ranges.
Depending on the vehicle equipment, the follow-
ing sensors and cameras may be installed:
— Rearview camera in the luggage compartment
— For an explanation on conformity with the lid @
FCC regulations in the United States and the — Radar sensors at the rear corners of the vehicle >
156

Driver assistance

Exit warning
Applies to: vehicles with exit warning system

B4M-0065



Fig. 142 Front door: warning strip (diagram)
General information
Within system limits, the exit warning system
can detect traffic approaching from behind such
as vehicles, and provide assistance based on this
information when you are exiting the vehicle
=> fig. 141. The system uses the data from the ra-
dar sensors at the rear corners of the vehicle.
Displays and warnings
If you pull a door handle while the vehicle is sta-
tionary and an object classified as critical is ap-
proaching, the warning strip @ and the display
on the exterior mirror (2) will light up on the cor-
responding side of the vehicle. The opening of
the door will also be slowed briefly.
If the door is opened, the displays on that side
will flash. If another road user that is classified
as critical is approaching while a door is already
open, the displays on that door will turn on.
The same messages apply for the exit warning
system and side assist > page 187.
188

Switching the exit warning on and off
— The system can be switched on and off in the
MMI & page 157.

ZX WARNING
— Follow the safety precautions and note the
limits of the assist systems, sensors, and
cameras > page 154.
— Always pay attention to traffic and to the
area around your vehicle. The exit warning
system does not replace the attention of the
vehicle occupants. The vehicle occupants are
always responsible for opening the doors
and exiting the vehicle.
— The exit warning system does not respond
to people and cannot warn you about every
type of approaching objects, such as cyclists.
Always monitor the traffic as well as the ve-
hicle's surroundings with direct eye contact.
— The display may not appear in time when
vehicles are approaching very quickly.
— The exit warning system does not react to
stationary objects or pedestrians.
— The exit warning system will not provide
alerts if your vehicle is pulled too far into
the parking space so that it is hidden by ad-
jacent vehicles.

GY tn.
@ Tips
— The exit warning system can be available for
up to approximately three minutes after un-
locking the vehicle and opening the door as
well as after switching off the ignition. Then
the displays flash briefly and the system
switches off.
— For an explanation on conformity with the
FCC regulations in the United States and the
Industry Canada regulations, see
> page 339.

4N0012721BD
Driver assistance

Intersection assistant
Applies to: vehicles with intersection assistant
o D
oS
& > &
ao

Fig. 144 Instrument cluster: directional display from the
intersection assistant
General information
The intersection assistant can warn the driver of
approaching cross traffic in complex intersections
> fig. 143.
The system monitors intersections and exit
ramps using the sensors installed in the vehicle
that detect the front and side areas around the
vehicle. Moving objects that are approaching
from behind, such as cars, are detected within
the limits of the system > A\. The system can al-
so warn the driver of a potential collision with de-
tected approaching cross traffic in intersections
and exit ramps with poor visibility.
Requirements for using the intersection
assistant:
— The speed must not be higher than approxi-
mately 18 mph (30 km/h).
— The “D” gear is selected.
Displays, warnings, and braking
— Display: the red arrow (@) can indicate the direc-
tion from which the cross traffic is approaching.
The indicator in the upper display only appears
when the parking aid is activated. For vehicles
with peripheral cameras only in the Front and
Front corner camera views. The display only ap-
pears in the instrument cluster > fig. 144 when
the Driver assistance display is open in the on-
board computer > page 16.
— Warnings: the message Cross traffic! © can
warn you of critical cross traffic when driving
forward. There may also be an audible signal.
— Automatic brake activation: if you do not react
to a warning, a brief braking by the system can
warn you of a potential collision with an ap-
proaching object when driving forward at
speeds up to approximately 6 mph (10 km/h).
Switching the intersection assistant on and
off
— The system can be switched on and off in the
MMI & page 157.
Messages
If Ey, or > is displayed when there is a mal-
function, the intersection assistant functions
may be unavailable or may be limited.
A message that indicates the cause and possible
solution may appear with some displays. The
weather conditions may be too poor or a sensor
may be covered. Clean the area in front of the
sensors > page 156 and try to turn on the sys-
tems again later.
If the malfunction remains, drive to an author-
ized Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service Facili-
ty immediately to have the malfunction correct-
ed.

Z\ WARNING
— Follow the safety precautions and note the
limits of the assist systems, sensors, and
cameras > page 154.
— The intersection assistant will not provide
alerts about people and cannot warn you
about every type of approaching objects,
such as cyclists. Always monitor the traffic >

189

Driver assistance


as well as the vehicle's surroundings with di-
rect eye contact.
— The system may not react if vehicles are ap-
Proaching very fast.
@ Tips
For an explanation on conformity with the
FCC regulations in the United States and the
Industry Canada regulations, see > page 339.


Emergency assist
Applies to: vehicles with emergency assist
General information
Within the limits of the system, the emergency
assist detects if the driver is inactive. In these in-
stances, the system warns the driver, assumes
control of the vehicle if necessary, and brings the
vehicle automatically to a stop in the lane.
Regardless of the speed, the emergency assist is
automatically available when the adaptive cruise
assist* is activated. When the adaptive cruise as-
sist® is deactivated, the system is only active at
speeds higher than approximately 40 mph
(65 km/h).
Emergency assist functions
Within the limits of the system, the emergency
assist monitors the driver’s steering, accelerator,
and brake pedal activity. Depending on the se-
verity of the situation, it may initiate visual, au-
dio, and haptic warnings in stages:
— Reduces the speed
— Messages
— Lowers the volume of the Infotainment system
— Audible warning
— Tightening of the safety belt
—A brief application of the brakes

D_ This function is not available in every market and on all ve-
hicle equipment levels.
190
If the driver remains inactive despite the warn-
ings, the emergency assist controls the vehicle
within the limits of the system:
— The Audi pre sense preemptive safety measures
are triggered > page 182.
— The vehicle will stay in the lane and will be
braked to a stop.
— As soon as the vehicle comes to a full stop, the
emergency flashers are activated and the vehi-
cle prepares for the vehicle passengers to be
rescued. The parking brake is set, “P” gear is
engaged, the doors are unlocked, and the inte-
rior lighting is activated. If there is no move-
ment for several seconds, the emergency call ))
will be made if necessary.
Overriding the emergency assist
You can override the emergency assist > A\:
— Move the steering wheel. Or
— Press the brake pedal. Or
— Press the accelerator pedal distinctly.
When stationary, you can end the emergency as-
sist by leaving the "P" position or releasing the
parking brake > page 124.
Switching the emergency assist on and off
The system can be switched on and off in the
MMI ®& page 157.
Messages
1f E or EB is displayed when there is a malfunc-
tion, the emergency assist functions may be un-
available or may be limited.

A message that indicates the cause and possible
solution may appear with some displays. The
weather conditions may be too poor or a sensor
may be covered. Clean the area in front of the
sensors > page 156 and try to turn on the sys-
tems again later.
If the malfunction remains, drive to an author-
ized Audi dealer or authorized Audi Service Facili-
ty immediately to have the malfunction correct-
ed.